ANTIQUITIES.

21

by the mitre, being lofty, the nose regularly formed, the cheeks full, and the lower part of the face rounder than is usual in Egyptian statues. The beard is gathered together in the usual way, and falls down upon the breast; the ears are rather too large, and appear beneath the mitre, in front of which is the Uræus, or cobra di capello, rearing the fore part of the body, and projecting the head in a menacing attitude. 18. Figure of Isis in bronze: the goddess is here represented, as in the temples of Upper Egypt, with the infant Horus on her lap, having her right hand pressed upon the left breast; and bearing upon her head her characteristic mitre, the spreading horns of the cow, with the globe of the moon between them. 19. Figure of Harpocrates, with his forefinger placed upon his lips; on the right side of the head is an immense lock of hair, such as is found on the mummies, and on the heads of several Oriental nations, though not in Egypt. 20. Figure of Apis (the bull god) in bronze. That which renders this small statue extremely remarkable, is a silver triangle, with the base upwards, on the forehead; undoubtedly representing the yoni of the Hindoos, and connected with the worship of Athor. A vulture, the symbol of Isis, is represented on the back, and between the horns is a figure of the sun, with the Uræus or Agathodæmon projecting from the disc.

*

* Thus described by Herodotus: "The skin is black; but on its forehead is a white star of a triangular form. It has the figure of an eagle on the back, the tail is divided, and under the tongue it has an insect like a beetle.' Thalia, 28.

THE SHOONAH LAKE MAREOTIS -FIELD OF THE TWENTY-FIRST OF MARCH-TOLERATION OF FOREIGN COSTUME-THE BAZARS

A DIALOGUE POMPEY'S PILLAR

-

HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS

CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES-REMOVAL OF ANTIQUITIES-VISIT TO THE CATACOMBS -DESERT OF LIBYA -MILITARY SLAVES-ENTRANCE TO THE HYPOGEUM ANCIENT OPENING

-

REMARKS ON

THE HYPOGEA OF EGYPT - CLEOPATRA'S BATHS VISIT TO A

VIII. WE this morning rode out towards the Necropolis; and, on the way, visited the Shoonah, or great warehouse of the Pasha; in which all the produce of Egypt, not actually consumed in the country, is piled up until it can be shipped. It is an immense stone building, with a flat roof supported by numerous long rows of square columns of very large dimensions. Here we saw prodigious quantities of beans, pease, vetches, &c. brought down from the upper country; and a great number of Arabs cleansing and preparing them for exportation. From the Shoonah we proceeded to the commencement of the Necropolis; from one of the high mounds of which we had a fine view, on one side, of the port, shipping, palace, &c.; and, on the other, of a large portion of

Lake Mareotis, dotted with small islands, and bounded towards the north-west by a long ridge of sandhills, forming a kind of barrier between it and the sea. The few catacombs which we saw were merely small apertures cut in the rock, a sort of sandstone, in this part composing the substratum on which the sand and soil rest; extremely soft, and easily broken; and, where exposed to the action of the air, fretted and honey-combed, like the rocks on the sea-shore. We thence returned, by the Mahmoodiyah, towards the city walls; on the outside of and parallel with which, one of the great streets of ancient Alexandria, described by Strabo, appears to have run. No traces of it, however, now remain : but, having passed Pompey's Pillar, we came in a few minutes to a long line of cisterns, running from the present city to the Mareotic Lake, seeming clearly to mark the course of the other great street which crossed the former at right angles. A little beyond, and almost parallel with this line of cisterns, is a branch of the great canal, which we traversed by a small bridge; and, proceeding eastward from the Canopic Gate, between immense mounds of ruins, broken pottery, sand, &c., arrived at an eminence commanding a prospect of the whole sweep of the new harbour, from the Pharos to the Pharillon, with a large portion of the shore beyond, towards Rosetta. At a little distance to the east was the battle-field of the Twenty-first of March; with that vast square inclosure, called the Castle of the Cæsars, which, on that me

24 BATTLE FIELD OF THE XXI. OF MARCH.

morable day, was so frequently and so fiercely contested by the English and French armies. At present, the traveller, who wanders over it in search of relics of military glory, finding neither cannon-balls nor entire skulls, is constrained to content his learned curiosity with some equivocal mouldering bone, or with one or two regimental buttons: and, still further to extinguish the spirit of romance within him, the young Bedouin girls, who offer these relics for sale, are neither very pretty nor very clean; and, if he be so inclined, -as Elwes-minded travellers sometimes are, a para.* In returning from this excursion to the city, I looked in vain for those beautiful upright columns which, according to former travellers, marked the line of the ancient street leading to the Canopic Gate. But, to make amends for this disappointment, we discovered, at every step, extensive substructions in brick or stone, uncovered by the Pasha's workmen; whose trophies, consisting of fragments of capitals, shafts, friezes, and entablatures, are piled up near the inner walls. It is among the heaps thrown up by these excavators that, after heavy rains, the poor Arabs, by scraping with their hands, discover medals and other small antiquities.

will wrangle with him half a day for

Wednesday, Nov. 14.

IX. Volney has with great judgment and vivacity recapitulated the characteristic features of Alexandria;

*The fortieth part of three-pence.

POLITENESS OF THE ARABS.

25

and his description was this day very forcibly brought to my mind by the sight of its motley population huddled together in fantastic groups in the bazārs and public places. But both the city and its inhabitants are now much less oriental in their appearance than formerly. The constant intercourse kept up with Europeans, who at present constitute a large proportion of the population, the almost general abandonment of the turban, the absence of national articles of manufacture in the bazārs, and, more than all, the complete personal security which the traveller feels, greatly diminish the romantic interest which, under other circumstances, an Eastern city seems calculated to inspire. But the daily passage of strangers from all countries, in every variety of costume, has produced one exceedingly beneficial effect on the manners of the Egyptians: no description of raiment, however strange or extravagant, excites their curiosity; the half-naked negro from Darfoor, the muslin-clad Hindoo, the pompous Persian, the gorgeous Greek, and the plain Englishman,—all passing unheeded through the streets of Alexandria and Cairo, where the most clownish Fellah, the most impertinent slave, the silliest barber, is never betrayed into an offensive laugh or stare at the stranger. Every variety of costume is tolerated; and this single circumstance is more honourable to the Arab character than fifty victories obtained over the Turks; since it evinces a susceptibility of improvement, a flexibility of temper, and a degree of self-command (for they