That these how strategy, and the third exclusively to martial original Basque. Nothing is known of his life, except that two of the persons whose approval is annexed to his work call him a man "most celebrated," and "of great renown." Larramendi, who wrote a century later, calls him the "celebrated Don Pedro de Axular," and says of the book that "it is in the hands of many Basques, and should be in those of all; and would to God that he had given to light the second part which he promises at the beginning to the reader!" The work is now very rare, scarcely to be met with out of the Basque provinces on either side of the Pyrenees, but there it re-judge-advocate," asserts the absolute right tains all its popularity, "We have often," says M. d'Abbadie, "seen simple labourers, after the fatigues of the day, take an enthusiastic delight in the pages of Pierre Axular." (Larramendi, Diccionario Trilingue del Castillano, Bascuence, y Latin, fol. San Sebastian, 1745; Chaho, Voyage en Navarre, Paris, 1836; D'Abbadie and Chaho, Etudes Grammaticales sur la Langue Euskarienne, Paris, 1836.) J. M. L. AYA'LA, BALTHASAR DE, was born at Antwerp about 1548. His father, Diego de Ayala, lord of Voordestein, a Spaniard, married in the Low Countries Agnes de Renialme, and had by her eleven sons and eight daughters. Balthasar was cousingerman of Gabriel Ayala, the physician. He studied law at Louvain, where he also made himself well acquainted with Roman history, and on leaving the university with the degree of licentiate, he obtained the post of "Oidor General," supreme judge, or, as it would be called in English, judge-advocate of the troops of Philip II. in the United Provinces. He was rewarded for his merits with the title of councillor of the parliament of Mechlin, and appeared on the road to higher dignities, when he was carried off by death, at the age of thirty-six, at Alost, on the 16th of August, 1584 (not on the 1st of September, as stated by Foppens). The only published work by Ayala is his treatise" De jure et officiis bellicis et disciplina militari libri tres," first issued in 8vo., at Douay, in 1582; again at Antwerp, in 1597; and a third time at Louvain, in 1648, with the treatise of Martin Landensis, "De Bello." All the editions are scarce, and all three are in the Bodleian Library. This treatise was not in high estimation: Grotius alludes to it slightingly, and Ompteda, in his "Litteratur des Völkerrechts," drily observes, "the work is rare, but may easily be dispensed with." Recently, however, Mr. Hallam has called attention to it, as the first book, so far as he is aware, "that systematically reduced the practice of nations in the conduct of war to legitimate rules," a merit that has been generally ascribed to Albericus Gentilis, whose treatise "De Jure Belli" was published in 1589. The second division of Ayala's treatise relates to politics and VOL. IV. of the pope to depose princes. Ayala had AYA'LA, BERNABE DE, a Spanish painter of Seville, of the seventeenth century. He was the scholar of Zurbaran, whom he closely imitated, and with considerable success in colouring and in the style of his draperies. There are an Assumption of the Virgin, and some other works by Ayala, in the church of S. Juan de Dios at Seville, much in the style of Zurbaran. He was one of the founders of the Academy of Seville in 1660, and was connected with it until 1671, in which year, or in the year following, he probably died. There were two sculptors of Murcia, brothers, of this name, of the latter part of the sixteenth century: FRANCISCO and DIEGO DE AYALA. Francisco studied at Toledo with Pedro Martinez de Castañeda, and, soon after his return to his native place, he acquired the reputation of being the best sculptor of Murcia. He made the great altar of the parochial church of Jumilla, in which he was assisted by his brother Diego. The two bas-reliefs of this altar, representing the Assumption and St. Iago, executed by Francisco, are works of great merit. Francisco also completed in 1586 the altar of the parochial church of Andilla in Valencia, which was commenced by Josef Gonzalez, but was interrupted by his death in 1584. (Cean Bermudez, Diccionario Historico, &c.) R. N. W. AYA'LA, DIE'GO LOPEZ DE, a canon of Toledo in the sixteenth century, is only Z known as the author of two translations from them. In 1725 Ayala published anonythe Italian into Spanish. One, which is mously an account of the obsequies of the anonymous, "El Laberinto de Amor," 1553, same prince, whose birth he had thus cele4to., is from the "Philocopo" of Boc- brated; 2. “Relacion de las Reales Exequias caccio, itself a version of the well-known que se celebraron por el Señor D. Luis Pritale of Floris and Blancheflor [ASSENEDE]: mero, Rey de España," Madrid, 1725, 4to. the other is from the "Arcadia" of Sanna- He was also the author of-3, a similar zarius, Toledo, 1547, 4to. The passages "Relacion de las Exequias," Madrid, 1725, which are in verse in the original of the 4to., of his patron Don Juan Manuel Fer"Arcadia" are given in verse in this trans- nandez Pacheco, Marquis of Villena, the first lation from the pen of Diego Salazar. The director of the Spanish academy, which had prose of Ayala is elegant and correct. (N. been founded by Philip V., in imitation of Antonius, Bibliotheca Hispana Nova, edit. the French. 4. "Demonstracion historica of 1788, i. 295.) T. W. del religioso Estado de S. Pedro Pascual," AYA'LA, GABRIEL, was born at Ant- Madrid, 1721, 4to., a controversial work on werp at the commencement of the sixteenth the Life of St. Pedro Pascual, in opposition century. His father's name was Gregory to Ferreras, the historian of Spain, which had Ayala, and he belonged to a family of the unusual effect of inducing his candid antaSpanish extraction. Gabriel studied at Lou-gonist to confess himself in the wrong. 5. “Vavain, and took the degree of Doctor of Medicine there in 1556. He then established himself in Brussels, and in the course of a short time was appointed Medicin pensionnaire of that city. He practised his profession with great success, and published at different times Latin verses on medical subjects. These were collected and published at Antwerp in 1562, with the title "Carmen pro vera Medicina ad eundem de Lue pestilenti, elegiarum liber unus," 4to. At the same time and place he also published a collection of epigrams, entitled "Popularia Epigrammata medica," 4to. These epigrams are anything but epigrammatic, of which the author seems to have been fully aware, if we may judge from the following preface: "Qui nos esse minus breves queratur, (Eloy, Dict. Hist. de la Médecine; Ayala, The works of Ayala in Spanish, are—1. "Relacion de las Demonstraciones de accion de Gracias que celebrò la Universidad de Salamanca por el nacimiento del Principe Luis" ("An Account of the Rejoicings at the University of Salamanca on the Birth of Prince Louis, the Son of Philip V., during the war of the Succession"), Salamanca, 1707, 4to. Mayans y Siscar, who praises the work, adds that Ayala was the real author of several orations and poems to be found in it, with the names of other writers attached to rios Sermones predicados en diversas ocasiones," 2 vols. Madrid, 1720-22, 4to., a collection of sermons of no extraordinary merit. On the whole his best production in Spanish was (6) his translation of Cardinal Fleury's "Historical Catechism, containing an abridgment of Sacred History and the Christian Doctrine," first privately printed at the expense of Don Juan Pacheco, at whose request the translation was made, and reprinted and published at Valencia in 1728, at the desire of Mayans. It is spoken of with high commendation for the purity of its Castilian style. Ayala edited, in 1727, the translation and exposition of the first Psalm by Luis de Leon, and added a preface of his own. The best works of Ayala are in Latin:— 7. "Humaniores atque Amoniores ad Musas Excursus, sive Opuscula Poetica," Madrid, 1723, 8vo. In hendecasyllabic verse Ayala possessed a remarkable talent, and some of his poems in this collection have a grace and elegance which few Latin poets of the eighteenth century could rival. 8." Pictor Christianus eruditus" ("The Learned Christian Painter, or a Treatise on the Errors which are often committed in the representation of sacred personages, both in sculpture and painting"), Madrid, 1730, fol. The subject of the work is curious; the execution displays both learning and taste. The French have two works of the same kind, one by Méry, in 1765, and the other by Molé, in 1771, both of a date much subsequent to Ayala's, of whose labours they probably availed themselves. Ayala is now however best known by the part he bears in the entertaining collection of the letters of Emmanuel Marti, dean of Alicant, which was published during Marti's lifetime by Mayans y Siscar, and in the still more entertaining biography of Marti by the indefatigable Mayans, prefixed to the letters. By this work we are agreeably introduced to a little knot of learned Spaniards, who, during the first quarter of the eighteenth century kept alive in the Peninsula the love and taste for classical studies, daily complaining at the same time of the ignorance and indifference they saw around them. The letters between Marti and Ayala occupy the sixth book of the collection, and are full of the high-flown compliments then so customary between scholars. In a letter to his friend Borrull, in the third book, we find Marti however complaining of the loquacity of Ayala, his incessant recitations from Martial and his own compositions, and a want of that "gravity" in his deportment which Spaniards are so seldom deficient in. Mayans, who in his "Specimen" gives us the information that the "N." of the third book thus spoken of is the " Ajalæus " of the sixth, is himself not very consistent in the style in which he alludes to Ayala in his different works, the "Specimen," the "Vita Martini," and the " Epistolarum Libri VI.," from which this notice is chiefly derived. Some agreeable Latin poems by Ayala are inserted in the letters of Marti. (Maiansii Epistolarum Libri VI., edit. of 1737, pp. 286-290, &c.; Majansius, Specimen Bibliotheca Hispano-Majansiana, p. 155-157; Martinus, Epistolarum Libri XII. lib. vi. &c.) T. W. AYA'LA, PEDRO LOPEZ DE, the most popular of Spanish chroniclers, was the son of Fernando Perez de Ayala, adelantado of the kingdom of Murcia, and was born in 1332. He was early a favourite of Pedro, or Peter the Cruel, King of Castile, but passed over to the party of Don Henry of Trastamarre, the illegitimate brother of Peter, who revolted against that prince, and drove him from Castile. When Peter returned, accompanied by an English army under the command of Edward the Black Prince, and defeated Don Henry at the battle of Najera, on Saturday the 3rd of April, 1367, Ayala was present on Henry's side. He tells us in his own chronicle that he fought on foot in the vanguard, and bore the banner of the Vanda, a brotherhood of knights, and in the list of the names of the captives he gives his own. He was carried to England, where he was kept in chains in a dark dungeon, the horrors of which he describes in his poems. At length he was released by the payment of a large ransom, and, on his return to Castile, became one of the council of Don Henry, who, by the assistance of Bertrand Duguesclin and a French army, had finally triumphed over his legitimate brother. In the reign of Don John the First, the son of Henry, he was no less in favour, and accompanied that king in his expedition to take possession of Portugal, when the Master of Avis, the illegitimate son of King Peter the Severe, laid claim to the crown, and, with an inferior force, totally defeated the Castilians in the battle of Aljubarota, on the 14th of August, 1385. On this occasion also Lopez de Ayala had the misfortune to be taken prisoner. He | 339 served a fourth king of Castile, Henry III., son of John I., in whose reign he died, in the year 1407, at the age of seventy-five, at Calahorra. He held for some time the office of Chanciller Mayor, or High Chancellor. Fernan Perez de Guzman, who is the original authority for most of the facts relating to the life of Ayala, states that "he was very fond of the sciences, and gave himself much to books and history, so that although he was a good knight enough and of great discretion in the ways of the world, he was naturally inclined to the sciences, and passed much of his time in reading and study, not in works of law, but philosophy and history. Through him (por causa del)," he adds, "some books are known in Castile that were not so before, such as Titus Livy, which is the most notable history of Rome, the Falls of Princes, the Morals of St. Gregory, Isidore 'De summo bono,' Boethius, and the history of Troy. He drew up the history of Castile from Don Peter up to Don Henry III., and he made a good book on hawking, for he was a great hunter, and another book called Rhymes of the Palace' (Rimado del Palacio)." This passage in Guzman has proved a fruitful subject of commentary to the investigators of the literary antiquities of Spain, among others to Nicolas Antonio, his annotator Bayer, and Sanchez,whose remarks we shall endeavour to condense. 1. The translation of Livy was made at the express command of King Henry III. and was taken not from the original, but from the French version of Pierre Le Berceur or Berchorius. The version of Ayala was printed without his name, at Salamanca, in 1497, in folio, and again at Cologne in 1552 or 1553. 2. "La Caida de Principes," a translation of Boccaccio's work on the Fall of Princes, was first printed at Seville in 1495, in folio, and a second time at Alcala de Henares, in 1552, of the same size. Only a portion of it is due to Ayala, the remainder is by Garcia de Santa Maria, dean of Compostella. 3, 4, 5, and 6. The "St. Gregory," the "Isidore," and the "Boethius," appear to be still latent in manuscript, if in existence; and the “History of Troy" can only be conjectured to be a versified translation of Ægidius de Columna on that subject, of which there is a copy at the Escurial, or another in prose, which is extant at the royal library of Madrid, both in manuscript. 7. "The History of Castile" is considered the best of the old Spanish chronicles. The most complete edition of it is that entitled "Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla, Don Pedro, Don Enrique II., Don Juan I., Don Enrique III.," with the emendations of Zurita and the corrections and notes of Don Eugenio de Llaguno Amirola, 2 vols. 4to. Madrid, 1779, 8vo. It forms the first two volumes of seven of a collection of Castilian chronicles, which it is much to be regretted was carried no further. There was to be a third volume of Ayala, to z 2 Llaguno Amirola, who probably intended contain justificatory documents, an index, a the book on hawking, "De la Caza de las full life of the author, and some of his un- Aves," two manuscript copies were known published minor works, but it has never ap-in 1788 to Bayer; one in the hands of peared. The first edition of the Chronicles was published at Seville, in 1495, and is so rare, that Mendez, the historian of Spanish typography, knew of only two copies, one of which is now in England, in the library of Mr. Thomas Grenville. Subsequent editions appeared in 1526, 1542, 1591, &c., but none of them contained the reign of Henry III. Zurita, the historian of Aragon, prepared a text from the collation of various manuscripts, and obtained a licence for its publication in 1577, but died without issuing it; he had also composed “Enmiendas y Advertencias," or "Emendations and Observations," on the history, which were afterwards published separately by Dormer, at Saragossa, in 1683. Zurita states that he found two manuscript versions of the work, one which he calls the "vulgar," or common, which is substantially the same as in the early printed copies; and another, the "abreviada," or abbreviated, somewhat shorter than the former, but distinguished by additions as well as omissions. It was only in manuscripts of the "abreviada" that the history of the first five years of the reign of Henry III. was found. Llaguno Amirola notices minutely the differences between the "vulgar" and "abreviada," which in no manner affect the spirit and tendency of the history. The work of Ayala is written in pure Castilian, with much of the "gravity" to which the Spaniards attach so high a value. His narrative, if it does not display all the liveliness and vivid colouring of his contemporary Froissart, is on that very account, perhaps, the more trustworthy. His character for impartiality has indeed been impugned, but chiefly on the ground that there was once in existence a chronicle of Peter the Cruel, not now extant, written by a contemporary partisan of his own, Juan de Castro, Bishop of Jaen, in which his actions were placed in a much more favourable light than in the pages of Ayala. Valladares y Sotomayor has printed, in the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth volumes of his "Semanario Erudito," a favourable history of Peter the Cruel and his descendants, written by an author who styles himself Gratiâ Dei, in which the only arguments worth regarding against the authority of Ayala are founded on the existence of this chronicle, and on the exemplary character of Peter the Cruel's will. Ayala, as Llaguno Amirola has shown, certainly does not conceal the faults of his own party. He is fortunate in his subject, which embraces the very period in the middle ages in which the history of Spain was most closely connected with that of France and England. It may therefore justly excite surprise that his valuable history has never been translated into French or English. 8. Of AYA'LA, SEBASTIA'NO, a Jesuit, was born of a noble family, in the city of Castrogiovanni in Sicily, in the year 1744. He studied at Palermo, and was appointed professor of rhetoric at Malta. When the Jesuits were driven out of Malta, Ayala went to Rome, he having been excepted from the order which prohibited any Jesuit, a subject of the house of Bourbon, being received in that city. He studied theology in the Collegio Romano during two years, and made such progress in mathematics and astronomy, that Ricci, the general of the order, determined to associate him with Leonardo Ximenes as his colleague and future successor in the observatory at Florence. Count Caunitz, however, by whom he was held in great esteem, took him to Vienna, and by his influence, after the suppression of the order of Jesuits, Ayala was made minister from the republic of Ragusa at the imperial court. He was the friend and biographer of Metastasio. His death took place in the year 1817. He wrote -1. "Lettera apologetica della persona e del regno di Pietro il Grande contro le grossolane calunnie di Mirabeau." 2. "De la liberté et de l'égalité des hommes et des citoyens, avec des considérations sur quelques nouveaux dogmes politiques," Vienna, 1792, 8vo., and again at Vienna in 1794, 8vo. It was translated into Italian under the title "Della libertà e della uguaglianza degli uo | 66 house and expired in her arms. Her enemies accused her of adultery on a particular occasion, and the report gained so much credit, that notwithstanding all her protestations of innocence, Mohammed himself conceived some suspicions of her guilt, although he probably thought it more prudent to conceal his sentiments. In order, however, to preserve the dignity of his own character and his wife's reputation, he produced a seasonable revelation from heaven, attesting 'Ayeshah's innocence, after which he punished the accusers as calumniators. (Korán, chap. xxiv., entitled 'the Light.") After the death of her husband, 'Ayeshah was held in great veneration by all the Moslems, who surnamed her Ummul-múmenín (the mother of the believers), and consulted her on all important occasions. For some reason or reasons unknown 'Ayeshah conceived a mortal hatred against the Khalif 'Othmán, and took an active part in the plot which deprived him of power and life. After the assassination of 'Othmán she vigorously opposed the accession of 'Ali, because he had believed at first in the accusation brought against her. Uniting with Talhah, Zobeyr, and others of 'Ali's enemies, who had taken up arms under the pretence of avenging the murder of the Khalif 'Othmán, she put herself at the head of the insurgents and ap mini e de' cittadini, con riflessioni su di alcuni nuovi dommi politici," 1793, 8vo. Two other translations in Italian also appeared. Also into German, "Ueber Frei- und Gleichheit der Menschen und Bürger," Vienna, 1793, 8vo. This work is directed against the French declaration of the rights of man, and discusses at large the questions of civil liberty and equality. 3. Ayala was among the first who perceived the necessity of a revision of the " Dizionario della Crusca," particularly with a view to render the Latin explanations more precise and to remove many superfluous quotations. He explained his views in a work entitled "Dei difetti | dell' antico Vocabolario della Crusca, che dovrebbero corregersi nella nuova edizione," | Vienna, 8vo. 4. " Opere postume di Metastasio, date alla luce dall' abate Conte d'Ayala," 3 vols. Vienna, 1795, 8vo., also in 4to. and in 12mo. in the same year, and at Paris in 3 vols. in 4to. and 8vo. in 1798. This publication contains Metastasio's unpublished correspondence, translations of portions of Sophocles and Euripides, and his Life, written by Ayala. He is said to have been the author of several anonymous pieces, and to have published a catalogue of the productions of the Aldine press, a complete collection of which he possessed. He also exposed the errors in Davanzati's trans-peared before Basrah, mounted on a powerlation of Tacitus, and accompanied his criticism by a version of a copious extract from the Latin. (Tipaldo, Biografia degli Italiani illustri del Secolo XVIII. i. 26; Scina, Prospetto della Storia Letteraria di Sicilia nel Secolo Decimottavo, iii. 194, 417, 418.) J. W. J. AYBAR XIMENES, PEDRO, a Spanish painter, who lived at Calatayud towards the close of the seventeenth century. He was a relation and the pupil of Francisco Ximenes of Tarragona, and painted in a similar style. He painted, about the year 1682, three pictures for the collegiate church of St. Mary at Calatayud a Holy Family, an Epiphany, and the Nativity of our Saviour, all which Ponz praises for the drawing, colouring, and the composition. (Ponz, Viage de España; Bermudez, Diccionario Historico, &c.) R. N. W. AYBEK. [AIBEK.] 'AYESHAH, the favourite wife of Mohammed, was the daughter of Abu Bekr, one of the earliest and warmest friends of the Mohammedan prophet. She was only nine years old when she married him, and is said to have been the only one of Mohammed's numerous wives who was a virgin, owing to which circumstance her father, whose name was 'Abdullah, was surnamed Abu Bekr, or "the father of the virgin." Although Mohammed had no children by 'Ayeshah, he was so tenderly attached to her that he was often heard to say that she would be the first of all his wives to enter Paradise; and in his last illness he had himself carried to her ful camel. At the gate of the town |