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22. The Great Dismal Swamp.

78 Norfolk, a seaport of Virginia, United States.

Weldon, a small town in North Carolina, United States.

80 Pine Barrens, a great stretch of uncultivated land in the State of

Virginia.

Taproots, roots like those of the turnip, carrot, etc., which are shaped like a plug or tap.

Deciduous, liable to decay; here, trees which lose their foliage annually.

83 Carboniferous, coal-bearing; the name given by geologists to the system of rocks in which the coal measures occur.

23. The Bermudas.

84 The Bermudas, a group of islands in the North Atlantic, about six hundred miles from the coast of North America, belonging to Britain.

85 Ormuz, formerly an important commercial city at the entrance to the Persian Gulf; the headquarters of the Persian trade with India. Lebanon, a mountainous region of Syria.

Mexique Bay, the Gulf of Mexico.

Chime, originally the ringing of a cymbal; here vocal music.

24. The Young Geologist.

86 Old red sandstone, the name given by geologists to a system of rocks older than, and lying beneath, the coal measures of this country. 88 Mellowed, became milder. The usual meaning is "ripened."

89 Ben Wyvis, a mountain in Ross-shire, near Dingwall.

Strata, plural of stratum, a layer of rock.

90 Section, a cutting which displays the structure.

91 Primary rock, the oldest rocks which contain fossil remains. Granite, a rock composed of crystals of quartz, felspar, and mica. Gneiss, a rock resembling granite in composition.

Hornblende, a crystalline mineral, usually occurring in the form of dark-green or black crystals.

Secondary rocks, the rocks lying above the primary rocks.

Shales, rocks formed of hardened clay, which split easily into thin sheets.

Spar, a hard and compact rock deposited from trickling water, as in stalactites.

Lignite, vegetable matter in a state somewhat resembling coal, but not so hard or compact.

Nodular, irregularly rounded (nodule small node or knot).

92 Bivalve, a shell-fish with two hinged shells or valves.

93 Organic, belonging to the animal or vegetable kingdoms, as distinct from the mineral or inorganic.

94 Mermaid, a maiden of the mere (lake or sea); a fabulous creature, half woman, half fish. (Masculine, merman.)

Triton, a sea-god, the son and trumpeter of Neptune. Here the plural is used in a general sense for sea-gods.

26. Tranquillity.

96 Factious rage, the strife of contending parties or factions.

Satiety, the state of being filled beyond desire, to repletion and loathing.

Interlope, intrude; the noun interloper, intruder, is more common. The bubble, hope.

The spectre, remembrance.

27. The Prisoners.

97 John Baptist Cavalletto and Monsieur Rigaud are in prison in Marseilles—the former on a charge of smuggling, and the latter on a charge of murder.

All that. Rigaud has just been giving his version of the supposed murder, and has explained that his wife committed suicide during a quarrel.

28. The Relief of Leyden.

102 The great dyke, the Land Scheiding, a great dyke five miles from Leyden.

Zoetermeer, Benthuyzen, North Aa, villages near Leyden, which had been seized and fortified by the Spaniards.

Leyden, a city of Holland, on the Old Rhine; formerly much larger than it now is. It was besieged twice by the Spaniards-in 1573 and 1574. The latter is the siege here spoken of.

104 Orange, William the Silent, Prince of Orange, the hero of the struggle for Dutch independence. He was assassinated at Delft in 1584. Zealanders, the inhabitants of the Dutch province of Zealand. Admiral Boisot, commander of the Dutch fleet.

Delft, an ancient town of Holland, near Rotterdam.

Salvos, general discharges of firearms, usually as a salute or in token of rejoicing.

105 Haarlem, a large city on the narrow isthmus between the Zuyder Zee and the German Ocean. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1573, after a siege of seven months.

106 Valdez, the general in command of the Spanish army besieging Leyden.

Burgomaster, the chief magistrate or mayor of a town in Holland. Adrian Van der Werf was burgomaster of Leyden at the time of the siege.

110 Equinoctial gale. Gales are frequent at the time of the equinoxes—

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that is, when the sun is overhead at the Equator, and day and night are of equal duration.

111 Tower of Hengist, an ancient ruined tower in the centre of the city, ascribed by some to the Saxon Hengist, one of the conquerors of England.

Zoeterwoude, Lammen, Spanish forts near Leyden--the latter being in command of Colonel Borgia, and distant only two hundred and fifty yards from the city.

30. The Partition of Spain.

117 Charles the Second, the King of Spain, on whose death, in 1700, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out. There were two claimants to the vacant throne-Charles of the House of Austria, second son of the Emperor Leopold the First; and Philip of Anjou, a grandson of Louis the Fourteenth of France. Savoy, now a province of France, on the borders of Italy. Brandenburg, a province in the centre of Prussia.

Brandenburg

and Savoy were at one time practically independent states.

118 Catholic king, the King of Spain. The title was first conferred on the Spanish sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella by Pope Alexander the Sixth in 1494.

Campania, a province in the south-west of Italy, having Capua as its capital.

Enna, now Castrogiovanni, a town of Sicily situated on a fertile plateau.

Galesus, a river near Tarentum, or Taranto, in the south of Italy. 119 Signs of the zodiac. The zodiac is an imaginary belt in the heavens,

the apparent path of the sun, named from Greek zodion, a little animal, because the constellations through which it passes are mostly represented by and take their names from animals. Cochineal, a dye, consisting of the dried bodies of insects which are found on several species of cactus in Mexico.

Quinquina, Peruvian bark, from which quinine is extracted. It is known also as cinchona (sinkona).

Alva, a great Spanish general and statesman, who was sent in 1567 to command in the Netherlands during the struggle for Dutch independence.

120 Catalans, the inhabitants of Catalonia, an ancient province in the east of Spain, including Barcelona, etc.

Lombards, Biscayans, Flemings, Arragonese, inhabitants of Lombardy (Italy), Biscay or Vizcaya (Spain), Flanders (Belgium), and Arragon (Spain) respectively.

Doge, the chief magistrate of the Italian republics of Venice, Genoa, etc. (Lat. dux.)

Creoles, people of pure European descent (Spanish, Portuguese, etc.), but born in the West Indies or the adjoining countries. Mestizos, half-breeds, born of European and Indian parents.

Page 120 Quadroons, quarter-blooded; the offspring of half-breeds and whites. Montezuma, one of the last native emperors of Mexico, conquered

by the Spaniards under Cortez in 1519, and imprisoned. He was afterwards slain by his own people while Cortez was showing him to them, in order to restore tranquillity in the capital.

Henry the Fourth (of France), the first of the Bourbon kings; assassinated in 1610.

121 Lima, the capital of Peru.

Escurial, a royal palace, monastery, and mausoleum of Spain, thirtyone miles north-west of Madrid. It was built by Philip the Second, 1563-1584.

122 Surcease, cessation.

31. The Raven.

124 Pallas, the Greek goddess of wisdom, corresponding to the Roman Minerva.

Plutonian, from Pluto, the Greek god of the under-world.

126 Nepenthe, a drug to cause forgetfulness of sorrow.

127 Aidenn, the abode of the blest.

32. Praise of the Air.

128 Dædalus, a famous Athenian artificer, who is said to have constructed wings with which he flew across the Ægean Sea.

131 Thrassel, thrush.

Descants, variations of an air.

Varro, Marcus Terentius, a voluminous Latin writer, who treated of natural history among other subjects.

Notables, notable things. It usually means "notable men. 132 Rhodes, an island off the south-west coast of Asia Minor.

Aleppo, a city in the north of Syria.

Babylon, a great city and capital of an empire of the ancient world, situated on the Euphrates. The unimportant town of Hillah now occupies what was probably the centre of the city.

Ark of Noah, Gen. viii. 8-12. Elijah, 1 Kings xvii. 6. The Holy Ghost, Matt. iii. 16.

133 Venator, hunter.

33. Trout-Fishing.

Piscator, fisher.

Chub, a fresh-water fish of the carp family, so named from its fatness.

Sleight, dexterity in doing anything; skill. From the same Scandinavian root as sly and sloyd.

Catch, a musical composition in three or four parts; a round.

A match, so be it; it is a bargain.

134 Teeming, overflowing with life.

135 Kit Marlowe, Christopher Marlowe (1563-1593), poet and dramatist. The song here referred to is that entitled "The Passionate Shep

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herd and his Love." "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" is by Raleigh. (See next lesson.)

135 Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618), courtier, explorer, historian, and poet of Queen Elizabeth's reign.

34. Songs.

136 Madrigal, a short love song or poem.

Philomel, the nightingale. Philomela, daughter of Pandion, King of
Athens, was, according to fable, changed into a nightingale.

35. Sports, Agriculture, and Trade of the Middle Ages. 137 The Middle Ages, the period from the fall of the Roman Empire in the west, about 450 A.D., to the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, in 1453.

Salic. The Salic Law was a code drawn up in the country of the
Salian Franks, in Belgium, about the seventh century.
Harold, son of Godwin, who was killed at the battle of Hastings.
Tapestry of Bayeux, a piece of sewed work originally found in the
cathedral of Bayeux, the pictures on which represent the invasion
and conquest of England by the Normans.

139 Saint Denis, a French town near Paris. Denis, the apostle of the Gauls, and first bishop of Paris, is said to have been martyred here. Feudal lords, holders of lands for which they owed military service to the king.

140 Charter of John, the Charter of the Forests, signed along with Magna Charta in 1215.

Louis the Ninth, Saint Louis of France; died in 1270.

141 Charlemagne, Charles the Great, King of the Franks, and subsequently Emperor of the West; died 814.

143 Ponthieu, an ancient district in the north of France.

Romancers, the writers of the metrical romances and romances of chivalry of the Middle Ages.

36. Sir Patrick Spens.

144 Skeely, skilful; experienced. (This and the other words of unusual spelling in the ballad are in the Scotch dialect, which is often merely an Old English form preserved.)

Eldern, elderly.

Monenday, Wodensday, the day of the Moon, the day of Woden; the original genitives.

145 Fee, property.

Gane, suffice.

Half-fou, half a bushel.

66

Ever alake, alas. The usual spelling is ever alack."

Gurly, rough; boisterous; stormy. (Compare growl.)

146 Wap, thrust.