with a personal courtesy intrinsically and delightfully attractive, -who that witnessed all this in him (and there are those of us who did) can ever forget it, or fail, now that his spirit has fled, to 5 exalt to the proper height his manly bearing, devoted patriotism, and the whole bright galaxy of his merits? He did honor to Carolina. He was one of the props of the Union. The times were dark. Britain was our foe; her formidable armies 10 were upon our shores, just fresh from victory over Napoleon's troops in Spain. Some among our friends quailed, and there were hosts of our own people against us.

The vindication of the national rights fell upon 15 the Southern and Middle states, the new-born West coöperating. The North, as states, with splendid exceptions individually, protested against firing a gun. This is history. The gallant South stood up for the whole Union, on an indiscriminate 20 estimate of duty to the whole, under the unparalleled aggressions of that day. Comparatively, she had scarcely a ship to be plundered or a seaman to be impressed. Calhoun never faltered. His fidelity to his country's honor, his exertions in her cause, 25 were intense and unremitting.

SIR WALTER RALEIGH

WILLIAM HEPWORTH DIXON

WILLIAM HEPWORTH DIXON (1821-1879), an English traveler and writer, was born at Great Ancoats, Manchester. He was called to the bar, but never engaged in the practice of law. In 1846 he moved to London, and a few years later became editor of the famous London Athenæum.

In his later life Dixon was a constant traveler. His two journeys through America led to his book, New America. Likewise his trips through Russia and Cyprus were followed by books on those countries. His Her Majesty's Tower, which contains the following sketch of Sir Walter Raleigh, is an interest- 10 ing story of the lives of many of the notable prisoners of the old Tower of London.

With the exception of his two friends, Shakespeare and Bacon, Raleigh has had more books written about him than any other man of English 15 race. Every new generation begins with unslackening curiosity about this proud and brilliant man, -curiosity as to what he was, what he said, and what he wrought. Men who are yet young have seen a dozen new lives of Raleigh; and men who 20 are now old may live to see many more.

This public interest in Raleigh seems, at first thought, strange. The man was not lovable; he had some bad qualities; his career was apparently a failure. Yet Raleigh is one of the undoubted 25

heroes of English story, one of the men about whom authors love to write and the public delight to read.

The reasons for what seems at first sight a con5 tradiction are not far to seek.

In the first place, every one feels that Raleigh, when all has been said against him, was a man; a proud man, if you like; nay, a cruel and selfish man, if you insist; yet a vital force in the city, in 10 the court, in the camp; not a form, a phrase, a con

vention, as the masses of men are and must be in every age and in every place. You may like an original force in your midst, or you may dislike it; most men distrust a power which disturbs them 15 with a sense of the untried and the unknown; but you cannot help being drawn towards such a force for either love or hate. Raleigh was a man; and what a man! Even among a race of giants, to what a size he grew! Other men, when we come 20 to them, may be great in parts; this man was great in all parts. From the highest masters in special arts he had nothing to learn. Spenser could not teach him song. Hatton was danced by him out of court and fortune. Burleigh feared his 25 subtlety and craft. Mayerne took lessons from him in physic. Jonson consulted him on dramatic

art. Effingham praised him as a sailor. Bacon thought it an honor to contend with him for the prize of eloquence. Hawkins, Frobisher, all the adventurous seamen of his generation, looked upon 5 him as their master. Bilson retired from a tussle with him on theology, admitting his defeat. Pett learned from Raleigh how to build ships. No man of his generation offered to compete with him as a writer of English prose. Poet, student, soldier, 10 sailor, courtier, orator, historian, statesman, — in each and every sphere he seemed to have a special power and a separate life.

In the second place, Raleigh is still a power among us, a power in the Old World and in the 15 New World; hardly less visible in England than in America, where the beautiful capital of a chivalrous state bears his name. Raleigh's public life was spent in raising England to her true rank; and the mode by which he sought to raise her was 20 by making her the mother of Free States.

In Raleigh's time the leading influence on this planet lay in Spain, an influence which was hostile to England in every way; hostile to her religion, hostile to her commerce, hostile to her liberty, 25 hostile to her law. Spain continued to assume that the English were a God-abandoned people