its place is sometimes taken by as if or as though, both of which expressions it is best to consider one conjunction. In the sentence,

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The maiden paused as if again

She thought to catch that distant strain,"

the clause conveys an idea of purpose in the maiden's pausing as well as an idea of manner. This clause may be expanded to read as she would pause if again she thought to catch that distant strain, where the clause of manner contains a clause of condition.

A clause introduced by as though cannot be so expanded. "I will invest your money as though it were my own," cannot be made to read "I will invest your money as I would invest it though it were my own." This is proof that the clause has been thought of only as a clause of manner, and as though as only one connective.

Notice that when a modal clause is introduced by as if or as though, the action or state in the clause is represented not as real but only as assumed.

Position of the Modal Clause. The usual position of a clause of manner is after the predicate it modifies, but sometimes it precedes the principal proposition and is made emphatic by the adverb just, even, or precisely, used as a clause modifier; thus, "Just as we estimate the importance of a river - not by its length nor by its breadth, but by the amount of water it contributes to the ocean · so we estimate the size of a city by the number of people it contains."

When the clause is long and comes first, the principal proposition is often introduced by so, a correlative of as in the clause; as in the example above.

Select the adverbial clauses of manner, telling what each clause modifies, and its connective.

1. These poems differ from others as attar of roses differs from ordinary rose-water. - Macaulay.

2. The beggars and the wretcheder poor keep themselves warm, I think, by sultry recollections of summer, as Don Quixote proposed to subsist upon savory remembrances, during one of his periods of fast. — Howells.

3. The stars all seemed brighter than usual, as if the wind blew them up like burning coals. - Burroughs.

4. And ever with the years

Waxed this compassionateness of our Lord

Even as a great tree grows from two soft leaves,
To spread its shade afar.

- E. Arnold.

5. And as the piety of Noah could not save the antediluvian empires, as the faith of Abraham could not convert idolatrous nations, as the wisdom of Moses could not prevent the sensual ism of emancipated slaves, so the lofty philosophy of Aurelius could not save the empire which he ruled. Lord.

6. The foreign merchants, manufacturers, and artisans fled from her gates as if the plague were raging within them. Motley.

7. The Creole neighbors rushed bareheaded into the middle of the street, as though there were an earthquake or a chimney on fire. Cable.

8. For, as there is a curiosity about intellectual matters which is futile and merely a disease, so there is certainly a curiosity which is, in an intelligent being, natural and laudable. M. Arnold.

9. Dislike at first sight is more common than love, as discord is more common than harmony. - A. S. Hardy.

10. The will has great though indirect power over the taste, just as it has over the belief. — Bagehot.

CHAPTER XII

THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES

We are now ready to analyze sentences containing adjective clauses, noun clauses, and adverbial clauses of time, place, and manner.

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It frequently happens that there is a clause within a clause. The first clause is then to be treated as if it were a complex sentence, and the second clause analyzed when the rest of the first clause has been disposed of. In the sentence, He felt as if he would like to stay till every ship that had sailed out of Monterey in the last three years had returned," the predicate contains a clause of manner introduced by as if and extending to the end of the sentence. In this modal clause the infinitive to stay is modified by a temporal clause introduced by till and extending to the end of the sentence. In this temporal clause the base-word of the subject, ship, is modified by the restrictive adjective clause introduced by the relative pronoun that and extending through the word years. So we have an adjective clause within a temporal clause which is within a modal clause.

Exercise 12

Analyze the following sentences.

1. Again Thor struck, so soon as Skrymir again slept.

2.

We'll go where on the rocky isles
Her eggs the screaming sea fowl piles.
Beside the pebbly shore.

- Carlyle.

- Bryant.

4. The poetry of Milton differs from that of Dante, as the hieroglyphics of Egypt differed from the picture-writing of Mexico. Macaulay.

5. Natural talent and genius tell in elocution, as they do in the other arts.

6. Seventy years elapsed before the papacy was restored to the Eternal City. - Draper.

7. No instrument of man's devising can reach the heart as does that most wonderful instrument, the human voice. — Hart.

8.

But soon a funeral hymn was heard

Where the soft breath of evening stirred

The tall, gray forest.

- Longfellow.

9. Ever since Mr. Hobart's "eleven and a bit" was left on the kitchen bed, Jess had hungered for a cloak with beads. Barrie.

10. I was coming in, one summer night, from a long walk in the country, when I met this apparition at the city gate. — H. James.

II. People take their literature in morsels, as they take sandwiches on a journey. - Bagehot.

12. Scarcely was the artillery got into position when a rapid fire was opened on it from the tower.

13. As Venice in winter is the dreariest and gloomiest place in the world, so in spring it is the fullest of joy and light. — Howells.

14. Where population is sparse, discussion is difficult.

15. These newspaper fellows are half asleep when they make up their reports at two or three o'clock in the morning, and fill out the speeches to suit themselves. — Holmes.

16. The German built his solitary hut where inclination prompted. Motley.

17.

But when the old cathedral bell

Proclaimed the morning prayer,

The white pavilions rose and fell

On the alarmèd air.

-Longfellow.

18. How fine a thing it would be if all the faculties of the mind could be trained for the battles of life as a modern nation makes every man a soldier. — J. L. Allen.

19. We wish that whosoever, in all coming time, shall turn his eye hither, may behold that the place is not undistinguished, where the first great battle of the Revolution was fought. Webster.

20. As an oak profits by the foregone lives of immemorial vegetable races that have worked over the juices of earth and air into organic life out of whose dissolution a soil might gather fit to maintain that nobler birth of nature, so we may be sure that the genius of every remembered poet drew the forces that built it up out of the decay of a long succession of forgotten ones. - Lowell.

CHAPTER XIII

THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CAUSE

Function. In our daily experience we are continually meeting new conditions, discovering new truths. It is human nature to be curious as to the causes of these truths and conditions, hence there is no question perhaps which is asked oftener than the query of the scientist, the persistent question of the child, why? So common is this question that in our speech we anticipate its coming and answer it before it is asked. When we make statements of facts or of our opinions, we seem to foresee that we shall be asked why? or how do you know? - so along with our principal statement we give a cause or reason for it.