LESSONS IN SPANISH. screw at the right. Now, as will shortly be seen, when an If the poles get too far apart, or from any cause the current is interrupted, the weight at once raises the pole, and re-lights the lamp, the poles being separated as before by the coil. It is found, however, with a lamp thus constructed that the light is far from steady, as no allowance is made for the wear of the poles. The upper carbon, too, is fixed instead of moving towards the lower one, as is the case in most other forms of the electric lamp, and hence this instrument is but little used. LESSONS IN SPANISH.-VIII. WE would recommend to the learner to review carefully all the preceding lessons, especially the last four; and then, after having attentively studied the following rules, to translate the ensuing exercise. EXERCISE 22.-ENGLISH-SPANISH. 227 1. Time is precious. 2. Prudence is useful. 3. Vice is odious. 4. Money is useful. 5. Ice is cold. 6. Sugar is sweet. 7. Virtue is lovely. 8. Water is as good as wine. 9. Life is not a dream. 10. Wisdom is more precious than all riches. 11. Beneficence makes us 12. Man fears not life. 13. She has prudence. 14. Lucy amiable. found no books. 15. Milk is white. 16. Wine is very dear this year. 17. Gratitude is the soul of religion. 18. Wines will be good this year. 19. Forks are useful. 20. This year flour is not dear. 21. Gold is more precious than silver. 22. History is (the) instructress of life. 23. This gentleman prefers truth to error. 24. Prudence is better than money. THE VERB. Verbs are classed, as in English, into active, passive, and neuter; reflective, regular, irregular, impersonal, and defective. They are also varied by person and number, mood and tense. Verbs have three persons and two numbers, as in English; that is, they vary their endings to agree with the person and number of their nominative; as Singular. 1st Pers. Yo hablo, I speak. 2nd Pers. Tú hablas, thou speakest. Plural. 1st Pers. Nosotros hablamos, we speak. 2nd Pers. Vosotros hablais, you speak. 3rd Pers. Ellos hablan, they speak. In Spanish the definite article is to be used before all com- In Spanish it is not necessary to use the personal pronouns mon nouns taken in a general sense, or which denote a whole of the nominative case with the verb (unless for the sake of class or species of things; as, la paciencia y la actividad re-emphasis or perspicuity), as the ending of the verb indicates mueven montañas, patience and diligence remove mountains; the person of its nominative. Thus, hablo means I speak ; le prohiben el uso del vino, they forbid kim the use of wine; hablas, thou speakest; habla, he speaks or she speaks; hablamos, jamas la sobérbia ni la ira podrán acordarse con la amabilidad y we speak, etc. la mansedumbre, never can pride or anger agree with amiability and meekness; todas las cosas tienen su tiempo, all things have their season. Hero patience, diligence, wine, pride, anger, amiability, meekness, and things, are taken in an absolute or general sense, and each requires the definite artiele in Spanish, though not in English, to precede it. The definite article is not to be used in Spanish before nouns not taken in a general or determinate sense, or which do not refer to the whole class or species of things, or the whole of ay object; as, ella tiene azúcar, she has sugar; Juan bebe vino al almuerzo, John drinks wine at breakfast. Here sugar and ine are to be taken in a partitive sense, meaning some sugar, Some wine. Año, year. VOCABULARY. Ignoráncia, ignorance. Pedro prefiere, Peter MOODS. Mood is the form which the verb takes to show in what manner the action or existence is represented. In Spanish there are four moods; the infinitive, the indicative, the imperative, and the subjunctive. The infinitive mood expresses action or being in an indefinite manner, without reference to person or time; asComer, to eat. Hablar, to speak. Hablád, speak ye. Beneficéncia,beneficenco Juan hace, John makes. Caridad, charity. Blanco, white. Caro, dear. Dinero, money. Dulce, sweet. El depende, he depends. Ella teme, she fears. Frio, cold. Gratitud, gratitude. Hermosura, beauty. Juício, judgment. Justícia, justice. Maestra, mistress, in- Mejor, better. Necesário, necessary. Oro, gold. Paciente, patient. El hombre es polvo, man is dust. dinero. Precioso, precious. Religion, religion. Vício, vice. Vida, life. Virtud, virtue. El alma de la muger es natural mente mas sensible que la del EXERCISE 21.-SPANISH-ENGLISH. 16. 1. El tiempo es mas precioso que el oro. 2. La caridad es paciente. 3. La ignoráncia es madre del error. 4. La prudéncia es mas preciosa que la plata. 5. Mejor es la sabiduría que la hermosura. 6. El hombre teme la muerte. 7. Los hombres son mortales. 8. El oro es precioso. 9. Juan tiene oro. 10. El dinero es útil. 11. Pedro tiene 12. Los libros son útiles. 13. Este año la harina es muy Cara. 14. La manteca es muy cara. 15. La cerveza es buena. La muerte es terrible. 17. La leche es blanca. 18. Juan prefiere el vício à la virtud. 19. María no prefiere el error á la verdad. 20. Pedro prefiere las riquezas á la sabiduría. 21. El médico prefiere la Cerveza al vino. 22. La prudéncia y el juício son necesarios á todo hambre. 23. La paz de la sociedad depende de (on) la justícia. 24. La plata es preciosa. 25. Este año la harina no es cara. 26. La religion es amable. 27. El oro es mas precioso que la plata. The subjunctive mood represents the affirmation in a conditional manner; as Aunque hablen, though they may speak. TENSES. Tense is the form which the verb takes to show the time of the action, being, or passion which is affirmed. There are properly three tenses, the past, the present, and the future. These are subdivided into eight tenses-one for the present, five for the past, and two for the future: the present, imperfect, perfect definite, perfect indefinite, the first pluperfect, second pluperfect; the first future, and future perfect or second future. The present tense represents whatever is affirmed as taking place at the present time; as Hablan, they speak. Están comiendo, they are eating. The imperfect teuse represents as relatively present something which is affirmed as past, though, for all we know to the contrary, not yet completed; asHablaban cuando los vió, They were speaking when he saw them. The perfect definite tense represents what is affirmed as being completely past and finished; asLes habló ayer, He spoke to them yesterday. The perfect indefinite tense represents what is affirmed as having taken place during a time not entirely elapsed; as— Les he hablado hoy, I have spoken to them to-day. The first pluperfect tense expresses what is past and was finished before another action, also past, completed; that is, an event which occurred prior to some other past event; a Había hablado cuando llege, I had spoken when he arr body speaks evil of him. 10. The shoemaker gave shoes to no 11. Nothing is good for him. 12. One knows not what to say. 13. Have you ancther brother? 14. Did any one see my hat? 15. James found something on the road. 16. He who is rich, whoever he may be, will have anxieties. 17. To whomsoever you may give bread, James will give money. 18. Did John give books to some of these The first future tense refers to some action or event which is Germans? 19. Yes, Sir, John gave books to some. 20. Has any. yet to take place; asHablará esta noche, He will speak to-night. The second future or future perfect tense refers to some future action or event that will have taken place at or before some particular future time; as Habré acabado á las ocho, I shall have finished at eight o'clock. PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS. Verbs in Spanish have two participles, the present and the past. There are, however, but few present participles in use, and these few are, almost without exception, employed only as adjectives or nouns; as, semejante, similar; obediente, obedient; viajante, traveller. The ending of the present participle of verbs that have their infinitive in ar, is ante; of those that have their infinitive in er or ir, is iente. The past participle denotes action or being perfected or finished, and, when derived from a regular verb, is generally formed by changing the final letters of the infinitive ar into ado, and er into ido; as KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN SPANISH.-VII. 1. This man is rich. 2. That woman is proud. 3. Does that lady speak the English language ? 4. Whose is this knife? 5. Whose are those forks? 6. He to whom my father wrote the letters has much money. 7. She to whom John gave a book is very handsome. 8. This house and that which you saw are mine. 9. Is not this the baker's son? 10. The hatter wrote these letters. 11. This lookingglass is mine. 12. This man is my friend. 13. Who is that woman? 14. This breeze is agreeable. and Mary's spoons are of gold. 17. John has not my book, but he has that of my sister. 18. Have you my pens or those of my 15. Whose is this pen? 16. Lucy's father? 19. Has the baker my bread or that of the carpenter? 20. The innkeeper's beer is as good as that of the shoemaker. 21. The wine of James is as good as that of Peter. 22. Have the printers my books or those of my friend? 23. The printers have not thy books, but they have those of thy friend. EXERCISE 18. 1. Este caballero es bueno. 2. Aquella muger es hermosa. 3. Esas cucharas son nuevas. 4. Aquellos pintores son pobres. 5. Estas casas son altas. 6. Esos sombreros son nuestros. 7. ¿De quienes son aquellas casas ? 8. ¿Quien es ese caballero? 9. ¿Habla esa señora la lengua española? 10. Ese espejo no es viejo. 11. ¿ Son estos mis zapatos? 12. ¿Cuyo es ese sombrero? 13. La Española y la Inglesa tienen prudéncia, esa es mas amable que esta. 14. Aquellos á quienes Juan dió las plumas son pobres é ignorantes. 15. Aquella á quien el sombrerero dió un espejo es pobre y sobérbia. 16. Lucia dió las cucharas á los que vm. vió. 17. El librero dió tres libros á la que le escribió las cartas. 18. ¿No es esta la madre del zapatero? 19. Esos cuchillos son suyos de ella. 20. Estos tenedores son suyos de él. 21. ¿Quien es esta señora ? 22. Diego no tiene mi libro, pero el tiene el di mi hermana. 23. Las calles de Londres son mas anchas que las de Madrid. 24. La pronunciacion del Frances no es tan fácil como la del Español. 25. Mi cerveza no es tan buena como la de Juan. EXERCISE 19. 1. Every one of the three women has two looking-glasses. 2. These men will be rewarded, each one according to his deeds. 3. She and all her daughters are very robust. 4. Both know what is good. 5. Is there anything new? 6. There is nothing new. 7. The bookellers want nothing. 8. Everything which James has is mine. 9. No body my looking-glass ? 21. Nobody has thy looking-glass. 22. Some men have money, others have not. 23. Many villagers of both sexes came to the city. 24. The painter gave a hat to the German, and a book to the Spaniard: both are poor. 25. Mary does not speak of another's faults. 26. Are there roses without thorns? 27. No, Madam, there are no roses without thorns. 28. Are there in that house many rooms? 29. There are ten rooms. 30. John is not an American. EXERCISE 20. 1. Los diez criados, cada uno de ellos tiene tres rosas. 2. Lucia tiene diez libros cada uno en un idioma diferente. 3. Todas las criadas serán premiadas, cada cual segun sus méritos. 4. Maria dió cuchillos á cada uno de ellos. 5. Todo lo que brilla, no es oro. 6. Todo libro tiene hojas. 7. Pedro no tiene nada. 8. Ninguna de estas señoras es rica. 9. No sabe uno que comprar. 10. ¿Tiene vmd. otra hermana? 11. ¿Habla alguien Español? 12. El caballero tiene dos criados, y dió al uno diez pesos, y al otro doce, á cada uno segun su merito. 13. El zapatero tiene dos hijas, el nombre de la una es Lucia, y el nombre de la otra es Maria. 14. Ella tiene algo que 15. Una de las señoras vinó commigo. 16. Mi hermana tiene todo lo que mi padre la dió. 17. A cualquiera que Maria dé cucharas, Lucia dará tenedores. 18. Cualquier cosa que Juan diga sus casas no son hermosas. 19. Dios aborrece todo camino malo. 20. Todo es muy cierto. 21. Nadie tiene tu espejo. 22. ¿Tienen algunas de estas mugeres tenedores de plata? 23. Cada uno de nosotros tiene algun meritó. 24. Mi sobrino no tiene plumas. 25. ¿Hay cartas para mi? 26. No, señor, no hay cartas para vmd, 27. ¿No hay libros sin hojas. comer. THE UNIVERSITIES. -XIV. ABERDEEN. THE University of Aberdeen derives its origin from the tw foundations of King's College and Marischal College, whic were united by the Universities Act of 1858. The first of th two colleges was founded in the year 1494 by William Elphi stone, Bishop of Aberdeen, and the second a century later George Kent, Earl Marischal. The powers, privileges, ar property of these two colleges were transferred to the Universit which takes rank among its sister universities from the date the foundation of King's College. The University is a corpora body, and its government is administered by the Universi Court, the Senatus Academicus, and the General Council. The division of the students into the four "nations" of M Buchan, Moray, and Angus, may be regarded as an indicati that the University of Aberdeen derives the great majority its alumni from the northern districts of Scotland. At period when the colleges, now incorporated into the Universi were founded, the facilities for travelling were so limited t unless learning had been, as it were, brought nigh the doors the dwellers in remote regions, the higher education would h languished for lack of sustenance and stimulus. Notw standing the remoteness of its situation, Aberdeen Univers has always a fair attendance of students, and many of its fessors have been eminent for their erudition and vigour intellect. A year or two ago, Professor Masson gave interesting account of some of them in his series of paper Macmillan's Magazine, bearing the title of "Men whom I h Known." CLASSES AND FEES. The following are the classes in the four faculties:1. Arts. Greek (2); Latin (2); English Language and C position; Logic; Mathematics (2); Moral Philosophy Political Economy; Natural Philosophy (2); Natural Histo 2. Divinity. Systematic Theology; Oriental Langus Church History; Biblical Criticism. 3. Law. Conveyancing (Summer Course); Scots (Winter Course); Medical Jurisprudence. 4. Medicine.-Winter Course: Anatomy, Practical Anat Chemistry, Institutes of Medicine, Surgery, Practic Medicine, Midwifery, Zoology (with Comparative Anat Medical Logic, and Medical Jurisprudence. Summer Co Botany, Materia Medica, Anatomical Demonstrations, Pra Anatomy, Practical Chemistry, Zoology. THE UNIVERSITIES. The matriculation fee is the same as at the other Scottish universities, already noticed. With the exception of the Senior Latin, Greek, Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and English Literature classes, the fees in the Faculty of Arts are 3 guineas; for the Faculty of Divinity the fees are £1 11s. 6d. ; in the Faculty of Law, 2 and 3 guineas; and in the Faculty of Medicine, 2 and 3 guineas. GRADUATION. The course of study necessary for the degree of Master of Arts extends over four winter sessions, except in the case of students whose proficiency, on entering the University, is found to be such that they do not require to attend the Junior Classes of Greek, Latin, and Mathematics. Candidates for the degree are examined on the subjects embraced in the curriculum in Arts, and they have the option of undergoing examination, at separate times, in Latin, Greek, Mathematics, and other branches, though they may not have completed their attendance on the remaining classes of the prescribed course. In giving an account of the other Scottish universities, we have noticed the subjects on which candidates for the degree of M.A. are ordinarily examined, and there is no material difference in the case of Aberdeen University. 229 Doctor of Medicine (M.D.). None are admitted to the two first-named degrees who have not been engaged in medical and surgical study for four years. Candidates for the degree of M.D. must either be graduates in arts, or must pass a satisfactory examination in the leading branches taught in the Faculty of Arts. BURSARIES, SCHOLARSHIPS, AND PRIZES. In the Faculty of Arts there are 112 bursaries open to competition; 65 under private patronage; 30 under the patronage of the magistrates and Town Council of Aberdeen; and 4 under the patronage of the Incorporated Trades of Aberdeen. Of the bursaries open to competition, the most important are the Adam bursaries, three of the annual value of £20 each, and six of £15 each; the Fullerton bursaries, five of the annual value of £20 each, and nine of £15 each; the Hutton bursaries, four of £16 each, and four of £14 each; the Macpherson bursaries, four in number, £20 each; the Moir bursaries, four £20 each, and ten £15 each; and the Simpson bursaries, six £30 each of annual value. Of the bursaries under the patronage of the magistrates, we may note the Cargill bursaries, four £20 each, tenable for four years, founded by Dr. Cargill "for maintenance of four poor scholars, specially of his own relations, whom failThe four departments in which candidates for graduationing, to town's bairns of New Aberdeen." The Guild bursaries, and honours may offer themselves are Classical Literature, Mental Philosophy, Mathematics, and Natural Science. The University Calendar gives the following as the subjects for examination with honours for April, 1870 from £15 to £20 each, under the patronage of the Incorporated The scholarships in connection with the University are not II. DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL PHILOSOPHY. 1. Logic.-Lectures and text-books of the class: Hamilton's "Lectures on Logic," v. to xxii. inclusive, and Bailey's "Letters on the Philosophy of the Human Mind." 2. Moral Philosophy.-Lectures and text-books of the class: Reid's "Essays on the Active Powers," with Note A (Hamilton's edition); Price's "Review of the Principal Questions and Difficulties in Morals." 39 66 23.66 3. History of Philosophy.-Archer Butler's "Lectures on Plato;" Grote's "Plato,' Protagoras," "Gorgias," Phædo," and "Theætetus." III. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS. 1. Pure Mathematics.-Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry (Plain and Spherical), Conic Sections, Theory of Equations, Analytical Geometry of Two and Three Dimensions, and Differential and Integral Calculus, including the solution of Differential Equations. 2. Natural Philosophy.-Subjects treated of in Junior Class: Todhunter's "Statics;" Besant's 'Hydrostatics;" Tait and Steel's "Dynamics." IV. DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 1. Zoology and Geology.—Subjects treated of in the class. 2. Chemistry.-Inorganic: The Non-metallic and Metallic Elements, including their application in the arts; Practical Examinations on Testing-solids or solutions given, containing two bases and two acids. Organic: Ultimate Analysis of Organic Bodies, Calculations of Empirical Formulæ, Law of Substitution, Compound Radicals, Homologous Series; the Chemical History of the Cyanogen Group, Urea, Uric Acid, Murexide; Amylaceous and Saccharine Substances, Fermentations, Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehyds, Acetic Acid, and Fatty Acid Series, Ammonia and its derivates. 3. Botany.-Balfour's "Outlines," or Henfrey's "Elementary Course of Botany." The degrees of D.D. and LL.D. are honorary, the one being conferred for professional distinction, and the other for literary or scientific eminence. These degrees, except in extraordinary cases, are only granted to those who have previously graduated in Arts at Aberdeen University. In Medicine the degrees conferred by this University are:Bachelor of Medicine (M.B.), Master in Surgery (C.M.), and There are also the In addition to the ordinary class prizes, which take the form of medals or books, there are a few special prizes of some value. The Simpson and Boxill prizes, valued at £60 and £27 respectively, are awarded to the two graduates for the year who exhibit the greatest proficiency in the examinations for honours in the Department of Mathematics. Dr. Simpson, of Worcester, the founder of the first of the above-named prizes, founded another of the same value for distinction in Greek. The Hutto prize of £20 is awarded to the student of the fourth c magistrand class who is most distinguished in the examination for honours generally. The Blackwell is a biennial prize of £20 for the best English essay on a prescribed subject. There is also a gold medal, which is given by the magistrates and Town Council to the most distinguished scholar at the close of the curriculum. LIBRARY AND MUSEUMS. 70,000 volumes. Its revenues are an annual grant of £320 museums in connection with the medical classes. CONCLUDING REMARKS. Before closing these brief notices of the Scottish Universities, we may refer to the important resolution anent throwing open the medical classes to women, which has been adopted by the General Council of the University of Edinburgh since our account of that institution was prepared for the press. No 230 difference, except as to hours of attendance, is to be made betwoen male and female students in the University regulations. The opportunity thus afforded to women of studying medicine scientifically, under eminent professors, will help to show what proportion of the sex think that men should no longer be permitted to enjoy a monopoly of the learned professions. Should the experiment succeed, and the attendance of "girl graduates with golden hair" fulfil the expectations of Professor Masson, there is every probability that other universities throughout the country will follow the good example set by Edinburgh. READINGS IN GREEK.-X. THE NEW TESTAMENT. THE period at which the New Testament was written was considerably later than that to which the writings from which we have hitherto made our selections in this language belong. By the first century of the Christian era the Greek language had lost much of its original purity, and had already begun to show traces of the subjugation of foreign powers which those who spoke it had had to undergo. Still it remained the language of a large portion of the civilised world, especially among those who plumed themselves upon their refinement of culture, and it was always studied as one of the accessorics of a polite education both in Italy, Syria, and Egypt, all of which nations naturally engrafted upon the Greek language some of their own idioms and forms of expression. Accordingly, among the writers of the New Testament we frequently find Hebrew expressions and forms of speech, though on the whole the language is remarkable both for its purity and its great simplicity. We certainly need not detain our readers with any further prefatory remarks, merely observing that their study of the Greek language will have been directed to the very highest aim, and will have achieved the most important results, if it has enabled and encouraged them to read the Now Testament portions of the Holy Scriptures in the language in which it was originally written. MATTHEW XVII. 22-27. 22 ̓Αναστρεφομένων δὲ αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ, εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς, Μέλλει ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοσθαι εἰς χεῖρας ἀνθρώπων, 23 Καὶ ἀποκτενοῦσιν αὐτὸν, καὶ τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἐγερθήσεται. Καὶ ἐλυπή ησαν σφόδρα. 24 Ἐλθόντων δὲ αὐτῶν εἰς Καπερναούμ, προσῆλθον οἱ τὰ δίδραχμα λαμβάνοντες τῷ Πέτρῳ, καὶ εἶπον, Ὁ διδάσκαλος ὑμῶν οὐ τελεῖ τὰ δίδραχμα; 25 Λέγει Ναί. Καὶ ὅτε εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν, προέφθασεν αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγων, Τί σοι δοκεῖ, Σίμων; οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ τίνων λαμβάνουσι τέλη ἢ κῆνσον ; ἀπὸ τῶν υἱῶν αὑτῶν, ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ; 26 Λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος, ̓Απὸ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων. Ἔφη αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησους, ̓́Αραγε ἐλεύθεροί εἰσιν οἱ υἱοί. 27 Ἵνα δὲ μὴ σκανδαλίσωμεν αὐτοὺς, πορευθεὶς βάλε ἄγκιστρον, καὶ τὸν ἀναβάντα πρῶτον ἐχθῦν ἆρον· καὶ ἀνοίξας εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ, εὑρήσεις στατῆρα· ἐκεῖνον λαβὼν δὸς αὐτοῖς ἀντὶ ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ. NOTES. 23. ̓Αναστρέφομαι, lit., to turn oneself about in, and so, like the Latin versari, to live in. 24. Τὰ δίδραχμα. The tax paid by every Jew of twenty years old and upwards towards the rebuilding of the temple. 25 Κῆνσον is simply the Latin word census, a tax, in Greek characters, Now that Judea was under Roman dominion, it was not unnatural that some Latin words should become mixed with the Greek. Thus we find σουλάρια and σιμικίνθια, in Acts xix. 12, for sudaria and semicinctia; Γαΐος (3 John 1) for Caius; and several others, 27. Στατήρα. A stater was equal to four drachmæ, and would be sufficient to pay the tax for our Lord and St. Peter. 'λετε. This is a Greek Testament use of this preposition, equivalent to inip, in behalf of. 33 т. JOHN V. 33-40. 35 Ἐκεῖνος ἦν ὁ λύχνος ὁ καιόμενος καὶ φαίνων, ὑμεῖς δὲ ἠθελήσατε ἀγαλλιασθῆναι πρὸς ὥραν ἐν τῷ φωτὶ αὐτοῦ. & ἔδωκέ μοι ὁ πατὴρ ἵνα τελειώσω αὐτὰ, αὐτὰ τὰ ἔργα & ἐγὼ ποιῶ, φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκηκόατε πώποτε, οὔτε εἶδος αὐτοῦ ἑωράκατε. 39 Ἐρευνᾶτε τὰς γραφὰς, ὅτι ὑμεῖς δοκεῖτε ἐν αὐταῖς ζωὴν NOTES. 33. ̓Ιωάννην. John the Baptist, whose testimony to the truth of our Lord's mission is frequently mentioned. 34. The sense of this passage appears to be, Though I have no need you to salvation, for you believed in John. of human testimony, yet I quote John's evidence in my anxiety to turn energetic character of John's preaching. So Ecclus. xlviii. 1, "Then 35. Καιόμενος. This image seems to have especial reference to the stood up Elias the prophet as fire, and his word burned as a lamp." Φαίνων, Generally used transitively, with a following accusative, Greek Testament in expressions of this nature. English version-"You search the Scriptures, and those very Scrip- ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, III. 1-11. ἐπὶ τὴν ὥραν τῆς προσευχῆς τὴν ἐννάτην. ζετο· ὃν ἐτίθουν καθ' ἡμέραν πρὸς τὴν θύραν τοῦ ἱεροῦ τὴν λεγο- 3 Ὃς ἰδὼν Πέτρον καὶ Ἰωάννην μέλλοντας εἰσιέναι εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν, ἠρώτα ἐλεημοσύνην λαβεῖν. εἰς ἡμᾶς. 5 Ὁ δὲ ἐπεῖχεν αὐτοῖς, προσδοκῶν τι παρ ̓ αὐτῶν λαβεῖν. ἔχω, τοῦτό σοι δίδωμι. ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Ναζω ἐστερεώθησαν αὐτοῦ αἱ βάσεις καὶ τὰ σφυρὰ, εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν, περιπατῶν καὶ ἁλλόμενος καὶ αἰνῶν τὸν Θεόν. 9 Καὶ εἶδεν αὐτὸν πᾶς ὁ λαὸς περιπατοῦντα καὶ αἰνοῦντα τὸν Θεόν 11 Κρατοῦντος δὲ τοῦ ἰαθέντος χωλοῦ τὸν Πέτρον καὶ Ἰωάννην, Σολομῶντος, ἔκθαμβοι. συνέδραμε πρὸς αὐτοὺς πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ἐπὶ τῇ στοᾷ τῇ καλουμένῃ NOTES. 1. Ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ, at the same time, together. So ̓Ανέβαινον, were going up, the temple being on an elevation. we find (Luke xviii. 10), "Two men went up into the temple to Lord." pray;" (Isa. ii. 3), "Come, and let us go up to the mountain of the hour of prayer. In Acts x. 30 Cornelius says, "I was at the ninth hour Εννάτην. We frequently find this hour mentioned in the Bible as the praying in my house." 2. Ex. With the sense of after, ever since his birth. Ἐτίθουν. The sense of the imperfect must be preserved in the translation-whom they used to place-a sense of repeated action. Ωραίαν. There is considerable doubt about the identity of this which was of brass adorned with gold; but this was in the interion gate. Some say it was that mentioned by Josephus as the ninth gate, of the temple, and it is not probable that the man would have gene in so far. Some refer its derivation to ὥρα, and explain it the wester gate. Τοῦ αἰτεῖν. The genitive of the article with the infinitive is frequently here; or (2) a result, so as to. used in the Greek Testament to signify (1) a purpose, in order to, as 3. Λαβεῖκ. This infinitive is either to be construed with ἠρώτα, askea Breathing revenge, a sudden night he spread, LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY.-XLIV. OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE-CONCLUSION. 231 LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. to receive, or possibly as what is known as an explanatory infinitive, asked an ahns-to receive it. 4. 'Arevious, having fixed his eyes steadfastly upon him. 5. 'Eneixer, 80. TO YOUV. The same ellipse is found in 1 Tim. iv. 16, "Take heed to thyself." 7. Xepos. Partitive genitive, as signifying the part touched, Bareis: so in Mark ix. 27, "Jesus took him by the hand” (kpatýøas aṀTOV TŪS. χειρός). Ippa. This particular mention of the parts is natural when we remember the medical knowledge of Luke, "the beloved physician." 11. Toróg. This was a porch built on the site of a former porch, bearing the same name, in Solomon's temple. We find it mentioned in John x. 23," Jesus walked in Solomon's porch." "Exbauso, here in the passive sense, greatly frightened. In Dan. vii. 7 and several other places it is found active, "A beast great and terrible," ta, terrifying. ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, X. 7--17. 7 Ὡς δὲ ἀπῆλθεν δ ̓ ἄγγελος ὁ λαλῶν τῷ Κορνηλίῳ, φωνήσας δύο | CONSTRUCTION OF A GLOBE-PROJECTION OF A SMALL PART τῶν οἰκετῶν αὐτοῦ, καὶ στρατιώτην εὐσεβὴ τῶν προσκαρτερούντων αὐτῷ, 8 Καὶ ἐξηγησάμενος αὐτοῖς ἅπαντα, ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν Ἰόππην. 9 Τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον ὁδοιπορούντων ἐκείνων καὶ τῇ πόλει ἐγγιζόντων, ἀνέβη Πέτρος ἐπὶ τὸ δῶμα προσεύξασθαι, περὶ ὥραν ἕκτην. 10 Εγένετο δὲ πρόσπεινος, καὶ ἤθελε γεύσασθαι· παρασκευαζόντων δὲ ἐκείνων, ἐπέπεσεν ἐπ' αὐτὸν ἔκστασις, 11 Καὶ θεωρεῖ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνεφγμένον, καὶ καταβαῖνον ἐπ' αὐτὸν σκεῦός τι, ὡς ὑθόνην μεγάλην, τέσσαρσιν ἀρχαῖς δεδεμένον, καὶ καθιέμενον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 12 Εν ᾧ ὑπῆρχε πάντα τὰ τετράποδα τῆς γῆς καὶ τὰ θηρία καὶ τὰ ἑρπετὰ καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. 13 Καὶ ἐγένετο φωνὴ πρὸς αὐτὸν, ̓Αναστὰς, Πέτρε, θῦσον καὶ φάγε. 14 Ὁ δὲ Πέτρος εἶπε, Μηδαμῶς, Κύριε· ὅτι οὐδέποτε ἔφαγον τῶν κοινὸν ἢ ἀκάθαρτον. 15 Καὶ φωνὴ πάλιν ἐκ δευτέρου πρὸς αὐτὸν, Α ὁ Θεὸς ἐκαθάρισε, σὺ μὴ κοίνου. 16 Τοῦτο δὲ ἐγένετο ἐπὶ τρίς· καὶ πάλιν ἀνελήφθη τὸ σκεῦος εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν. 17 Ὡς δὲ ἐν ἑαυτῷ διηπόρει ὁ Πέτρος, τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ὅραμα δ εἶδε, καὶ ἰδοὺ, οἱ ἄνδρες οἱ ἀπεσταλμένοι ἀπὸ τοῦ Κορνηλίου, δειρωτήσαν. τες τὴν οἰκίαν Σίμωνος, ἐπέστησαν ἐπὶ τὸν πυλῶνα· NOTES. 7. Povoas. The nom. to be supplied with this is not ayyeλos, as would appear at first, but Kopvýλcos. Tier sроokаρTероÚvwv. Of those who were steadfast to him. The same word is used in Acts vi. 4, where it is translated, "But we will give ourselves to prayer," etc. The participle is in the genitive, as denoting partition. 8. 'Eknynoάuevos. The word means literally to lead the way for, and so to instruct. 9. Tý kraupiov. Supply huépa, on the following day. 10. 'Exeivor, sc., those whose duty it was to do so. 11. Técσapoiv apxaís. In the English version this is translated "knit together at the four corners." Others explain it "tied with four ropes' ends." 15. n. The subject is followed by no verb, but éyévero must be supplied, as in verse 13. Koivou. Verbs in ow signify to make anything that which the root TRANSLATION OF EXTRACT I. IN LAST READING. "O Smintheus, sprung from fair Latona's line, Or fed the flames with fat of oxen slain, We will now bring our Lessons in Geography to a close by showing our readers how to make a globe, and how to draw a projection for any small part of the earth's surface without describing from a common centre the arcs that form the parallels of latitude. The manufacture of a globe is an operation of some difficulty, requiring great care and patience, but as many of our readers may be desirous of attempting to construct one, we will aid them as far as we can by describing the various steps in the process by which the task may be carried out. First, it is necessary to have a wooden mould, 'in the form of a sphere, which can be made by any person who can use the turning-lathe. On this mould some long slips of paper must be laid, until its entire surface is hidden from view. These must not be pasted down, but wrapped round the mould, from which two wires should project at opposite sides to represent the earth's poles. On the paper thus laid on the mould, paste other strips, until the mould is covered with a stout pasteboard casing from th to 4th of an inch in thickness. This must be allowed to dry thoroughly, after which the casing should be cut through with a sharp knife, in a line equidistant from the poles, and representing the equator. The casing may then be removed from the meuld in the form of two hellow hemispheres. A cylinder of wood, corresponding exactly in length to the diameter of the wooden sphere that has been used as a mould for the casing, is then made, and a piece of stout wire inserted in the centre of either end to form the extremities of the axis about which the globe will revolve when finished. These wires should be passed through the holes left in the hemispheres by the wires in the mould, and the edges, where the casing was divided, brought closely together and secured by gluing a strip of fine linen or strong paper round them. A few stitches may also be used to bring the edges closely together; but to do this neatly, some holes should be bored in the pasteboard casing before it is removed from the mould, and a curved piece of fine wire used for passing the thread through the holes. A composition of whitening, glue, and oil is then made, and layer after layer of this is applied to the mould with a brush until a perfectly uniform and even surface has been obtained. The surface when perfectly dry must be marked with lines to represent the lines of latitude and longitude; but of the meridians or great circles passing through the poles, twelve will be sufficient at equal distances of 30° apart round the equator; while of the parallels of latitude it will be enough to mark with accuracy the equator and the arctic and antarctic circles. This is done because it is usual to draw the delineation of the world's surface that is to cover the pasteboard sphere by fourteen separate pieces of paper, namely, twelve gores each representing 30° of longitude and 133° of latitude, that is to say, 66° 30′ of latitude on either side of the equator, and two circular pieces whose centres are the north and south poles and their circumterences, the arctic and antarctic circles. The next step is the construction of the gores and circles, which may be learnt from the annexed diagram (Fig. 20). Draw a straight line A B of indefinite length, and take in it a point z as near the centre as possible. Ascertain by careful measurement the length of the equatorial circle of the pasteboard sphere, and having found the twelfth part of it, which will be equal to a space of 30°, open the compasses to this extent, and |