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the many other modern works which I have consulted, it is only necessary to refer to Colonel Mure's "Critical History of Greek Literature," from which I have derived valuable assistance in the chapters of the work devoted to that subject.

As a general rule, references to ancient and modern works are not given, since they are useless to the pupil, and occupy valuable space, while the scholar will look for the authorities elsewhere. The illustrations, of which the majority have been drawn by my friend, Mr. George Scharf, consist of maps of different districts, plans of battles and places, views of public buildings, works of art and other objects, the representation of which renders the descriptions in the history more intelligible and interesting to the reader.

LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1853.

WM. SMITH.

Greek and Persian Combatants. From the Frieze of the Temple of Niké Apteros.

(See pp. 203, 366.)

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

§ 1. The three Peninsulas of Southern Europe. § 2. Position and Boundaries of

Greece. § 3. Size of the Country. § 4. Name. § 5. Northern Greece: Thessaly

and Epirus. § 6. Central Greece: its Principal Divisions and Mountains. § 7. East-

ern Half of Central Greece: Doris, Phocis, Locris, Boeotia, Attica, Megaris. § 8. West-

ern Half of Central Greece: Ozolian Locris, Ætolia, Acarnania. § 9. Peloponnesus:

Arcadia. § 10. Achaia, Argolis, Laconia, Messenia, Elis. § 11. The Grecian Isl-

ands. § 12. Influence of the Physical Geography of Greece upon the Political Des-

tinies of the People. § 13. Likewise upon their Intellectual Character. § 14. Rivers

and Chief Productions. § 15. Climate..

BOOK I.

THE MYTHICAL AGE.

CHAPTER I.

THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS OF GREECE.

§ 1. Legendary Character of early Grecian History. § 2. Legends of the Greeks

respecting their Origin. § 3. The Hellenes and their Diffusion in Greece. § 4.

Connection of the Hellenes with the Indo-European Stem. § 5. The Pelasgians.

§ 6. Foreign Settlers in Greece. § 7. Egyptian Colonies of Cecrops and Danaus.

§ 8. Phrygian Colony of Pelops. § 9. Phoenician Colony of Cadmus.

CHAPTER II.

THE GRECIAN HEROES.

§ 1. Mythical Character of the Heroic Age. § 2. Hercules. § 3. Theseus. § 4. Minos.

§ 5. Voyage of the Argonauts. § 6. The Seven against Thebes and the Epigoni.

§ 7. The Trojan War as related in the Iliad. § 8. Later Additions. § 9. Return

of the Grecian Heroes from Troy. § 10. Date of the Fall of Troy. § 11. Whether

the Heroic Legends contain any Historical Facts. § 12. The Homeric Poems present

a Picture of a Real State of Society.

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CHAPTER III.

STATE OF SOCIETY OF THE HEROIC AGE.

§1. Political Condition of Greece. The Kings. § 2. the Boulé, or Council of Chiefs.

§ 3. The Agora, or General Assembly of Freemen. § 4. The Condition of common

Freemen and Slaves. § 5. State of Social and Moral Feeling. § 6. Simplicity of

Manners. § 7. Advances made in Civilization. § 8. Commerce and the Arts. § 9.

The Physical Sciences. § 10. The Art of War.

CHAPTER IV.

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RETURN OF THE HERACLEIDE INTO PELOPONNESUS, AND FOUNDATION

OF THE EARLIEST GREEK COLONIES.

§ 1. The Mythical Character of the Narrative of these Events. § 2. Migration of the

Boeotians from Thessaly into Boeotia. 3. Conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians.

§ 4. The Legendary Account of this Event. The Invasion. § 5. The Legendary Ac-

count continued. The Division of Peloponnesus among the Conquerors. § 6. Remarks

upon the Legendary Account. § 7. Foundation of the Greek Colonies in Asia Minor.

§ 8. The Æolic Colonies. § 9. The Ionic Colonies. § 10. The Doric Colonies. § 11.

Colonization of Crete by the Dorians. § 12. Conclusion of the Mythical Age.

CHAPTER V.

THE POEMS OF HOMER.

§ -1. Importance of the Subject. § 2. Rise of Poetry in Greece. Epic Ballads prepara-

tory to the Epopee. § 3. The Poems of the Epic Cycle, in which the Iliad and the

Odyssey were included. § 4. Diversity of Opinions respecting the Life and Date of

Homer. § 5. Iliad and Odyssey recited to Public Companies by the Rhapsodists. § 6.

A standard Text of the Poems first formed by Peisistratus. § 7. Modern Controversy

respecting the Origin of the Homeric Poems. Prolegomena of Wolf. § 8. The Iliad

and the Odyssey were originally not committed to Writing. § 9. They were preserved

by the Rhapsodists. § 10. They did consist originally of separate Lays, but were com-

posed by one Poet, as is shown by their Poetical Unity.

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BOOK II.

GROWTH OF THE GRECIAN STATES.

B. C. 776 - 500.

CHAPTER VI.

GENERAL SURVEY OF THE GREEK PEOPLE.

3.1. Nature of the Subject. § 2. The Chief Ties which bound the Greeks together.

Community of Blood and of Language. § 3. Community of Religious Rites and Fes-

tivals. § 4. The Amphictyonic Council. § 5. The Olympic Games. § 6. The Py-

thian, Nemean, and Isthmian Games. §7. The Influence of these Festivals. § 8.

Influence of the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. § 9. Community of Manners and Char-

acter. § 10. The Independent Sovereignty of each City a settled Maxim in the Greek

Mind.

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CHAPTER VII.

EARLY HISTORY OF PELOPONNESUS AND LEGISLATION OF LYCURGUS.

§1. Conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians. Division of the Peloponnesus into the

Doric States, Elis, Achaia, and Arcadia. § 2. Division of the Doric States in Pelo-

ponnesus. Argos originally the first Doric State, Sparta second, Messene third. § 3.

Pheidon of Argos. § 4. Legislation of Lycurgus. § 5. Life of Lycurgus. § 6. The

Chief Object of Lycurgus in his Legislation. § 7. Population of Laconia divided into

three Classes. Spartans. § 8. Perioci. § 9. Helots. § 10. Political Government of

Sparta. The Kings. The Senate. The Popular Assembly. The Ephors. § 11.

Training and Education of the Spartan Youths and Men. § 12. Training of the Spar-

tan Women. § 13. Division of Landed Property. § 14. Other Regulations ascribed to

Lycurgus. Iron Money. § 15. Defensible Position of Sparta. § 16. Growth of the

Spartan Power, a Consequence of the Discipline of Lycurgus. Conquest of Laconia. 54

CHAPTER VIII.

HISTORY OF SPARTA. - THE MESSENIAN, ARCADIAN, AND ARGİVE WARS.

1. Authorities for the History of the Messenian War. § 2. The First Messenian War,

B. C. 743 – 724. § 3. The Second Messenian War, B. C. 685–668. Aristomenes, the

Messenian Hero, and Tyrtæus, the Spartan Hero, of this War. § 4. Wars between the

Spartans and Arcadians. Conquest of the Southern Part of Arcadia by Sparta. War

between Sparta and Tegea. § 5. Wars between the Spartans and Argives. Battle

of the Three Hundred Champions to decide the Possession of Cynuria.

CHAPTER IX.

THE AGE OF THE DESPOTS.

§ 1. Abolition of Royalty throughout Greece, except in Sparta. § 2. Establishment of

the Oligarchical Governments. § 3. Overthrow of the Oligarchies by the Despots.

Character of the Despots, and Causes of their Fall. § 4. Contest between Oligarchy

and Democracy on the Removal of the Despots. § 5. Despots of Sicyon. History of

Cleisthenes. § 6. Despots of Corinth. History of Cypselus and Periander. § 7. Con-

flicts of the Oligarchical and Democratical Parties at Megara. Despotism of The-

agenes. The Poet Theognis.

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CHAPTER X.

EARLY HISTORY OF THE ATHENIANS DOWN TO THE USURPATION OF

PEISISTRATUS.

1. Early Division of Attica into Twelve Independent States, said to have been unit-

ed by Theseus. § 2. Abolition of Royalty. Life Archons. Decennial Archons.

Annual Archons. § 3. Twofold Division of the Athenians. (1.) Eupatridæ,

Geomori, Demiurgi. (2.) Four Tribes: Geleontes, Hopletes, Ægicores, Argades. § 4.

Division of the Four Tribes into Trittyes and Naucrariæ, and into Phratriæ and

Genē or Gentes. § 5. The Government exclusively in the Hands of the Eu-

patridæ. The Nine Archons and their Functions. The Senate of Areopagus. § 6.

The Legislation of Draco. § 7. The Conspiracy of Cylon. His Failure, and Massacre

of his Partisans by Megacles, the Alcmæonid. Expulsion of the Alcmæonidæ. § 8.

Visit of Epimenides to Athens. His Purification of the City. § 9. Life of Solon.

§ 10. State of Attica at the time of Solon's Legislation. § 11. Solon elected Archon,

B. C. 594, with Legislative Powers. § 12. His Seisachtheia or Disburdening Ordi-