its accuracy. Still, for fine target-shooting, the patched bullet properly handled is, without doubt, preferable.

Expansive Bullets.- Expansive bullets, more appropriately called deformative bullets, alter their shape upon impact with the tissues of the body. All unsheathed lead bullets are of this class, and sheathed bullets are often made deformative by various devices. Among these are the split-nosed, hollow-nosed and softnosed bullets. They are often erroneously called "dum-dum," from the fact that the original deformative bullets were made at DumDum, the fact that principally hard-nosed bullets are made at that place being overlooked.

Explosive Bullets.- Explosive bullets contain a charge of explosive which is detonated on impact, and, exploding, cause great wounds, instantly fatal. They are used only in big-game hunting. Stories of their use in warfare are misstatements, due to ignorance of what constitutes such a bullet. The modern Spitz-Geschoss bullet of the Germans produces less dangerous wounds than the Mauser of 1888. It has a remarkably flat trajectory, its height being only 11.75 inches at a range of 400 yards, as compared with 28 inches for the Lee-Metford of the English.

Bullets are now made with extraordinary speed, by machinery of beautiful construction. The machine draws in a coil of leaden rod, unwinds it, cuts it to the required length, stamps out the bullets with steel dies, drops them into boxes and conveys them away. Each machine, with four dies, makes 7,000 bullets per hour; and four such machines, in an easy day's work, turn out 300,000 bullets. So nearly are the machines automatic that one man can attend them all. Modern rifle bullets have a pressed leaden or steel core, and a thin covering of steel, copper or nickel. A combination of copper and nickel, known as cupro-nickel, is very generally employed, as it is without the poisonous qualities of copper used alone. See AMMUNITION; CARTRIDGES; PROJECTILES; SMALL ARMS.

BULLET-TREE, or BULLY-TREE (Mimusops balata), a forest tree of Guiana and neighboring regions, family sapotace@, yielding an excellent gum known as balata, having properties giving it in some respects an intermediate position between gutta-percha and india-rubber, and making it for certain industrial purposes more useful than either. The timber of the tree also is valuable.

BULLFINCH, a European finch (Pyrrhula Europaea), of plump form, and a favorite cage-bird. It is a soft gray above, with shining black cap, wings and tail, and, in the male, has a rich rose breast (gray in the female). Its native call is a clear piping; and birds in captivity are trained to whistle simple tunes and bring a high price in the bird market.

are

BULLHEADS, or "horned-pouts," small, dark-colored catfish, abundant everywhere east of the plains, and, by introduction, in California and Oregon. They are mud-loving fishes, remaining on the bottom and feeling for food with the barbels, one on each side of the mouth and two under the chin. The "common bullhead" (Ameiurus nebulosus) varies in length, at full age, from 18 to 24 inches and occasionally weighs five pounds. It is brownish-black in color, with a fine, scaleless, rubber

like skin, a big head and a long upper jaw. It is a gluttonous biter, gorging the bait, so that the hook must often be cut out of its interior. A smaller species, the black bullhead (A. melas), may be distinguished by the smaller anal fin and its nearly white rays. The southern "flatheaded cat" (A. platycephalus) has an ecl-like form and a greenish brown hue, and is almost entirely herbivorous. Several of the large "catfish" (q.v.) of the western lakes belong to this genus.

BULLIER ADVERTISING AGENCY, the most noted concern for the handling of advertising in France. In 1856 it entered into a working agreement with the Havas agency for the mutual selling of news and advertising together. This agreement strengthened both companies and made of them the strongest institution of the kind in Europe. See PRESS ASSOCIATONS.

BULLINGER, Heinrich, Swiss reformer: b. Bremgarten, 18 Aug. 1504; d. Zürich, 17 Sept. 1575. He studied first at Emmerich, in the duchy of Cleves, and afterward at Cologne. His intention was to become a Carthusian monk, but after perusing the writings of Melanchthon and other reformers he changed his views, formed a close connection with Zuinglus, became one of the most strenuous supporters of his views, and ultimately succeeded him in his charge of Zürich. He was one of the authors of the first Helvetic Confession, drew up in concert with Calvin the formulary of 1549, by which the differences between the churches of Zürich and Geneva on the subject of the Lord's Supper were happily terminated, and kept up a close correspondence with the principal English reformers. The Zürich Letters lately published by the Parker Society contain part of this correspondence, and, among others, letters addressed to him by Lady Jane Grey. The most important of his many writings is a History of the Reformation.' lives by Hess (1828-29); Pestalozzi (1858) also Heinrich, Bullinger und seine Gattin' (1875); Zimmermann, Die Züricher Kirche und ihre Antistes) (1877).

See

BULLION, uncoined gold or silver in bars, plate or other masses, which has been reduced to the standard fineness of the coinage of a country, but is sometimes used to designate the metals generally, whether coined or uncoined. United States standard bullion contains 900 parts of pure gold or pure silver, and 100 parts of copper alloy. The coining value of an ounce of pure gold is $20.67183, and the coining value of an ounce of standard gold is $18.60465. The coining value in standard silver dollars of an ounce of pure silver is $1.2929, and the coining value of an ounce of standard silver is $1.1636. The word bullion was of frequent use in the proceedings respecting the Bank of England from 1797, when the order of council was issued that the bank should discontinue the redemption of its notes by the 'payment of specie to 1823, when specie payments were resumed; for, by a previous law, the bank was authorized to pay its notes in uncoined silver or gold, according to its weight and fineness. The investigations of the bullion committee, and the various speculations on the subject of bullion, related to the supply of

gold and silver, whether coined or not, as the basis of the circulating medium. The discovery of the mines in America did not at first add materially to the stock of bullion in Europe. The total addition for the first 54 years was about $85,000,000; not quite so great an amount of value (in gold at least) as Russia has obtained from the Ural mines in less than half the time. The average annual supply from all the American sources during the 54 years from 1546 to the end of the 16th century was rather more than $10,000,000. During the 17th century the annual average was about $16,250,000; in the next half century it was $27,500,000; and in the years 1750 to 1803 it was $38,000,000. In the decade 1901-10, imports of gold, chiefly bullion, into the United States ranged from a minimum of $43,339,905 in 1910 to a maximum of $148,337,321 in 1908. The extremes of exports were $38,573,891 in 1906 and $118,563,215 in 1910.

BULLIONS, Peter, American philologist: b. Moss Side, Scotland, December 1791; d. Troy, N. Y., 13 Feb. 1864. Educated at Edinburgh University, where he studied theology, he came to America in 1817. He was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Argyle, N. Y., for six years, and from 1824 to 1848 taught languages in the Albany Academy and was, from 1832 to his death, pastor of the United Presbyterian congregation at Troy, N. Y. His published works include Life of Alexander Bullions,' (1840); Principles of English Grammar' (1834); 'Principles of Greek Grammar); Analytical and Practical English Grammar) (1853); 'Principles of Latin Grammar) (1853); 'Latin and English Dictionary) (1862).

BULLOCK, Charles Jesse, American economist: b. Boston, 21 May 1869. He was graduated at Boston University in 1889, taught in secondary schools for four years and then pursued graduate studies in political economy and political science, receiving the degree of Ph.D. in 1895 from the University of Wisconsin. After holding an instructorship in political economy at Cornell University from 1895 to 1899, he was appointed assistant professor, and later professor, of political economy at Williams College, where he taught from 1899 to 1903. In 1903 he became assistant professor, and in 1908 professor, of political economy at Harvard University. He served as a member of the commission appointed to codify and revise the taxation laws of Massachusetts in 1907, and of the commission appointed in 1913 to draft a forest tax law, which was enacted in 1914. In 1916 he was elected vice-president of the National Tax Association. His best writing is in the field of financial history and theory, especially the finances of the United States between 1775 and 1789 (University of Wisconsin Bulletin, 1895). He is the author of The Finances of the United States 1775-1789) (1895); Introduction to the Study of Economics (1897); 'Essays on the Monetary History of the United States' (1900); 'The Finances and Financial Policy of Massachusetts (1907); and has edited Currencies of the British Plantations in North America' (1897); 'Selected Readings in Public Finance> (1906); Selected Readings in Economics' (1907).

VOL. 5-2

BULLOCK, Rufus Brown, American statesman: b. Bethlehem, Albany County, N. Y., 28 March 1834; d. Atlanta, Ga., 27 April 1907. He was graduated at Albion Academy in 1850, and, after various pursuits, was sent during 1859-60 to organize the business of the Adams Express Company in the South Atlantic States. His headquarters were at Augusta, Ga., where he formed the Southern Express Company and became one of its active managers. During the Civil War he continued this occupation under the direction of the Confederate government establishing railroad and telegraph lines on interior routes. Later he was placed in charge of contributions for the officers and men of the Army of Northern Virginia, and at Appomattox he gave his parole as acting assistant quartermaster-general. After the cessation of hostilities he resumed the general management of express affairs and was elected one of the trustees and secretary of the Southern Express Company. He was also associated in the organization of the First National Bank of Georgia and was elected president of the Macon and Augusta Railroad. In 1867 he was chosen a delegate to the convention called to frame a constitution under the reconstruction laws then recently passed. His course at that convention met with the approval of its progressive members and he was their unanimous choice as candidate for governor. After a bitter canvass in the spring of 1868 the new constitution was ratified and Bullock was declared elected. But the reactionists obtained a majority in the legislature and expelled the colored men who had been elected and seated. Against this action the governor protested, and after its accomplishment brought the matter to the attention of. Congress, by which he was empowered to reassemble the old legislature, including the expelled colored members. This struggle for the rights of negroes to hold office rendered him very unpopular in his State, and he was overwhelmed with abuse. At the next regular election the opposition seated a large majority of the general assembly, and just prior to its convening in November 1870 Governor Bullock resigned his office. Charges of corruption were made against him, and, after a hearing in the State courts at Atlanta, he was acquitted and thoroughly vindicated. He continued his residence in Georgia and became president of one of the largest cotton mills in Atlanta. For several years he was prominent in public service; as a trustee of Atlanta University, president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, vice-president of the Cotton States Exposition and government director of the Union Pacific Railroad.

BULLOCK, Shan F., Irish novelist: b. Crom, Fermanagh, Ireland, 17 May 1865. He has written a number of popular works. Among them are "The Awkward Squads' (1893); By Thrasna River' (1895); Ring o' Rushes (1896); The Charmer' (1897); (The Barrys (1899); and Irish Pastorals' (1901); 'The Squireen' (1903); 'Dan the Dollar' (1905); (A Laughing Matter' (1908); 'Thomas Andrews, Shipbuilder. His work is remarkably individual and his studies of life in the north of Ireland are faithful reflections of Irish life and character.

BULLOCK, William A., American inventor: b. Greenville, Greene County, N. Y.,

He

1813; d. Philadelphia, 14 April 1867. learned the trade of machinist, and having started a periodical, The Banner of the Union, he invented a printing-press in connection with that enterprise. He removed to New York and devoted himself to the construction and gradual development of a "planetary press," finally producing the Web perfecting press that delivers 30,000 papers per hour, printed, cut and folded. While handling one of his presses he met with an injury that proved fatal.

BULLS AND BEARS, a popular phrase used in connection with the stock market. The term "bulls" is applied to the operators attempting to force up prices, and the term "bears" to those seeking to lower them.

BULL'S HORN CORALINE (so named because the shape of the cells is like a bull's horn), a zoophyte of the family Cellariada. It is the Eucratia loricata. It is branched subalternate, and has the cells conical, with a raised orifice, beneath which is a spinous process.

BULNES, bool-nās, Manuel, Chilean soldier and statesman: b. Concepcion, 25 Dec. 1799; d. Santiago, 18 Oct. 1866. He served in most of the battles of the Chilean revolution. In 1838 he commanded the Chilean army of 5,000 men against Santa Cruz, in Peru, and was finally instrumental in driving Santa Cruz from the country and breaking up the Peru-Bolivian confederation. In 1841 he was elected President of Chile and served for four years. He was afterward senator and councillor of state.

BÜLOW, bü'lō, Bernhard, PRINCE VON, German statesman: b. Klein-Flottbeck, Holstein, 3 May 1849. He came of a distinguished family, and was, on the mother's side, of Danish ancestry. He was educated at Lausanne, Leipzig and Berlin, studied law and served in the Franco-German War, where he rose to the grade of lieutenant After being secretary of legation at Rome, Saint Petersburg and Vienna, he became chargé d'affaires at Athens during the Russo-Turkish War, and later was secretary of the Berlin Congress. In 1888 he was appointed Minister to Rumania, and in 1893 Ambassador to Italy. He was called home to become Minister of Foreign Affairs. His skilful treatment of the Samoan difficulty won him popular favor in his own country. During the Chinese complications in 1900 he fully supported the Emperor's foreign policy. When Prince Hohenlohe resigned, 16 Oct. 1900, Von Bülow was called to succeed him as Chancellor of the empire. His diplomacy was shaped on the whole in accordance with ideas of his Imperial master. In 1905 he set in motion a campaign against the ambitions of France in Morocco which led to the fall of the French Foreign Minister Delcassé and the meeting of the Algeciras conference in 1906. He was raised to the princely rank in 1905. He was especially skilful in controlling a majority in the Reichstag among the different factions until the failure of his budget proposals which led to his resignation in 1909, when he was succeeded by Von Bethmann-Hollweg. He has opposed many of the latter's policies and criticized as inimical to the empire his utterances in the Reichstag on the German conditions of peace.

in

BÜLOW, Dietrich Adam Heinrich von, German military writer: b. Falkenberg, Altmark, about 1757; d. Riga, Russia, 1807. He studied in the military academy at Berlin, and afterward entered the Prussian service. But he soon retired, and occupied himself with the study of Polybius, Tacitus and J. J. Rousseau, and then served for a short period in the Netherlands. He afterward undertook to establish a theatre, but immediately abandoned his project, and visited the United States, whence he returned poor in purse but rich in experience, and became an author. His first work was on the Art of War,' in which he displayed uncommon talents. He wrote a book on 'Money,' translated the 'Travels of Mungo Park,' and published, in 1801, his History of the Campaign of 1800. He lived a time in London, was there imprisoned for debt, and afterward removed to Paris, whence he was banished in 1804. In 1804 he wrote 'Lehrsätze des neuern. Krieges (Theory of Modern Warfare') and several other military works, among which is his Tactics of the Moderns as They Should Be. In the former he points out the distinction between strategy and tactics, and makes the triangle the basis of all military operations. This principle of his was opposed by Jomini and other French writers. His history of the war of 1805 occasioned his imprisonment in Prussia, at the request of the Russian and Austrian courts. He died in the prison of Riga. He was a follower of Swedenborg. Consult Cammerer, 'Development of Strategical Science) (London 1905).

BÜLOW, Friedrich Wilhelm (COUNT VON DENNEWITZ), Prussian general: b. Falkenberg, 16 Feb. 1755; d. Königsberg, 25 Feb. 1816. In his 14th year he entered the Prussian army. In the war of 1806 he was a lieutenant-colonel at the siege of Thorn, and distinguished himself in various battles. In 1808 he was made majorgeneral and general of brigade. When the war against France broke out in 1813 he fought the first successful battle at Möckern, 5 April; 2 May took Halle, and protected Berlin from the danger which threatened it, by his victory at Luckau 4 June. He saved Berlin a second time by the memorable victory over Oudinot of Grosbeeren, 23 August, and relieved the same city a third time by the great victory over Ney at Dennewitz. For this service the King made him one of the few grand knights of the Iron Cross, and after the end of the campaign bestowed on him the title Count Bülow of Dennewitz, and made the same hereditary in his family. At the storming of Leipzig, 19 October, he took an important part. At the opening of the campaign of 1815 he received the chief command of the fourth division of the . army, with which he contributed so essentially to the victory of Waterloo, that the King gave him the command of the 15th regiment of the line, which was to bear in future the name of the Regiment of Bülow von Dennewitz. Consult Bülow, 'Generalfeldmarschall Graf Bülow v. Dennewitz) (Vienna 1910).

BÜLOW, Hans Guido von, German pianist and composer: b. Dresden, 8 Jan. 1830; d. Cairo, Egypt, 12 Feb. 1894. He studied the piano under Liszt, and made his first public appearance in 1852. In 1855 he became leading professor in the Conservatory at Berlin; in

1858 was appointed court pianist; and in 1867 became musical director to the King of Bavaria, followed by a series of concerts in Germany, Italy, Russia, England and the United States, which he first toured in 1875-76. In 1878 he became musical director at Court Theatre; from 1880-85 was Hofmusikintendant to the Duke of Meiningen. From 1886 till his death he was conductor of the Philharmonic Society, Hamburg. His compositions include overture and music to Julius Cæsar,' 'The Minstrel's Curse' and 'Nirvana'; songs, choruses and pianoforte pieces. He was considered one of the first of pianists and orchestral conductors remarkable for the range of his repertoire and for his retentive memory, playing and conducting without book. He was the greatest living authority on Beethoven, and edited an edition of his works. His 'Letters, edited by his widow, appeared 1895-97; and 'Lives' by Raumann (Berlin 1906) and La Mara (Leipzig

1911).

BÜLOW, Karl Eduard von, German author: b. Berg vor Eilenburg, Saxony, 17 Nov. 1803; d. Öttishausen, 16 Sept. 1853. He studied at the University of Leipzig, and became the friend and imitator of Ludwig Tieck. His literary fame rests mainly on his 'Book of Tales, after ancient Italian, Spanish, French, English, Latin and German originals (4 vols., 1834-36), which was followed by a supplementary volume (1841). Of his own original compositions, the (Springtide Wandering Among the Hartz Mountains is one of the best. He wrote also the very interesting story of 'The Youth of a Poor Man of Toggenburg, founded on the autobiography of Ulrich Bråker, a Swiss weaver. He published the original later.

BÜLOW, Margarete von, German "novelist b. Berlin 1860; d. near there, 2 Jan. 1885. Her early years were spent partly in Thuringia and partly in Smyrna, where her father was Prussian consul. Her published works include 'Stories'

(1885); Jonas Briccius' (1886); Herr im Hause' (1886); Chronicle of the Riffelshausen Folks' (1887); New Stories (1890). She delineated character with great precision, and displayed true insight into the human heart. She lost her life in an attempt to rescue a boy from drowning in the Rummelsburger Lake.

BULOZ, bu-lō, François, French publicist: b. Vulbens, Savoy, 20 Sept. 1803; d. Paris, 12 Jan. 1877. In 1831 he became editor of the Revue des Deux Mondes, the celebrated French fortnightly literary magazine, which, under his direction, increased its subscription list from 350 to 18,000. It published the works of de Vigny, de Musset, George Sand, and rendered remarkable service to the encouragment of contemporary literature. From 1835-45 he also edited the Revue de Paris. For 10 years (183848) he was director of the Comédie Française.

BULRAMPUR, bool-rum-poor', a town of India, in the Fyzabad division of Oudh, the residence of the Maharaja of Bulrampur. It has a trade in rice, etc., besides manufactures of cotton and other articles.

BULRUSH, a popular name for tall, reedlike plants which grow in marshy places, and which for the most part belong to the genus

Scirpus. The common bulrush is frequent in clear waters and about the borders of rivers throughout Europe, as well as in North America and New South Wales. The roots are thick and stout, creeping under water in the deep mud; the stems are of a dark-green color, and four or five feet or more in height, and are naked, smooth, round, tough, pliant and spongy within. Their base is covered with several sheathing scales, partly ending in leafy points. They are useful for packing and thatching, and especially for plaiting into the bottom of chairs.

BULTHAUPT, boolt'houpt, Heinrich Alfred, German poet and dramatist: b. Bremen, 26 Oct. 1849; d. 1905. On quitting the university he was for a while a private tutor; then traveled in the East, Greece and in Italy. He was a lawyer in his native town for some years, and in 1879 became custodian of the city library. long, comprising tragedies, Saul (1870); A Of his dramatic compositions the list is very Corsican Tragedy (1871); plays dealing with the questions of the time, "The Workmen' (1876); comedies, comic operas, including 'Die Kopisten' (1875); 'Lebende Bilder' (1875); 'Ahasver' (1904). He wrote the text for oratorios by Bruch and Vierling, adaptations of Shakespearean dramas (Cymbeline) 1885; 'Timon von Athen', 1894); he also wrote 'Durch Frost und Gluten (1892, new ed., 1904), and several works of criticism, especially 'Shakespeare und der Naturalismus. special distinction, however, is as author of Dramaturgy of the Theatre'; 'Dramaturgie der Klassiker (1882 et seq.), a work of exceeding value which has been reprinted frequently under the title 'Dramaturgie des Schauspiels'; also 'Dramaturgy of the Opera' (2 vols., 1887). Consult Kraeger, H., 'Litterarische Vorträge aus dem Nachlass ausgewählt und durchgeschen' (Oldenburg 1912).

His

BULWER, John, English physician and author. He flourished in the 17th century and appears to be entitled to the honor of having first pointed out a method of instructing the deaf and dumb. His works include 'Philosophus, or the Deafe and Dumbe Man's Friend' (1648); Chironomia, or the Art of Manual Rhetoric'; 'Chirologia, or the Natural Language of the Hand and Anthropometamorphosis.

BULWER, William Henry Lytton Earle (BARON DALLING AND BULWER), English author and diplomat, brother of Sir Edward BulwerLytton (q.v.): b. London, 13 Feb. 1801; d. Naples, 23 May 1872. He was educated at Sunburg, Harrow and Cambridge. He became agent for the London Greek Committee in 1824, and made a journey to the Morea, which he later described in 'A Journey to Greece.' He entered the army, but resigned to enter the diplomatic service, and after 1827 was successively in Berlin, Brussels and The Hague. In 1830 he was elected to Parliament as an advanced Liberal and in 1837 was made secretary of the embassy at Constantinople, where he concluded an important commercial treaty with Turkey. He was Minister to Madrid in 1843, and concluded the peace between Spain and Morocco in 1844. Disliked by Narvaez, the soldier-dictator, Bulwer was ordered to leave Spain. Parliament approved of his conduct and

he was awarded the highest decoration of the Order of the Bath; in 1849 had a diplomatic mission to Washington, and was one of the negotiators of the Bulwer-Clayton Treaty (q.v.). In 1852 he was envoy extraordinary to Tuscany and in 1856 was sent to Bucharest to investigate the conditions of the Danubian principalities, and was Ambassador to Turkey in 1858-65. He was created Baron Dalling and Bulwer in 1871. His works include 'An Autumn in Greece (1826); France, Social, Literary and Political' (1834-36); Life of Byron (1835); 'Historical Characters' (186870); Life of Palmerston' (1870-74).

a

BULWER-CLAYTON TREATY, treaty negotiated at Washington, D. C., in April 1850, by John M. Clayton, Secretary of State under President Taylor, and Sir Henry Bulwer, British Minister to the United States. It provided that neither the United States nor Great Britain should attempt to control a proposed canal across Nicaragua. The treaty provided further for the neutrality of the canal and it guaranteed encouragement to all lines of interoceanic communication. The terms of the treaty were afterward much disputed. In 1882 the United States government intimated to Great Britain that the canal having become impracticable because of reasons for which Great Britain alone was responsible, the United States considered the treaty as no longer binding, but Great Britain continued to hold it as in force. On 3 March 1899, Congress passed a bill providing for the construction of a canal on the Nicaragua route, which also authorized the President to open negotiations with Great Britain for the abrogation of the Bulwer-Clayton Treaty, and under the last clause a convention between the two countries, abrogating portions of the treaty deemed to be against the interests of the United States, was signed in Washington, 5 Feb. 1900. For a complete account see CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY.

BULWER-LYTTON, Edward George Earle (1st LORD LYTTON), English politician and novelist: b. London, 25 May 1803; d. Torquay, Devonshire, 18 Jan. 1873. The Bulwers, long settled at Heydon Hall, Norfolk, claimed descent from the Normans and Vikings, perhaps as a ready explanation of their bold and turbulent spirit. The novelist's father, William Earle Bulwer, was colonel of the 106th regiment or Norfolk rangers. His mother, Elizabeth Barbara, was the only daughter of Richard Warburton Lytton of Knebworth in Hertfordshire, the family seat since the time of Henry VII. From her and her father, who was a learned scholar, Bulwer claimed to have derived his love for letters. As a boy he lived much among his grandfather's books and read through three circulating libraries. He wrote volumes of Byronic verse, some of which was published at the age of 17. Prepared for the university at various private schools, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, at Easter in 1822; but soon migrated to Trinity Hall, where it was not necessary to attend lectures. At Cambridge he was a conspicuous member of the Union; he won the Chancellor's medal in 1825, and sketched two novels. At this time he also read enormously in history and began the practice of keeping those huge common

place books which afterward became useful in preparing his historical novels. Before receiving his bachelor's degree in 1826, he published more Byronic verse, fell desperately in love, made a tour of Scotland and the English lakes, and passed a season in Paris, where he was received into the most brilliant salons. Returning to London "a finished dandy," he married on 29 Aug, 1827, Rosina Doyle Wheeler, a beautiful Irish girl of some accomplishments. The marriage led to an estrangement from his mother and the young man was consequently thrown upon his own resources. He settled with his wife at Woodcot House in Berkshire, where he attempted to live in style from what he could earn with his pen. The marriage proving uncomfortable, a legal separation was obtained in 1836 after years of a life apart. On the death of his mother in 1843 he inherited Knebworth and assumed the surname of Lytton.

To pass by Bulwer's numerous contributions to annuals and periodicals, he published in 1827, Falkland, a sentimental novel in imitation of Rousseau's 'Nouvelle Héloise.' After

a quick passage through the sentimental stage, he came out with 'Pelham' in 1828, a brilliant novel founded upon what he had seen of high life in London and Paris. It was likewise Bulwer's first excursion into politics and crime. Late in the same year followed The Disowned,' a curious novel which the author called "metaphysical" inasmuch as the characters are intended to stand for "certain dispositions influential upon conduct." After 'Devereux' (1829), an experiment in historical romance, Bulwer took up the criminal novel, publishing 'Paul Clifford (1830) and Eugene Aram (1832), which are among his most characteristic books. By this time a popular novelist, he displayed during the coming years extraordinary versatility. With The Pilgrims of the Rhine (1834) he began a series of fantastic tales which he called ideal and poetic, announcing that they should be judged "by the rules rather of poetry than prose." The chapter entitled "The Life of Dreams" elaborates a clever system of dreaming, evidently made use of in our day by Du Maurier in 'Peter Ibbetson and by Kipling in 'The Brushwood Boy.' Occult philosophy was cleverly employed in Zanoni (1842) and speculation about the future age of electricity in The Coming Race' (1871). A series of ghost stories culminated in The Haunted and the Haunters' (1861) hardly surpassed in its kind. Historical romance, resumed in The Last Days of Pompeii' (1834), was continued in 'Rienzi) (1835), The Last of the Barons' (1843), Harold' (1848), and the incomplete 'Pausanias) (posthumous, 1876). The best of these novels stand for an attempt to get near to the facts of history. In the midst of this work was planned a comprehensive history of Athens, its Rise and Fall, of which two volumes appeared in 1837. Another idealization of the criminal in 'Lucretia' (1847) provoked considerable criticism, to which he replied with 'A Word to the Public (1846). To test his popularity Bulwer now published anonymously in Blackwood's Magazine three experiments in 18th century humor. The series comprises The Caxtons (1849), 'My Novel (1853), and What Will He Do