libri quinque, et in eas Philyre," Basel, 1596. This date concurs with the circumstance above noticed in disproving the period assigned for his birth. "Juvenalis et Persii Satyræ ex MSS. restitutæ, et in eas Commentationes, Observationes, et Paralipomena," 8vo. Paris, 1607. In 1610 he published "La Conférence du Droict François avec le Droit Romain, civil et canon." A fourth edition, in 2 vols. folio, was printed in 1644. This is a work on the history of the progress of Roman jurisprudence during the middle and later ages in Europe, and especially in France. The author's method of proceeding is to take the various titles of the Pandects according to the ordinary arrangement, and show from royal ordinances or other laws how far the Roman law has been adopted or rejected in various parts of Europe. Moréri has given Automne the character of possessing more learning than judgment, and this opinion has been adopted by succeeding biographers. It would call for a minute inquiry into the merits of his labours, if we should undertake to pronounce on the fairness of this judgment; but it may be at least observed that the "Conférence" has the appearance of being a work full of valuable and curious information on the progress of Roman jurisprudence in Europe, which cannot fail to be of service to inquirers into that important subject. The work is full of anecdotes illustrative of the administration of justice and the state of the government in various parts of Europe at various times. Thus in reference to the fourth title of the first book, "De Constitutionibus Principum," where the power of the people is spoken of as deposited in the hands of the Emperor, it is said that the King of France holds his power no otherwise than from the Deity, and that an advocate having spoken in a pleading of the king as deriving power from the people, the expression was directed, at the instance of the crown, to be expunged from the record. Automne was a lively and humorous writer, as the following parallel will perhaps show. He is speaking of the practice of the civilians in starting hypothetical legal difficulties created out of subtle distinctions, and says, "It appears to me that these learned jurists have made out of their subtleties of the civil law, that which nature has made in the insignificant animal, almost a nothing in the world, which we call a gnat. We know not where are its organs of sight, or where its taste is lodged, how it acquires its knowledge of smell, and through what means it makes so loud a noise. Can anything be more delicate than the wings attached to its back, and its legs so long and thin? Nature hath given it a cavity to be filled, yet we know not where is the stomach which thirsts after, and teaches it to find, the human blood. So these great jurists: out of matters which look like nothing, they have

created such a complete system of divisions and distinctions, endowing them with members which furnish in the end a complete body, having this point in common with the gnat which consumes human blood, that they consume the reason, which is the blood of the judgment." In 1621 Automne published "Commentaire sur la Coutume de Bordeaux," re-edited by P. Dupin in 1728. The titles of some other works attributed to Automne will be found in Adelung's Supplement to Jöcher, Allgem. Gelehrt. Lex. (Works referred to.) J. H. B.

AUTON, or ANTON, JEAN D', a French chronicler and poet of the age of Louis XII. Opinions are various as to the proper form of this writer's name: he is called D'Auton, D'Authon, D'Autun, Dauton, Dauthon, D'Anton, and Danton. Of these forms, the first five, being similarly pronounced, may be easily reconciled and reduced to one; but between this and the sixth and seventh forms, which may also be reduced to one, there is a considerable discrepancy in the pronunciation. After the unsuccessful attempts of the Abbé Goujet, La Croix du Maine, Rigoley de Juvigny, and more recently the Bibliophile Jacob (Lacroix), to determine between the N and the U in the first syllable, it is not intended here to enter at any length into the subject. It may be remarked, however, as singular that the authority of two contemporary rhymesters is as much in favour of one form as of another. Jean Bouchet, in the following quatrain, calls him D'Auton or D'Authon:-"Georges avait une veine élégante, Grave et hardie, et frère Jean D'Authon Douce et venuste, et Lemaire abondante, Le Charretier prose avait de haut ton.” But in opposition to this we have a couplet from Guillaume Crétin in favour of D'Anton or Danton:

"Le révérend abbé le bon Danton

Merveille n'est, car il abonde en ton."

Add to this that in the chronicle of the abbots of Angle he is called Dauton, and, in two of his works printed during his lifetime, Danton. After ridding ourselves of this discussion touching D'Auton's name, we are immediately met by another as to his birth-place. Guy Allard ("Bibliothèque de Dauphiné") says that he was born at Beaurepaire; the Abbé Goujet (“Bibliothèque Française"), at Poitiers; and Dreux du Radier ("Bibliothèque de Poitou"), at Saintonge. Dreux du Radier is perhaps correct.

The materials for a biography of D'Auton, which are exceedingly scanty, consist principally of a long epitaph composed in honour of his memory by his friend Jean Bouchet, and of a few incidental notices in D'Auton's own works. From these it appears that he was born about the year 1466, probably of a noble family; and that he was a monk of the

order of St. Benedict-not of St. Augustine, as stated in the "Biographie Universelle." D'Auton early distinguished himself by his love of rhetoric and poetry; he instructed Jean Bouchet in these two arts, and the grateful pupil ever afterwards spoke with enthusiasm in praise of his master. Some poetical compositions of D'Auton introduced him to the notice of Anne of Brittany, wife of Louis XII. This queen was celebrated for her patronage of literature, and it was probably owing to her influence that he received the appointment of chronicler or historiographer to Louis XII. In this capacity D'Auton composed his Annals of the reign of Louis XII. from the year 1499 to 1508," and was privileged to attend the king's person in all his journeys. Louis XII. rewarded him for his services with the revenues of the Abbey of Angle in Poitou, and of the priory of Clermont-Lodève. Upon the death of the king, D'Auton retired to his abbey, where he led a religious life, and died, aged sixty years, in the month of January,

1527.

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All of D'Auton's metrical compositions, with the exception of a French translation of Ovid's "Metamorphoses," exist in a single MS. numbered 7899, in the Bibliothèque Royale at Paris. The following were published during his lifetime:-1. "Les Epistres envoyées au roy très-chrestie de la les motz par les estatz de France, coposées par frère Jehan Danton, historiographe du dict seigneur, avec certaines ballades et rondeaux," &c., Lyon, 1509, Gothic type, 4to. 2. "Lexil de Gennes la superbe faict par frère Jehan Danton, historiographe du roy," 8 leaves, Gothic type, 4to.; no imprint. 3. A poetic Epistle attached to the "Chevalier sans reproche" of Jean Bouchet. 4. A poetic Epistle attached to the "Labyrinthe de Fortune" of the same author. The former half of D'Auton's chronicle was published by Théodore Godefroy, at the end of Claude Seyssel's "History of Louis XII.," 1615, 4to.; and afterwards separately, in 1620, 4to. The latter half was published for the first time in a complete edition of the whole work, entitled "Chroniques de Jean d'Auton, publiées pour la première fois en entier, d'après les MSS. de la Bibliothèque du Roi, avec notices et notes par P. L. Jacob, Bibliophile (Lacroix)," 4 vols. Paris, 1834 -35, 8vo., forming a portion of the collection entitled "Chroniques, Mémoires, et Documens de l'Histoire de France." The editor cannot be too highly praised for the manner in which he has executed his task: a spirited notice of D'Auton is prefixed to the first volume.

As a poet D'Auton seldom rises above mediocrity, and frequently sinks below it. His friend Jean Bouchet calls him "Grant orateur tant en prose qu'en rithme;" but poor Bouchet's own poems are worth very little,

and his criticism still less. D'Auton, however, was one of the principal authors of the "Equivocal" school of poetry, founded by Jean Molinet. The " Equivocal" poets wrote alternate French and Latin verses; the Latin words corresponding in sound, if not in sense, with the French placed immediately above them.

As a chronicler, D'Auton executes his task with fidelity and zeal. An eye-witness of most of the occurrences which he recorded, he carefully distinguishes between these and such transactions as had not come under his own immediate notice. Simple and truthful, he always condemns vice and always honours virtue. In style he must suffer by a comparison with Froissart and some others of the early French chroniclers. His ideas are frequently vague, and he is unsuccessful in his choice of words to express them: this is more particularly the case in his prologues. His rhetorical studies are often an impediment in his path; and he delights to revel in a tortured phraseology, half Latin and half French. "In description," says the bibliophile Jacob, "he is a great painter; there is life, force, and colouring in his expression; he ceases to stammer, and grows eloquent." (Goujet, Bibliothèque Française, vol. xi. 356 -362; La Croix du Maine and Du Verdier, Bibliothèques Françaises; Biographie Universelle; Notice of D'Auton by the bibliophile Jacob (Lacroix), prefixed to his edition of D'Auton's Chronicle; Brunet, Manuel du Libraire.) G. B.

AUTOPHRADA'TES (Aùтoppadáτns), a Persian general in the time of Artaxerxes III. (Ochus) and Darius II. (Codomannus), kings of Persia. He was engaged in the suppression of the revolt of Artabazus, satrap of Lydia, whom he succeeded in capturing, but allowed to escape. (Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates, p. 671, ed. Reiske.) He besieged the town of Atarneus in Mysia, where Eubulus, a Bithynian adventurer, had established himself; but gave up the siege on Eubulus telling him to calculate the probable expense of it, and saying that he would probably sell him the town for a smaller sum. Autophradates, however, did not purchase the town, which Eubulus left to his favourite slave Hermias. The dates of these events are not ascertained, but they belong to the reign of Ochus. (Aristotle, Politic, ii. 4.)

In the warfare of Alexander the Great with Darius II. he commanded the fleet of Darius, which comprehended the Phoenician and Cyprian vessels, in the Ægean Sea, in conjunction with Pharnabazus, son of Artabazus; and after the death of Memnon the Rhodian, who was preparing to attack Lesbos, he pressed the siege of Mitylene with such vigour that it was forced to capitulate, B.C. 333, on terms which the Persians did not observe. Autophradates then, separating from Pharnabazus, who sailed to Lycia,

sailed to attack the other islands of the Ægean; but we have no notice of his proceedings till he was rejoined by Pharnabazus, when, with a hundred vessels of war, they sailed to Tenedos and compelled it to submit. Autophradates and his colleague then garrisoned Chios, detached squadrons to Cos and Halicarnassus, and with the rest of the fleet came to Siphnos, where they were met by Agis, King of Sparta, who came to request assistance, both in ships and money, for his intended war with the Macedonians. Autophradates supplied him with thirty talents of silver and ten triremes, which last were immediately despatched to the Peloponnesus. Autophradates then sailed to Halicarnassus, where Agis again came to him. Pharnabazus had previously sailed to Chios, on hearing of Darius's defeat at Issus, B.C. 333, fearing a revolt in that important island. We hear nothing further of Autophradates. Upon Alexander's occupying Phoenicia, the vessels of Aradus and Byblus, which composed part of the Persian fleet, returned home, and the war in the Ægean languished. (Arrian, Anabasis, ii. 1, 2, 13, 20, iii. 2.) J. C. M. AUTOPHRADA'TES, a Persian, satrap of the Tapuri, who submitted to Alexander after the death of Darius. Alexander restored to him his satrapy, and added to it that of the Mardians. (Arrian, Anabasis, iii. 23, 24.)

J. C. M. AUTREAU, JACQUES, a French portrait-painter of eccentric character, who was a poet by preference, but a painter by necessity. He was born at Paris, where he died in 1745, in the Hospital of the Incurables, aged eighty-nine. There are several estimable pictures by Autreau; and he obtained a name by some dramatic performances of his pen. The reputation, however, acquired by such works he despised, as he despised also many other things which most men esteem. His best picture is one representing a discussion between Fontenelle la Mothe and Danchet. His last piece was a clever allegorical eulogium upon the Cardinal Fleury. He painted himself as Diogenes with the lantern as having found the man he was in search of, who is represented by a portrait of the cardinal, which he painted from the picture by Rigaud. It has been engraved by S. D. Thomassin and by J. Houbraken: the latter print is without the name of the engraver. Autreau first appeared as a dramatic writer in 1718, when he brought out a comedy entitled " Port-à-l'Anglais," the success of which, says the writer in the "Biographie Universelle," induced the Italian comedians then in Paris, who were about to return to their own country, to establish themselves in France. This comedy was succeeded by several other pieces more or less successful, all of which were published at Paris in a collected form, in 4 vols. 12mo. in 1749. There is some account of the merits

and demerits of Autreau's writings, and of his character, in the "Biographie Universelle." He wrote a song, celebrated in its time, against Rousseau, supposing him to be the author of an abusive couplet against himself, in which he is termed "ce peintre Autreau, toujours ivre." Autreau is described as a man of a morose temper, and of a disagreeable exterior: he died, as he had lived, in poverty. (De Fontenai, Dictionnaire des Artistes, &c.; Heineken, Dictionnaire des Artistes, &c.) R. N. W.

AUTREY, HENRI JEAN BAPTISTE FABRY DE MONCAULT, Count, grandson of Fleurian d'Armenonville, was born at Paris, on the 9th of June, 1723. He entered the army, and rose to the rank of chief of the second brigade of the light horse of Brittany. His leisure was devoted to the unwarlike occupation of refuting the opinions of the encyclopedists and other philosophers of the eighteenth century. He died at Paris, in the year 1777. Voltaire, in a letter addressed to Autrey (tom. lix. p. 166, edit. Kehl), says, "I have had the honour to spend some part of my life with your mother: you possess all her intellect, with much more philosophy." His works are-1. "L'Antiquité justifiée; ou, Réfutation d'un Livre (by Boulanger) qui a pour titre L'Antiquité dévoilée par les Usages,'" Paris, 1776, 12mo. In this work Autrey contends that the system set up by Boulanger furnishes additional proof in favour of Revelation. 2. "Le Pyrrhonien raisonnable; ou, Méthode nouvelle proposée aux incrédules, par l'Abbé ***” La Haye (Paris), 1765, 12mo. Barbier, in the first edition of his "Anonymes," attributed this work erroneously to the Count d'Alès de Corbet. This mistake is corrected in the second edition. Voltaire, in one of his letters to Damilaville (vol. lix. p. 42, edit. Kehl), laughs at this book, “in which,” says he, "they fancy they can prove original sin geometrically." 3. "Les Quakers à leur frère V** (Voltaire), Lettres plus philosophiques que . sur sa Religion et ses Livres," London and Paris, 1768, 8vo. Barbier, in the first edition of his "Anonymes,' "attributed this work to the Abbé Guénée, but corrected the error in the second edition. The above works were published anonymously. 4. The Abbé Gérard, in his

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Mélanges intéressans," p. 58, states that Autrey was the author of several lettres ingénieuses" to Voltaire. (Biographie Universelle, Suppl.; Quérard, La France litteraire; Barbier, Dictionnaire des Ouvrages anonymes, 2nd edit.; Grimm, Correspondance littéraire, vi. 252, edit. 1813.) J. W. J.

AUTRIVE, JAQUES FRANÇOIS D', one of the most eminent pupils of Jarnovich on the violin, was born in 1758, at St. Quentin. To great purity of tone he united the expression and finish of a true artist. His career was terminated, at the age of thirty