possession of the fort; but while deliberating whether to hold out there or attempt to escape, they were blocked up by troops from the different posts in the neighbourhood. They had just time to admit some persons from without, who favoured them, and though these did not make their number more than sixty, they held out for above a year, expecting to be relieved by Eumenes. At last they were obliged to surrender, and we hear no more of Attalus. (Arrian, Anabasis, iii. 27, iv. 16, 22, 27, v. 12, vi. 17, vii. 26, and Fragmenta, apud Phot. Bibliotheca, Cod. 92; Diodorus Siculus, xviii. 27, 45, xix. 16, 35; Justin, xiii. 3.) J. C. M. ATTALUS (ATTαλos), an ATHENIAN sculptor, who executed the statue of the Lycian Apollo, which was in the temple of Apollo at Argos. The date of Attalus is unknown. (Pausanias, ii. 19.) R. W. jun. A'TTALUS (called on his coins FLAVIUS PRISCUS ATTALUS, the son of Priscus), one of the later Emperors of the Western Roman Empire. He is described as being an Ionian by descent (by which is probably meant that his family was from Ionia in Asia Minor), and a heathen by education; and it is probable that he continued a heathen until about the time of his accession to the empire. After the first siege of Rome by the Visigoths, under Alaric (A.D. 409), Attalus was sent by the Roman Senate, with Cæcilianus and Maximianus, to the Emperor Honorius, at Ravenna, on a mission, the object of which is not clearly stated. They could only relate and lament the sufferings which Rome had endured, all useful measures for remedying these evils being obstructed by Olympius, then chief minister of Honorius. Attalus received from Olympius the appointment of chief of the treasury at Rome, and was sent back under the escort of Valens, and six thousand Dalmatian soldiers, destined to garrison Rome. The escort was attacked and destroyed by Alaric; but Attalus and Valens, and about a hundred men, escaped to Rome; where Attalus immediately superseded Heliocrates in charge of the treasury, and proceeded, by order of Olympius, to confiscate the property of those who had been friends of Stilicho. This employment was, however, disagreeable to him: according to Zosimus, "he thought it impious to insult the unfortunate;" and he made the search as inefficient as he could: he even privately admonished some of the proscribed parties to conceal their effects. His mildness offended his employer, and he was sent for to Ravenna to pay the penalty of his indulgence; and would have been put to death, if he had not taken sanctuary in a Christian church.

On the downfall and flight of Olympius, soon after, Attalus was sent back to Rome by the emperor, as prefect or governor of the city, his former office of treasurer being conferred on Demetrius. Attalus held the office

of prefect when hostilities were renewed, and Rome was a second time besieged by Alaric. The capture of the Port (Portus), at the mouth of the Tiber, a few miles distant from Rome, in which the corn for the supply of the citizens was stored up, obliged the city to submit to the Gothic king (A.D. 409), who directed the Romans to elect an emperor in place of Honorius. It was by the command of Alaric that Attalus was chosen. The choice was, however, a popular one, and the accession of the new emperor was hailed with great joy, to which the prospect of a resident sovereign, and the lenient character of Attalus, appear to have conduced. As he was baptised by Sigesarius, whom Sozomen describes as "the bishop of the Goths," and who was an Arian, it is probable that his baptism immediately preceded or accompanied his elevation. His accession gave hope to the Arians of greater indulgence than they had experienced from Theodosius and his sons. Those also who adhered to the ancient religion of the empire rejoiced at the accession of one who had been brought up a heathen.

Attalus immediately proceeded to appoint his officers. Alaric himself was made general of the army, conjointly with Valens, who however appears to have been at the time at Ravenna with Honorius; Ataulphus, or Adolphus, brother of Alaric's wife, and afterwards his successor in the Gothic kingdom, was made general of the household cavalry: the other offices were filled up with Romans. Attalus then assembled the senate, and made a long and elaborate speech, in which he promised to preserve their privileges, and to reduce Egypt and the provinces of the east under their ancient subjection to Italy. Perhaps by thus recalling the memory of their departed greatness, Attalus thought to revive the national spirit of Rome: he was also misled by some pretended prophecies; but whether these were of pagan or Christian origin is not said.

His first attempt was on the province of Africa of which Carthage was the capital, which was held for Honorius by Count Heraclian. Attalus rejected the advice of Alaric to send a small body of Gothic troops under Drumas, and sent Constans, one of his partizans, with scarcely any force, to supersede Heraclian in the government of the province. Sozomen and Zosimus attribute his conduct to his infatuated reliance on the abovementioned prophecies; but possibly an unwillingness to deliver up the provinces of the empire to barbarian troops may have had its influence. Attalus, with Alaric, then advanced toward Ravenna at the head of a combined army of Romans and Goths. Honorius in alarm sent an embassy, consisting of his chief officers, offering to make Attalus his partner in the empire; but Attalus refused the offer, though he expressed his willingness to allow Honorius his choice of an island, or other place as a retreat, and to leave him the

the mutilation of Honorius. His disinclination to send Gothic troops into Africa, however much at variance with the dictates of self-interest, showed his regard for what he deemed the interest and honour of the empire; and his deposition was, in fact, caused by his unwillingness to subserve the purposes and ambition of Alaric. (Zosimus, vi. 6-12; Sozomen, Eccles. Hist. ix. 8, 9; Socrates, Eccles. Hist. vii. 10; Olympiodorus, apud Phot. Biblioth. Cod. 80; Philostorgius, Eccles. Hist. xii. 3, 4, 5, with Godefroy's Notes; Paulus Diaconus, xiv.; Orosius, vii. 42; Procopius, Vandalic War, i. 2; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, &c., c. xxxi; Tillemont, Histoire des Empereurs.) J. C. M.

A'TTALUS ("ATTαλos), a MACEDONIAN officer of rank, in the reign of Philip II., of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great. Attalus married the daughter of Parmenion, one of Philip's best officers; and when Philip, toward the close of his life, repudiated Olympias, he married Cleopatra, niece of Attalus. On occasion of these nuptials Attalus, being drunk, insulted Alexander, by inviting the Macedonians, who were present at the marriage-feast, to ask of the gods a "legitimate" successor to the throne. Alexander kindled at the insinuation, and asking Attalus whether he thought him a bastard, threw his wine-cup at his head. Attalus threw his in return; and a brawl ensued, in which Alexander had nearly fallen by the hand of his own father. The retreat of Alexander and his mother into Illyricum and Epirus left Attalus predominant at the court of Philip, where his abuse of his influence led to the king's death. A quarrel between two persons of the name of Pausanias, one of whom was the friend of Attalus, led Attalus to commit a gross outrage on the other. The injured man complained to Philip, but, not being able to obtain justice from him, determined on his assassination, which he effected B.C. 336.

At the time of Philip's murder Attalus appears to have been in Asia Minor, whither he had been sent with Parmenion and Amyntas, to prepare for the campaign against the Persians, and where he had made himself, by acts of kindness and by his friendly de- | portment, acceptable to the army. The accession of Alexander led Attalus to engage in some intrigues with the Athenians, then influenced by Demosthenes; but changing his mind, he sought to recover the king's favour, and, to effect this, gave up to him a letter which he had received from Demosthenes. Alexander, however, sent Hecatæus into Asia, with orders, if possible, to bring Attalus a prisoner; but if not, to put him privately to death. Hecatæus preferred the latter course, and Attalus was put to death, apparently soon after Alexander's accession. It is doubtful whether Alexander, when he gave his commission to Hecatæus, was influ

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enced by more than suspicion of what Attalus might do; nor is it clear that Attalus had involved himself so far in his communications with Demosthenes, as to be justly liable to punishment. His death was made the subject of reproach against Alexander, both by Cleitus and Hermolaus; and it is observable that Hermolaus, according to Quintus Curtius, speaks of Parmenion as the agent of Alexander in the affair: but Diodorus and others are silent as to Parmenion's participation in the death of his son-in-law. (Diodorus Siculus, xvi. 93, xvii. 2, 3, 5; Justin, ix. 5, 6, xii. 6; Quintus Curtius, vi. 9, viii. 1, 7, 8.) J. C. M.

A'TTALUS, the MARTYR, one of those Christians who were put to death at Lyon during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, A.D. 177. He was a native of Pergamus in Asia, and a Roman citizen, well instructed in Christianity, and a man of eminence in the church of Lyon, of which he was regarded as “a pillar and foundation." He and Alexander, one of his fellow-martyrs, were exposed to wild beasts; but, as these did not destroy them, they were subjected to various tortures, and then put to death. Attalus, while under torture, was asked what was the name of God: to which he answered, “God has not a name like a man;" or, as Rufinus gives it, "Those who are many are distinguished by names: he who is one needs no name.' (Epistle of the Churches of Vienne and Lyon, in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, v. 1; Rufinus, version of the above letter, in the Acta Sanctorum, June 2.) J. C. M.

A'TTALUS ("ATTαλos), the name of three kings of PERGAMUS, one of the kingdoms which were formed after the breaking up of the great Macedonian Empire. Previous to the time of the first Attalus, Pergamus had been governed by dynasts or tyrants, whose descendant Attalus I. assumed the title of king, and transmitted it to his successors.

ATTALUS I. succeeded his cousin Eumenes I., in B.C. 241. He was a son of Attalus, a younger brother of Philetarus, the founder of the principality of Pergamus, by Antiochis. At the time of his accession the Galatians, or Gauls, were overrunning Asia Minor, plundering and ravaging the country, and they served either as mercenaries in the armies of the princes of Asia Minor, or made war upon one another. Attalus I. was the first of the Asiatic princes who succeeded in defeating one of their hosts in Mysia in a great battle. This victory, which was gained by the aid of Gallic mercenaries, took place soon after the accession of Attalus, and on this occasion he assumed the title of king, and dedicated a sculptured representation of the defeat of the Gauls on the Acropolis of Athens. By this victory Attalus extended his kingdom, which was afterwards increased by his taking advantage of the disputes among the members of the royal family of

Syria. In B.C. 229 he gained several victories over Antiochus Hierax, and his kingdom gradually extended over all Asia Minor, west of Mount Taurus. Seleucus Ceraunus, who succeeded Seleucus Callinicus in B.C. 226, attempted to recover the possessions which Syria had lost in Asia Minor, but he was murdered during his campaign against Attalus in B.C. 224. His kinsman Achæus, however, carried out his plan, and succeeded so far as to confine Attalus to the town of Pergamus. But he was prevailed upon by the Byzantines, whom Attalus had assisted in their war against the Rhodians, to abstain from further hostilities. While Achæus was afterwards engaged in Pisidia in B.C. 218, Attalus recovered some of the towns which he had lost, by the aid of Galatian mercenaries, but as he was making progress in Eolis, an eclipse of the sun took place, which frightened the barbarians, and they refused to fight any longer. In B.C. 216, Antiochus III. marched against Achæus, who, after his victories, had revolted, and declared | himself an independent king. Attalus now formed an alliance with Antiochus, though he does not appear to have taken any active part in the campaigns against Achæus, who was put to death in B.C. 214. In proportion as the kingdom of Antiochus now increased in importance by the defeat of Achæus and other events, that of Attalus sank in the scale, and as Attalus had also to fear the enterprise of Philip V. of Macedonia, his dominions became more unsafe. These circumstances induced him to join the league which was formed by the Romans and Ætolians against Philip and the Achæans, in B.C. 211. Two years afterwards Attalus and Pyrrhias were elected strategi of the Etolians, and in order to support them against Philip, Attalus landed with a fleet on the coast of Ægina, where he was joined by the Roman proconsul P. Sulpicius and his fleet, and both spent the winter of B.C. 207 and 206 in Ægina. While petitions were sent to Philip from various parts of Greece to solicit his protection against Attalus and the Ætolians, Attalus sailed to the island of Lemnos, and thence to Peparethus, which he ravaged. After this he held a meeting of the Etolians at Heraclea. P. Sulpicius and Attalus now went to Nicæa in Locris, and thence they proceeded to Oreus in Euboea, which the Romans besieged by sea, and Attalus by land. After a fearful struggle the Macedonian garrison was compelled to quit the place. While Sulpicius proceeded to Chalcis, Attalus took and destroyed the town of Opus. Ignorant of the approach of Philip, he lost his time in exacting money from the wealthy inhabitants of Locris, and had it not been for some Cretans, who discovered the enemy at a distance, Attalus would have fallen into the hands of the Macedonians. He had only time to escape to his ships, whither he was followed by Philip.

On arriving at Oreus. he was informed that Prusias, King of Bithynia, had invaded his kingdom, and he hastily returned to Asia. Respecting the events of his war with Prusias, and its termination, nothing is known.

In B.C. 205, Roman ambassadors appeared in Asia to fetch the symbol of the great mother of the gods from Pessinus, and Attalus assisted them in obtaining it. In the general pacification which was brought about at the close of B.C. 205, Attalus and Prusias were included, the former as the ally of the Romans, and the latter as the ally of Philip. This peace was broken by Philip in B.C. 203: by destroying the town of Cius, on the Propontis, he provoked the Rhodians, whom Attalus sided with. In B.C. 201 Philip took revenge upon Attalus by invading his kingdom and ravaging the neighbourhood of Pergamus in a most barbarous manner, though he was unable to take Pergamus itself. A sea-fight took place off Chios, between the united fleets of Attalus and the Rhodians on the one side, and the fleet of Philip of Macedonia on the other. Philip was defeated with considerable loss; but as Attalus, who had pursued one of the enemy's ships too far, was at last obliged to save himself by flight, Philip claimed the victory. Hereupon Philip went to Caria, and while he was still in Asia, Attalus, at the request of the Athenians, who were oppressed by a Macedonian garrison, sailed to Europe. He was received at Athens in the most flattering manner, B.C. 200, and a new tribe was formed and called after him, Attalis. At Athens he met embassies of the Romans and Rhodians, and war was again declared against Philip, who was then besieging Abydos on the Hellespont. Attalus immediately set out to relieve the place, but he did nothing. In the year following, B.C. 199, the combined fleets of Attalus and L. Apustius sailed from Piræus to Andros, which was surrendered to them after a short siege, and the place was given to Attalus; the Romans kept the booty. After attempting to take several other towns, Attalus and L. Apustius appeared before Oreus in Euboea, which had again fallen into the hands of the Macedonians, but was now taken after a resolute defence of the Macedonian garrison. Oreus was given to Attalus, and the Romans took the prisoners. But before the war could be brought to a close, Attalus was obliged to return to Asia, for Antiochus III. had taken advantage of his absence, and invaded the kingdom of Pergamus. Attalus requested the interference of the Romans, and a Roman embassy was accordingly sent to Antiochus, which caused him to withdraw his troops from the dominions of the ally of Rome. Attalus, in his gratitude towards his deliverers, again joined the Romans in Greece in B.C. 198, and after spending the winter in Ægina, he went to Thebes in Boeotia, with the view of detaching the Baotians from the cause of