6. If the sentence is complex, containing an adjective clause, proceed the same as in the analysis of simple sentences, analyzing the clause last.

7. When the clause is given as an adjunct of some noun, state whether it is restrictive or unrestrictive, and give its introductory word.

8. If any subject or predicate is partially compound, state that fact before analyzing it.

Always proceed logically. In analyzing the sentence, "The city editor laid a clipping from the morning paper on the desk," do not say that from the morning paper is a phrase modifying clipping. Say instead that clipping is modified by the prepositional phrase from the morning paper. In other words, get new elements by reaching out from elements that you already have.

Always proceed from the whole to the part. Do not say that laid is completed by the object clipping, for that is only part of the object. The object is a clipping from the morning paper. After giving this as a unit, or whole, seperate it into base-word and modifiers.

Do not analyze a simple prepositional phrase like on the desk. It is a waste of time. If the phrase is complex, that is, contains a phrase, like from the morning paper of July first, it should be analyzed.

Model for Analysis

The Merced Yosemite was created by the action of five immense glaciers, traces of which still exist upon every rock in the valley. Muir.

This is a complex declarative sentence.

The subject is The Merced Yosemite. The predicate is was created by the action of five immense glaciers, traces of which still exist upon every rock in the valley.

The base-word of the subject is the noun Yosemite; it is modified by the adjective Merced and the article the.

The predicate verb is was created; it is modified by the prepositional phrase by the action of five immense glaciers, traces of which still exist upon every rock in the valley.

The base-word of the object of the preposition by is action; it is modified by the prepositional phrase of five immense glaciers, traces of which still exist upon every rock in the valley and by the article the. The base-word of the object of the preposition of is glaciers; it is modified by the adjectives immense and five, and by the unrestrictive adjective clause traces of which still exist upon every rock in the valley; this clause is introduced by the relative pronoun which.

The subject of the clause is traces of which. The predicate is still exist upon every rock in the valley.

The base-word of the subject is the noun traces. It is modified by the prepositional phrase of which.

The predicate verb is exist; it is modified by the adverb still and the prepositional phrase upon every rock in the valley. The base-word of the object of the preposition upon is rock; it is modified by the adjective every and the prepositional phrase in the valley.

Exercise 6

Analyze the following sentences. If the analysis is written, take pains to arrange it well on paper. Divide it into paragraphs. Either underline or enclose in quotation marks all words quoted from the sentence. Use abbreviations. Do not write out elements in full if they consist of more than two words. Instead write the first and last words with a dash between them.

1. Fear is a wonderful goad to remorse. – H. H.

2. A part of the citizens seceded from the main body, and formed a separate community on the neighboring marshes. Prescott.

3. He is great who confers the most benefits. — Emerson.

4. After two hours' march the cortege stopped at the end of the quay, where the Prince de Joinville had stationed himself at the head of the officers of the three French ships of war. Thackeray.

5. How many men and women perform their daily tasks from the highest motives alone for the glory of God and the relief of man's estate? - C. W. Eliot.

6. No one is useless in this world who lightens the burden of it for another.

Dickens.

7. He lifted his enormous ears, gave a short trumpet, and for an instant wavered in his determination whether to attack or fly. Sir Samuel Baker.

8. Simplicity must be the first element of literary art. — Higginson.

9. I touched him on the shoulder, at which he collared me and nearly knocked me down. Miss Mulock.

10. Those were the days when a man could hold three small livings, starve a curate apiece on two of them, and live badly himself on the third. - George Eliot.

11. A woman kept the summer school, sharp, precise, unsympathetic, keen and untiring. - Beecher.

12. I hold our actual knowledge very cheap. — Emerson. 13. Then saunter down that terrace whence the sea All fair with wing-like sails you may discern.

-Jean Ingelow.

14. Man hath no fate except past days. — E. Arnold.

15. How few men in all the pride of culture can emulate the easy grace of a bright woman's letter! — Higginson.

16. And, what is notable, in no time whatever can they entirely eradicate out of living men's hearts a certain altogether peculiar reverence for Great Men. - Carlyle.

CHAPTER VII

THE SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSE

Function. The substantive clause is one that performs some office of a noun. It is not a mere substitute for a noun, however, used for the sake of variety. On the contrary, it is seldom possible to change a noun clause to a noun, and just because there is no equivalent noun in the language. In the sentence, "I fear that he will come," it would appear at first thought that the noun clause, that he will come, might be changed to his coming, but this would change the meaning; for the clause implies that his coming is not expected with any certainty, while the expression his coming implies that it is so expected. Every time, in fact, that a noun clause is used, it serves a distinct purpose, and it is safe to assume that in a wellconstructed sentence no other element would answer so well. Let us discover some of these purposes. In the following sentence from Burroughs, what extent the birds or animals can foretell the weather is uncertain," we have predicated something not of a person, place, or thing, that could be named by a noun, but of a thought, the statement of that thought telling us of an agent and an activity performed by that agent. Hence, by means of the noun clause we can make predications of thoughts instead of things.

In the sentences,

"To

"Now one codicil in my general law of freedom had been that my seventeenth birthday should not find me at school"; and, "The consequence is, that the seven, or

USES OF THE SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSE

43

nine, or fourteen lines have a marvellous aptitude at knotting themselves up beyond the reach of skill and patience,"

we are enabled by means of noun clauses to tell what the codicil and the consequences are. We might give a general definition of such nouns by means of other nouns, but to tell what this special codicil and what this special consequence are there is no other way than by the use of the noun clause. Hence, by means of the noun clause, we can make certain predications that could be made in no other way.

In the sentence,

"Whatever ornaments she wears are of massive gold," we have made a predication of certain ornaments; but instead of enumerating them in a long list we have designated them by means of a noun clause, brief but more comprehensive than any list could be. Hence, a noun clause may be used to designate things when we have no names for them, or wish to withhold the names, or find it awkward to use them.

Uses of the Substantive Clause. As a sentenceelement it has most of the important uses of the noun. 1. Subject of a verb, "What is true of individual men is true also of races." - Lowell. Frequently, for the sake of a more pleasing arrangement, the anticipative subject it is used, and the real subject, a noun clause, is placed after the predicate, It matters little what vir

tues a man has, if he is habitually inexact."

A common type of sentence, similar to this, is one in which the anticipative subject is followed by the verb is, next by an adverb, or a phrase, or a clause, and then by the real subject; for example, "It is chiefly through