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afraid of infamy, repulse, disgrace, (Tul. offic. l. 1.) they can severely contemn pleasure, bear grief indifferently, but they are quite battered and broken with reproach and obloquy:" (siquidem vita & fama pari passu ambulant) and are so dejected many times for some publique injury, disgrace, as a box on the ear by their inferior, to be overcome of their adversary, foiled in the field, to be out in a speech, some foul fact committed or disclosed, &c. that they dare not come abroad all their lives after, but melancholize in corners, and keep in holes. The most generous spirits are most subject to it: Spiritus altos frangit &generosos: Hieronymus. Aristotle, because he could not understand the motion of Euripus, for grief and shame drowned himself: Celius Rodiginus antiquar. lec. lib. 29. cap. 8. Homerus pudore consumptus, was swallowed up with this passion of shame "because he could not unfold the fish66 m for that a Traerman's riddle." Sophocles killed himself, gædie of his was hissed off the stage:" Valer. max. lib. 9. cap. 12. Lucretia stabbed her self, and so did" Cleopatra, "when she saw that she was reserved for a triumph, to avoid the infamy." Antonius the Roman, "after he was overcome of his enemy, for three dayes space sat solitary in the fore-part of the Ship, abstaining from all company, even of Cleopatra her self, and afterwards for very shame butchered himself," Plutarch vita ejus. "Apollonius Rodius P wilfully banished himself, forsaking his country, and all his dear friends, because he was out in reciting his Poems," Plinius lib. 7. cap. 23. Ajax ran mad, because his armes were adjudged to Ulysses. In China 'tis an ordinary thing for such as are excluded in those famous tryals of theirs, or should take degrees, for shame and grief to lose their wits, Mat. Riccius expedit. ad Sinas l. 3. c. 9. Hostratus the Fryer took that book which Reuclin had writ against him, under the name of Epist. obscurorum virorum, so to heart, that for shame and grief he made away himself, Jovius in elogiis. A grave and learned Minister, and an ordinary Preacher at Alcmar in Holland, was (one day as he walked in the fields for his recreation) suddenly taken with a lask or looseness, and thereupon compelled to retire to the next

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Ob * Gravius contumeliam ferimus quam detrimentum, ni abjecto nimis animo Quod piscatoris ænigma solvere non posset. simus. Plut. in Timol. "Cum vidit in triumTragoediam explosam, mortem sibi glad.o conscivit. phum se servari, causa ejus ingnominiæ vitandæ mortem sibi conscivit. Plut. Bello victus, per tres dies sedit in prora navis, abstinens ab omni consortio, P Cum male recitasset Argonautica, etiam Cleopatræ, postea se interiecit. Quidam præ verecundia simul & dolore in insaniam Hostratus ob pudorem exulavit. incidunt, co quod a literatorum gradu in examine excluduntur. cucullatus adeo graviter ob Reucliui librum, qui inscribitur, Epistolæ obscurorum virorum, dolore simul & pudore sauciatus, ut seipsum interfecerit.

ditch;

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ditch; but being surprised at unawares, by some Gentlewomen of his Parish wandering that way, was so abashed, that he did never after shew his head in publike, or come into the Pulpit, but pined away with Melancholy: (Pet. Forestus med. observat. lib. 10. observat. 12.) So shame amongst other passions can play his prize.

I know there be many base, impudent, brazen-faced rogues, that willNulla pallescere culpá, be moved with nothing, take no infamy or disgrace to heart, laugh at all; let them be proved perjured, stigmatized, convict rogues, theeves, traitors, lose their ears, be whipped, branded, carted, pointed at, hissed, reviled, and derided with "Ballio the Baud in Plautus, they rejoyce at it, Cantores probos; "babe and Bombax," what care they? We have too many such in our times,

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Yet a modest man, one that hath grace, a generous spirit, tender of his reputation, will be deeply wounded, and so grievously affected with it, that he had rather give myriads of crowns, lose his life, then suffer the least defamation of honor, or blot in his good name. And if so be that he cannot avoid it, as a Nightingale, Que cantando victa moritur, (saith Mizaldus,) dies for shame if another bird sing better, he languisheth and pineth away in the anguish of his spirit.

SUBSECT. VII.

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Envy, Malice, Hatred, Causes.

NVY and Malice are two linkes of this chain, and both,

ENVY and are tw. cap. 2. proves out of Galen 3.

Aphorisme, com. 22. "y cause this malady by themselves, especially if their bodies be otherwise disposed to Melancholy." 'Tis Valescus de Taranta, and Felix Platerus observation, Envy so gnawes many men's hearts, that they become altogether melancholy." And therefore belike Solomon, Prov.

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• Propter ruborem confusus, statim cepit delirare, &c. ob suspicionem, quod vili illum crimine accusarent. 'Horat. Ps. Impudice. B Ita est. Ps. sceleste. B. dicis vera Ps. Verbero. B. quippeni Ps. furcifer. B. factum optime. Ps soci fraude. B. sunt mea is:æc Ps. parricida B. perge tu Ps. sacrilege. B. fateor. Ps. perjure B. vera dicis. Ps. pernitics adolescentum B. acerrime. Ps. fur. B. babe. P's. fugitive. B. bombax. Ps. fraus populi. B. Planissime. Ps. impure leno, cœnum. B. cantores probos. Pseudolus act. 1. Scen. 3. * Cent. 7.

Plinio. Multos vide mus propter invidiam & odium in melancholiam incidisse: & illos potissimum quorum corpora ad hanc apta sunt. Invidia affligit homines adeo & corrodit, ut hi melancholici penitus fiant.

14. 13. cals it," the rotting of the bones," Cyprian, vulnus occultum;

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The Sicilian tyrants never invented the like torment. cifies their souls, withers their bodies, makes them hollowey'd, pale, lean, and ghastly to behold, Cyprian ser. 2. de zelo & livore. "As a Moth gnawes a garment, so, "saith Chrysos.ome," doth envy consume a man:" to be a living. Anatomy: a "Skeleton, to be a lean and pale carcass, quickened with a fiend, Hall in Charact." for so often as an envious wretch sees another man prosper, to be enriched, to thrive, and be fortunate in the world, to get honors, offices, or the like, he repines and grieves.

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Successus hominum-suppliciumque suum est."

He tortures himself if his equal, friend, neighbor be preferred, commended, do well, if he understand of it, it gaules him afresh, and no greater pain can come to him, then to hear of another man's wel-doing, 'tis a dagger at his heart every such object. He lookes at him, as they that fell down in Lucian's rock of honor, with an envious eye, and will damage himself, to do another a mischief: Atque cadet subito, dum super hoste cadat. As he did in Esop, lose one eye willingly, that his fellow might lose both, or that rich man in * Quintilian that poysoned the flowers in his garden, because his neighbor's Bees should get no more honey from them. His whole life is sorrow, and every word he speaks a Satyre, nothing fats him. but other mens ruines. For to speak in a word, Envy is nought else but Tristitia de bonis alienis, sorrow for other men's good, be it present, past, or to come: & gaudium de adversis, and joy at their harms, opposite to mercy, which grieves at other men's mischances, and misaffects the body in another kinde; so Damascen defines it, lib. 2. de orthod. fid. Thomas 2. 2. quæst. 36. art. 1. Aristotle l. 2. Rhet. c. 4. & 10. Plato Philebo.

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. Hor. His vultus minax, torvus aspectus, pallor in facie, in labiis tremor, stridor in dentibus, &c. • Ut tinea corrodit vestimentum sic, invidia eum qui zelatur consumit. d Pallor in ore sedet, macies in corpore toto. Diaboli expressa Imago, toxmentis, non est eo monstrosius

*Declam. 13. linivit flores Statuis cereis Basilius cos

Nusquam recta acies, livent rubigine dentes. icum charitatis, venenum amicitia, abyssus monstrum, damnosius damnum, urit, torret, discruciat macie & squalore conficit. Austin. Domin. primi. Advent. f Ovid. maleficis succis in venenum mella convertens. comparat, qui liquefiunt ad præsentiam solis, qua alii gaudent et ornantur. Muscis alii, quæ ulceribus gaudent, amæna prætereunt, sistunt in fætidis. Misericordia etiam quæ tristitia quædam est, sæpe miserantis corpus male afficit Agrippa. 1. 1. cap. 63.

Tully

Tully 3. Tusc. Greg. Nic. 1. de virt, animæ. c. 12. Basil. de Invidia. Pindarus Od. 1. ser. 5. and we finde it true. 'Tis a common disease, and almost natural to us, asi Tacitus holds, to envy another man's prosperity. And 'tis in most men an incurable disease. "I have read," saith Marcus Aurelius, "Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee Authors, I have consulted with many wise men, for a remedy for envy, I could finde none, but to renounce all happiness, and to be a wretch, and miserable for ever." "Tis the beginning of hell in this life, and a passion not to be excused. "Every other sin hath some pleasure annexed to it, or will admit of an excuse; envy alone wants both. Other sinnes last but for a while, the gut may be satisfied, anger remits, hatred hath an end, cnvy never ceaseth." Cardan lib. 2. de sap. Divine and humane examples are very familiar, you may runne and read them, as that of Saul and David, Cain and Abel, angebat illum non proprium peccatum, sed fratris prosperitas, saith Theodoret, it was his brother's good fortune galled him. Rachel envied her sister, being barren, Gen. 30. Joseph's bretheren him, Gen. 37. David had a touch of this vice, as he confesseth m Ps. 37. " Jeremy and Habbakuk, they repined at others good, but in the end they corrected themselves. Ps. 75. "fret not thyself," &c. Domitian spited Agricola for his worth, "P that a private man should be so much glorified." Cecinna was envyed of his fellow Citizens, because he was more richly adorned. But of all others, women are most weak, ob pulchritudine invide sunt fæminæ (Musæus) aut amat, aut odit, nihil est tertium (Granatensis.) They love, or hate, no medium amongst them. Implacabiles plerumque læse mulieres, Agrippina like, "A woman if she see her neighbor more neat, or elegant, richer in tires, jewels, or apparel, is enraged, and like a Lioness sets upon her husband, railes at her, scoffes at her, and cannot abide her;" so the Roman Ladies in Tacitus did at Solonina Cecinna's wife, "because she had a better horse, and better furniture, as if she had hurt them with it; they were much offended: In like sort our gentlewomen

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Insitum mortalibus a natura recentem aliorem fælicitatem ægris oculis intueri, hist. 1. 2. Tacit. *Legi Chaldæos, Græcos, Hebræos, consului sapientes pro remedio invidiæ, hoc enim inveni, renunciare felicitati, & perpetuò 1 Omne peccatum aut excusationem secum habet, aut voluptatem, sola invidia utraque caret, reliqua vitia finem habent, ira defervescit, gula satiatur, odium finem habet, invidia nunquam quiescit. m Urebat me æmuLatio propter stultos. P 1nvidit privati nomen supra principis a tolli. Per turæ dolore & invidia, si quem viderint ornatiorem se in publicum prodiisse. Platina dial. Ant. Guianerius lib. 2. cap. 8. vim. M. Aurelii fæmina vici nam elegantius se vestitam videns, leænæ instar in virum insurgit, &c. 'Quod insigni equo & ostro veheretur, quanquam nullius cum injuria, ornatum illunr tanquam læsæ gravabantur,

amorum.

Hier. 12. 1. • Hab. 1.
Tacit. Hist. 1.b. 2. part. 6.

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do at their usual meetings, one repines or scoffes at another's bravery and happiness. Myrsine, an Atticke wench, was murthered of her fellows, "" because she did excel the rest in beauty," Constantine Agricult. 1. 11. c. 7. Every Village will yeeld such examples.

SUBSECT. VIII.

Emulation, Hatred, Faction, Desire of revenge, Causes.

OUT of this root of Envy, *spring those feral branches of

faction, hatred, livor, emulation, which cause the like

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grievances, and are, serræ anime, the sawes of the soul, *consternationis pleni affectus, affections full of desperate amazement; or as Cyprian describes emulation, it is "ya moth of the soule, a consumption, to make another man's happiness his misery, to torture, crucifie and execute himself, to eate his owne heart. Meat and drink can do such men no good, they do alwayes grieve, sigh and groan, day and night without intermission, their brest is torne asunder:" and a little after, Whomsoever he is whom thou dost emulate and envy, he may avoyd thee, but thou canst neither avoid him nor thyself; wheresoever thou art, he is with thee, thine enemy is ever in thy brest, thy destruction is within thee, thou art a captive, bound hand and foot, as long as thou art malicious, and envious, and canst not be comforted. It was the devil's overthrow;" and whensoever thou art throughly affected with this passion, it will be thine. Yet no perturbation so frequent, no passion so common.

• Καὶ κεραμολὶς κεραμεί κοτέει και τέκτονι τέκτων,
Καὶ πιωχὺς πτωχῶ φθονέει καὶ ἀοιδος ἀοιδῶ.

A Potter emulates a Potter,

One Smith envies another:
A begger emulates a begger,

A singing man his brother.

Quod pulchritudine omnes excelleret, puellæ indignatæ occiderunt. Latè patet invidiæ fœcundæ pernities, & livor radix omniu malorum, fons cladium, inde odium surgit emulatio Cyprian ser. 2. de Livore. * Valerius 1. 3. cap. 9. Qualis est animi tinea, quæ tabes pectoris zelare in altero vel aliorum fælicitatem suam facere miscria, & velut quosdam pectori suo admovere carnifices, cogitationibus & sensibus suis adhibere tortores, qui se intestinis cruciatibus lacerent. Non cibus talibus lætus, non potus potest esse jucundus; suspiratur semper et gemitur, & doletur dies & noctes, pectus sine intermissione laceratur. Quisquis est ille quem æmularis, cui invides is to subterfugere potest, at tu non te ubicunque fugeris, adversarius tuus tecum est, hostis tuus semper in pectore tuo est, pernities intus inciusa, ligatus es, victus, zelo dominante captivus: nec solatia tibi ulla subveniunt: hinc diabolus inter initia statim mundi, & periit primus, & perdidit, Cyprian ser. 2. de zelo & Livore.

Hesiod. op. dies.

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