The totals for the year are 1,530 continuous pages, 65,700 copies, and 3,253,600 the whole number of pages. The printing from the beginning is 35,501,360 pages. The establishment has three presses in operation, nine founts of type in the language of the country, and a type foundery.

Mr. Hallock has been fully occupied in completing the Arabic fount of type, and in supplying the defects in the founts of Greek and Armenian type belonging to the establishment. The Greek Magazine, issued monthly under the superintendance of Mr. Temple, continues to meet with increasing approbation and encouragement. Twelve hundred copies are sent regularly to subscribers and agents, and the back volumes are often called for. Mr. Riggs has prepared a few hymns in Greek, which are sung in connection with his preaching in Greek at the chapel of the Dutch consulate. The audience is small, and the illness of Mr. Riggs has occasioned considerable interruption in the preaching. Besides some smaller works, he has prepared a manual for infant schools, and is preparing a treatise on the difficulties of infidelity—a work much needed just now in Greece. Mr. Riggs was obliged to visit Syria, near the close of the year, on account of the impaired state of his health, and derived much benefit from the excursion. Mr. Adger has been zealously employed, as heretofore, in his department of labor, which is in the Armenian language. At the close of the year he had the "Mother at Home" translated for the press. Mrs. Adger has returned to Smyrna, with her health very much improved. Messrs. Temple and Adger preach frequently in English.

Mr. Van Lennep is a native of Smyrna, belonging to the respectable Dutch family in that city to which our missionaries in the Levant and the Board itself have been under great obligation from the time Messrs. Fisk and Parsons commenced the mission. After completing his education in this country, Mr. Van Lennep offered

his services to the Board, and received an appointment among its missionaries. He arrived at Smyrna, with his wife, on the 13th of April; and soon after, being already conversant with several of the spoken languages of the country, he made arrangements, with the advice and concurrence of his mission, for commencing a seminary of boarding scholars at Sidicui, a village near Smyrna, for the purpose of rearing native helpers in the work of the mission. Mr. Van Lennep's prospects of success in this enterprise are certainly encouraging.

The brethren at Smyrna have also contemplated, for some time, a mixed boarding-school, for the admission of boys of different nations and religions, with the English language as the medium of instruction; and they have forwarded their views to the Committee. The subject is worthy of serious consideration, is so regarded by the Committee, and will be so treated.

CONSTANTINOPLE.-The Turkish empire presents the appearance of a moving panorama. The death of the sultan Mahmoud was mentioned in the last Report. After noticing this event, Mr. Goodell says, under date of August 16th, 1839-"The changes that have taken place here seem like a miracle. The army is annihilated; the treasury is exhausted; the whole fleet has fled away; the whole country is convulsed; and its parts, the moment European policy will permit, are ready to be separated forever. The persecution too has stopped; the patriarchs are afraid; their rage has received a check. Our brethren at Broosa were reduced to extremities, the Porte having even ordered the removal of one of them; but Jehovah hath triumphed, and his people are free." Writing April 3d, nearly eight months later, Mr. Dwight says,"The hostile party are now perfectly quiet, and have been ever since the death of the late sovereign. Indeed they are now in no little fear, since the Greek patriarch has been removed through the agency of the English ambassador. Every body among the natives considers this as a triumph of protestantism, and the Armenian patriarch is said to be fearing that he may share the fate of his co-relation in office. Some of the most enlightened Armenians are seriously meditating a separation from the mother church. I will state a fact, that seems to me to throw some light on this important question. The papal Armenians have long been divided among themselves into two parties. One party have a church of their own in Galata; and they are strenuously in favor of adhering as closely as possible to the forms and ceremonies, feasts, fasts, etc., of the old Armenian church; and they differ from the old Armenians only in this, that they acknowledge allegiance to the pope of Rome. The other party have always attended the Frank papal churches, and desire in all respects to conform to the Frank cus

toms. These last, not long since, made a petition to the Turkish government to appoint for them a separate patriarch, that they might be entirely free of the other party of their church. The Turks replied,You have already two Armenian patriarchs, and we cannot create a third. You may take your choice, however, of these two, and in all civil matters be responsible to the one you choose. As to your religious worship, you can continue to go where you do now, (i. e. to the Frank churches,) and the patriarch will not interfere in that matter. He may be considered only as your civil head, or, in other words, your representative with the government.' Now it strikes me," continues Mr. Dwight," that an important principle is here recognized. If Armenian catholics can be civilly responsible to the proper Armenian patriarch, and still attend the services of the Frank churches, why may not Armenian protestants have the same civil relation, and yet belong to another ecclesiastical organization, under which they are left free to worship God according to their own consciences? I hope we may be able to inform you that something like this has actually taken place."

The son and successor of Mahmoud, Abdool Medjid, was inducted into office on the 11th of July. The following notice of the Mohammedan priesthood by Mr. Hamlin, in his description of the grand procession on the day the young sultan assumed the spiritual and temporal power, exhibits doubtless the most important of the conservative influences existing within the body politic of that singular community.

"The most interesting and imposing part of the spectacle," he says, "was the long train of the priesthood. Their graceful turbans and flowing silk robes, the entire absence of ornament, their proud and scornful bearing, and the severe gracefulness of their whole appearance were in striking contrast with the lavish splendor which preceded and followed them. One could not resist the impression that they were the depositaries of an immense influence; nor could he wonder that Mahmoud found it so difficult to push forward his reforms against their combined and determined opposition. As they passed his tomb hardly one of them bowed his head or uttered a prayer, as did all the civil and military officers, but all passed in silent scorn, or malicious exultation. Two or three only, near the person of the young sultan, showed signs of grief, and one broke from the ranks and prostrated himself upon the tomb."

Mr. and Mrs. Dwight arrived at Constantinople on the 4th of September. Mr. Schauffler reached Vienna June 27, 1839, having gone thither, as was stated in the last Report, to superintend the printing of his version of the Old Testament in HebrewSpanish. He found reason to doubt the wisdom of the advice by which he had been induced to travel nearly a thousand miles over

land, on his way from Odessa to the Austrian metropolis; and many hindrances to completing his arrangements for printing after reaching Germany. His version is now in the press. Mr. Goodell's time is still much occupied with his translation of the Old Testament into Armeno-Turkish. Mr. Hamlin is making good progress in the Armenian language. Mr. Homes was absent part of the in conformity with instructions he received from the Committee, on a tour with Doct. Grant into Mesopotamia-as will be related more fully in the report on the Nestorian mission. He is now, with the approbation of the Committee, in this country.

As was anticipated, the Armenians who were banished on account of their evangelical sentiments, were soon permitted to return; and it is a question whether their influence has not been increased by the persecution they have endured. They appear well. It would seeem that their case came near creating division and alienation in the Armenian community. Under date of August 20th, 1839, Mr. Hamlin writes as follows concerning this matter.

"We have heard to-day that a council of the Armenian nation was held last week to discuss the case of our exiled brethren, and that a part of them are to be recalled. The debates, we are told, were very fierce, and one or two adjourned meetings of the bankers and clergy were held, which only widened the breach. The nation seemed on the point of a serious division, when that practical good sense, which has hitherto kept the Armenian community from the fatal mistake of the other subject communities, prevailed, and the breach was healed. Hohannes is not to be recalled, as he is regarded as too dangerous a man to live in Constantinople. It is a good omen, however, that the subject has been introduced for discussion."

Hohannes was afterwards recalled, as is well understood, by order of the sultan. The intervention may be ascribed, under God, to a friendly influence near the throne.

Mr. Hamlin, in giving his first impressions on arriving at Constantinople, has set the obstacles to be encountered by a mission to the christian sects in Turkey in so striking a light as to warrant a quotation of his remarks.

"Though prepared to find many difficulties, one of the strongest impressions I have received, is, that the obstacles to the progress of the gospel are more numerous and formidable than has been supposed. The whole constitution of society is such as to form a double wall against the truth. The Turkish government is of itself no very favorable one for the developement of the gospel. But between the Turks and the Armenian subjects stands an inferior despot, the patriarch, who is the creature of, and who represents the policy of the bankers and higher clergy. The collecting of revenues, the disposal of many important offices, the management of the church, and the fees for priestly service pass through the hands of this combination of clergy and bankers. Their importance, power, and wealth are advanced just in proportion as the people are kept in the servile subjection of animals to their masters. The patriarch and bankers are made responsible for the whole Armenian community, and are clothed with great and almost irresponsible power by

the sultan. If the patriarch wishes to dispose of a man by imprisonment, banishment, or death, he has only to present the general accusation, that he is dangerous to the community, and forthwith comes the royal firman, which Turkish officers are requested to execute. Thus, whatever may be the measure, the Turkish government does not hold itself accountable; it comes from the patriarch and bankers. The patriarch and bankers profess to have no responsibility; it comes from the Turkish government, and whoever opposes it 'is not Cæsar's friend.' Thus there are two despotisms, both professing to be governed by maxims of justice and benevolence, but both placing justice, mercy, and often humanity, in some neutral and rarely visited territory between the two. While this structure of society lasts, whoever goes forth among the Armenians to proclaim the truth, without foreign citizenship, goes forth indeed like a sheep among wolves. God keep him, or he will soon be devoured.

"Another great obstacle to the progress of evangelical religion, is in the power and influence of papacy, which exists here in all its sleepless watchfulness and bitter hatred to protestantism. Most of the foreign embassies are Catholics. Their dragomans and the hosts in their employ are Catholics. The Catholics therefore have the power of representing every thing to the Turkish government according to their own interests. At the late persecution they were indefatigable; and should another similar opportunity occur, they will doubtless make a united effort to have all protestant missionaries expelled from the country. Should they never succeed in this, still they do great injury by their unwearied misrepresentations of our objects and designs among the Armenians and Greeks in these lands.

"We find another formidable obstacle to the prosecution of missionary work in the 'confusion of tongues,' for which this place is celebrated. I came with the intention of knowing nothing but Armenian, but have been compelled to learn enough of Greek and French for common conversation, and in acquiring the Armenian as it is used here, one must learn something of Turkish. The modern Armenian has entirely lost its ancient beautiful and philosophical structure. Its idioms and its collocations of words are entirely Turkish. Its grammatical structure is broken up and marred by the introduction of Turkish and Persian peculiarities. Its use of tenses, cases, prepositions and other particles is completely Turkish, and the opposite of what the genius of the language demands. Many of the words in common use are borrowed from the Turkish. The Armenians are beginning to cultivate their own language with more attention, and it is now improving; but still one cannot use freely the Constantinople dialect without studying Turkish. If we could have free intercourse with the people, these obstacles would be comparatively trifling. But as we are now circumstanced, we are compelled to learn the language from books and from intercourse with but few individuals-a slow, toilsome, and difficult work. And in books we have not the usual assistance, the modern Armenian having neither dictionary, grammar, nor law. But it is not only necessary to study the Turkish, it is equally necessary to study the ancient Armenian, which contains nearly all the literture of the nation, and from which the modern tongue must be enriched and improved. Thus, instead of pouring all our energies into one language, they are distracted and divided among four or five, and of these the principal one is to be learned under peculiar disadvantages."

The obstacles arising from the influence and interference of bankers, appear to have been in a measure removed by some recent improvements in the fiscal system of the empire. The pashas, governors, etc., throughout the country are to be paid a regular salary, instead of being left, as heretofore, to extort as much as they can from the people. They are to have nothing to do with