247 The loue I bore your Queene (Lo, foole againe) Ile fpeake of her no more, nor of your Children: And Ile fay nothing. Leo. Thou didst speake but well, When most the truth which I receyue much better, : Then to be pittied of thee. Prethee bring me One graue shall be for both : Vpon them shall The causes of their death appeare (vnto Our shame perpetuall) once a day, Ile visit 250 255 The Chappell where they lye, and teares shed there I dayly vow to vse it. Come, and leade me 250. take your] take you your Rowe ii+, Cap. Dyce ii, iii. to you] to you, Sir, Ktly. 260. So] Om. Han. 260-262. Lines end Nature...exercise ...Come, Johns. Var. '73. Nature...long Exeunt 260 263 as...exer ...Come Var. '78, '85, Rann. 263. To] Unto Walker, Dyce ii, iii, Wh. ii, Huds. Rlfe. forrowes] my sorrows Han. Cap. elsewhere, deep emotion, and entreaty. Paulina imagines that the King does not listen to her, so deeply bowed is his head and closely veiled are his eyes.—ED. 250, 251. Who . . . nothing] WALKER (Crit. iii, 102): Write and arrange, 'Who's lost too: Take your patience to you, and I will say nothing.' [It is difficult, if not impossible, to discern the advantage of this modification of these lines, dislocating as it does the emphasis in both, which should fall in the first on 'too' and in the second on 'I'll.' If, in the last resort, rhythm is to be marked by 'sawing the air with your hand,' then 'your' can be pronounced as a disyllable.—ED.] 258, once a day] See Dorastus and Fawnia. 260. recreation] This is used here in its Latin meaning of restoration to health, re-creation.-ED. 260-263. After quoting these lines according to the metrical arrangement adopted by Steevens (see Text. Notes), Knight goes on to say: We claim no merit for first pointing out these abominable corruptions of the text; but we do most earnestly exhort those who reprint Shakspere-and the very act of reprinting is in some sort a tribute to him—not to continue to present him in this mangled shape. If the freedom and variety of his versification were offensive to those who had been trained in the school of Pope, let it be remembered that we have now come back to the proper estimate of a nobler rhythm; and that Shakspere, of all the great dramatists, appears to have held the true mean, between a syllabic monotony on the one hand, and a licence running into prose on the other. Scana Tertia. Enter Antigonus, a Marriner, Babe, Sheepe- Ant.Thou art perfect then, our ship hath toucht vpon The Defarts of Bohemia. 1. Scene vi. Pope +. A desart Country: the Sea at a little distance. Rowe. Changes to Bohemia. Pope. 4' 5 2. Enter... Babe, Sheepeheard,] Enter ...Babe and Shepherd F. Enter Antigonus with a child, and a Mariner. Rowe. 5. Bohemia.] Bohemia? Pope. 1. Scæna Tertia] HUDSON (p. 14): It is to be noted that while the play divides itself into two parts, these are skillfully woven together by a happy stroke of art. The last scene of the Third Act not only finishes the action of the first three, but by an apt and unforced transition begins that of the other two; the two parts of the drama being smoothly drawn into the unity of a continuous whole by the introduction of the old Shepherd and his son at the close of the one and the opening of the other. This natural arrangement saves the imagination from being disturbed by any yawning or obtrusive gap of time, notwithstanding the lapse of so many years in the interval. 2. HALLIWELL: This stage-direction is merely a note for the actors as to what players were to be in readiness, not a direction for them all to appear upon the stage at the commencement of the scene. There were probably more than one mariner entering with Antigonus, at least if we may be guided by the note in Drummond's account of his Conversations with Ben Jonson, [where the latter speaks of a number of men' who had suffered 'ship-wrack.' See note, below.] 2. Babe] COLLIER (ed. ii): We can see no ground for changing, with modern editors, 'babe' to child, and every reason for preserving the word which, we may reasonably presume, Shakespeare wrote. 4. perfect] JOHNSON: 'Perfect' is often used by Shakespeare for certain, well assured, or well informed.—STEEVENS: It is so used by almost all our ancient writers. 5. Desarts of Bohemia] HANMER refused to accept Bohemia' at all. He pronounced it a blunder and an absurdity of which Shakespear in justice ought not to be thought capable,' and that as Shakespeare had changed throughout the names of the characters in Greene's Novel, it is probable that he had changed 'Bohemia' into Bithynia, which the printers had ' corrupted and brought back again to Bohemia by a less variation in the letters than they have been guilty of in numberless other places of this Work.' Accordingly, in Hanmer's text, Bithynia takes throughout the place of Bohemia.' The blame cannot, however, be thrown on the printers. Ben Jonson at one time visited Scotland, and while there spent three weeks with William Drummond of Hawthornden, who has left a record of his guest's conversation. This record was reprinted by The Shakespeare Society, and, on p. 16, we find the following remark by Ben Jonson :- Shakspear, in a play, brought in a number of men saying they had suffered ship-wrack in Bohemia, wher ther is no sea neer by some 100 miles. This conversation took place in 1619, and as far as we know The [5. Desarts of Bohemia] Winter's Tale was not printed before 1623. It was not, therefore, from a printed page that Jonson spoke; he must have heard the sea-coast of Bohemia' mentioned on the stage, or, what is possible but not probable, read it in MS. But Hanmer knew nothing of the conversation with Drummond, although it had been printed in 1711, thirty years before Hanmer's edition of Shakespeare appeared. The editors who have discussed the 'sea-coast of Bohemia' have been chiefly concerned with shielding Shakespeare's reputation by offering reasons why he should have followed Greene. CAPELL (p. 169) supposed that Shakespeare retained the name Bohemia because while it 'had harmony and was pleasing, it stood connected so with Sicilia in the minds of his whole audience, that removing it had been removing foundations; the fault had been over-look'd in the story-book, which was popular and then a great favourite, and he was in no fear but it would be so in the play; his changing all the other names generally throughout the fable, arose partly from judgement and partly from his ear's goodness which could not put up with Garinter, Franion, and Pandosto, and such like, which have neither music in themselves nor relation to the places the scene is lay'd in.'-FARMER says that 'Cervantes ridicules these geographical mistakes, when he makes the princess Micomicona land at Ossuna.' But is this correctly expressed? Cervantes intentionally makes us laugh openly as much as the princess laughed secretly, over her slip in making Ossuna a sea-port town. Is this ridiculing the mistake? 'Corporal Trim's King of Bohemia,' Farmer continues, delighted in navigation, and had never a sea-port in his dominions;" and my lord Herbert tells us that De Luines, the prime minister of France, when he was embassador there, demanded, whether Bohemia was an inland country, or lay "upon the sea"?—There is a similar mistake in The Two Gentlemen of Verona, relative to that city and Milan.' An entertaining collection of instances of ignorance of Geography is given in an Essay by F. Jacox in Bentley's Miscellany, February, 1867.-TIECK (ix, 355) remarks that inasmuch as Germany was far less known in Elizabethan times than Italy, Illyria, or Spain, Bohemia was purposely selected by Greene, and adopted by Shakespeare, as a country seldom mentioned and but little known, and with which there was but slight intercourse either in the world of poetry or of commerce, and that to the indifferent novel-readers and theatre-goers of that day, this mutilation of their map was a matter of as little importance as to the newspaper readers of modern times.COLLIER (New Particulars, p. 21) is inclined to think that we are apt to impute to Shakespeare's audience a geographical knowledge wider than it was in reality. Dr Simon Forman, for instance, in his notes on the play (see Appendix, Date of Composition) lays the scene in Sicilia and Bohemia and makes no allusion to any geographical blunder. Collier quotes from a popular author of the time, who ridicules a vulgar error of the kind,'-Taylor, the Water-poet, who,' Collier goes on to say, 'made a journey to Prague in 1620, nine years after The Winter's Tale was acted, and on his return published an account of his expedition; the address to the reader, contains the following paragraph, laughing at the ignorance of the Aldermen of London on matters of geography "I am no sooner eased of him, but Gregory Gandergoose, an Alderman of Gotham, catches me by the goll, demanding if Bohemia be a great town, whether there be any meat in it, and whether the last fleet of ships be arrived there?" ... Sir Gregory Gandergoose had derived his knowledge from such sources as Greene's Dorastus and Fawnia and The Winter's Tale' Thus far we have listened to those only, who have acknowledged that a sea-coast [5. Desarts of Bohemia] of Bohemia is a blunder, and have attempted to frame excuses or palliations for it. But in a little obscure corner of The Monthly Magazine, for the first of January, 1811, there is a short note, by whom I do not know, which says that there is here 'no breach of geography.' The note is as follows:-' In the year 1270 the provinces of Stiria and Carniola were dependent on the crown of Bohemia. Rudolf, who became King of the Romans in 1273, took these provinces from Ottocar, the King of Bohemia, and attached them to the possessions of the house of Austria. The dependencies of a large empire are often denominated from the seat of government; so that a vessel sailing to Aquileia or Trieste, might, in the middle of the thirteenth century, be correctly described as bound for Bohemia. The shipwreck, in The Winter's Tale, is no breach of geography.'-In later times GEORGE SAND (Jean Zyska, p. 13) ‘exculpates Shakespeare's memory from a gross geographical blunder.' But it is to be feared that her knowledge of the blunder was obtained from hearsay; she says in a footnote that it is well known that in one of his dramas Shakespeare represents one of his characters as embarking on a ship in Bohemia. This might have been the harbour of Naon which King Ottocar purchased, and which placed a splendid limit to his empire on the coast of the Adriatic.'-Dr von LIPPMANN (Sh. Jahrbuch, xxvii, 115) records another allusion to a 'sea-coast of Bohemia' which is to be found in Tschamser's Annals of the Bare-footed Friars of Thann (i, 654) where it is stated that 'in 1481 fourteen pilgrims returned home from their pilgrimage to the Holy Land, after having been attacked on the way by Corsairs, but finally luckily escaped; they had landed "at Bohemia. . ." and brought to St. Theobald's Church in Thann fifty pounds of wax in fulfillment of a vow.' 'Here again,' says Lippmann, 'we meet with a sea-coast of Bohemia, but with it comes an explanation also, for following the word "Bohemia" there is, in parenthesis: "whereby Apulia is meant." Whence it is to be inferred that there was a time, and not far removed, either, from the days of Greene and Shakespeare, when the south-eastern coast of Italy was called Bohemia.' How it acquired this name is a matter of conjecture. In default of a better solution Lippmann surmises that it may have been gradually evolved from Bohemund I. of Tarentum, who was famous in the First Crusade as one of the greatest of soldiers. Hence it is not unlikely that in popular speech Apulia came to be known as 'the Land of Bohemund,' possibly written, Terra Bohemundi; from which, or from its abbreviation, Terra Bohem., arose the erroneous Terra Bohemica and Bohemia. Lippmann finds in Humboldt's Critical Investigation of the Historical Developement of our Geographical Knowledge of the New World, a parallel evolution, which he thinks corroborates his conjecture, in the case of Martin Behaim, born in 1436, and the maker of the celebrated Globe; his name appears as Martinus Bohaimus or Bohemus, and in Pigafetta, De Barros, and Herrera as Martin de Bohemia'; and when at a later date a number of learned men were anxious to ascribe to Behaim the discovery of America, or at least to bring it into close connection with his voyages, we find his name in this disguised form plays a prominent part; the Straits of Magellan are called Fretum Bohemicum. Here we have,' concludes Lippmann, a misunderstanding quite analogous to that which may have given rise to the change of name from Apulia to Bohemia.' The substance of this article Lippmann contributed to The New Review, March, 1891. Indeed it is not easy to decide, in reviewing the whole question, which to admire the more, the ingenuity which supplies excuses where none is really needed, or the diffusion of geographical knowledge.—ED. 6 6 Mar. I (my Lord) and feare We haue Landed in ill time: the skies looke grimly, And frowne vpon's. Ant. Their facred wil's be done : go get a-boord, Mar. Make your best hafte, and go not Antig. Go thou away, Ile follow instantly. Mar. I am glad at heart To be fo ridde o'th businesse. Ant. Come, poore babe; 10 15 20 Exit I haue heard (but not beleeu'd) the Spirits o'th' dead May walke againe : if such thing be, thy Mother iii. 6. (my Lord)] Om. Han. 7. We haue] We've Pope+, Dyce ii, 10. vpon's] Ff, Rowe+, Sing. Dyce, Wh. Cam. Huds. Rlfe. upon us Cap. et cet. 24 24. thy Mother] MACDONALD (p. 156): Convinced of the reality of the vision, Antigonus obeys; and the whole marvellous result depends on this obedience. Therefore the vision must be intended for a genuine one. But how could it be such if Hermione was not dead, as, from her appearance to him, Antigonus firmly believed she was? I should feel this to be an objection to the art of the play, but for the following answer: At the tinie she appeared to him she was still lying in that death-like swoon, into which she fell when the news of the loss of her son reached her as she stood before the judgement-seat of her husband, at a time when she ought not to have been out of her chamber.-E. H. RANNEY (Religio-Philosophical Journ., Chicago, 30 Dec. 1893): It is a probable fact doubted only by the uninformed that in times of great personal distress, sorrow, impending calamity, and death, there is a something that may leave the body, having sufficient resemblance to the living form as to be recognised by others at a distance who naturally are in close sympathy. We call it a phantasm of the living.' Sometimes this entity, or astral body, if we prefer so to call it, may be projected at will. In either event there are about the corporeal body, at this time, the usual indications of death. Practically it may be called death, since the life-giving force is somewhere else. But it may return to its abode and once |