having previously discharged the same office at Mantua, Parma, and Modena successively. He was among the first who sought to combine historical notices with topographical description. (Le Long, Bibliothèque Historique de la France; Watt, Bibliotheca Britannica; Biographie Universelle.) W. W. AUDIFFRET, LOUIS, an advocate of the parliament, apparently of Aix in Provence, and father of the geographer J. B. Audiffret. He was the author of a work in 4to. called "L'immuable Fidélité de la Ville

de Marseille." (Le Long, Bibliothèque Historique de la France, No. 38,233.) J. C. M.

AUDIFFRET, POLYEUCTE, a native of Provence, born at Barjols, about 1750, of the same family as François César Joseph Madelon Audiffret mentioned above. His early life was very disorderly; but being led to forsake his licentious habits, he became a Trappist. On the occurrence of the French revolution he retired into Italy, and, after some years, entered a Camaldolite convent in the kingdom of Naples, where he died in 1807. He was well acquainted with numismatics, and had collected a rich cabinet of medals. (Biographie Universelle, Supplement.) J. Č. M. | AUDIGIER, a French historian of the seventeenth century, author of a work "De l'Origine des François et de leur Empire," vols. 12mo. Paris, 1676. Le Long says there is no difficulty in finding out that the author was a Gascon; but nothing more seems to be known of him, nor is he noticed by Moréri, or in the "Biographie Universelle." He had two special objects in his work: the first was, to discover the origin of the Franks, who, he endeavours to prove, were descended from the Gauls that emigrated (according to Livy) into Germany, under Sigovesus, in the time of Tarquin the elder; the second was, to show that the Frankish kingdom originated in a division of the Roman empire. He showed his national feeling by making the Gauls under Sigovesus come from the neighbourhood of the Pyrenees. (Le Long, Bibliothèque Historique de la France, No. 15,430; Lenglet du Fresnoy, Méthode pour étudier l'Histoire, tom. iv. p. 10.) J. C. M. AUDIGIER, a French historian of the eighteenth century, not to be confounded with the subject of the last article. He was born at Clermont in Auvergne, of a good family, and having entered the church, became a canon of the Cathedral of Clermont while Massillon was bishop. He is the author of a "Histoire civile, littéraire, et religieuse de la Province d'Auvergne," which exists in manuscript in the King's Library at Paris. It contains some useful matter, and modern writers have made extracts or quotations from it. Le Long, by mistake, calls the writer Audusier. (Le Long, Bibliothèque Historique de la France, No. 37,440; Biographie Universelle, Supplement.) J. C. M.

AUDIGUIER, VITAL D', Sieur de la Ménor, a soldier and a man of letters, was born, according to some, at La Ménor, but more probably at Naiac, both near Villefranche in Guienne, about the year 1570. He was of noble extraction, and the family of the D'Audiguiers was once both wealthy and powerful; but at the time of the birth of Vital it had fallen into decay, and his father, an indigent lawyer, filled some petty post in the magistracy of his native province.

At an early age Vital was sent to school, but a distaste for study or the ignorance of his teachers impeded his progress in learning. With advancing years, he seemed solely desirous of emulating the valour of his ancestors, who had been remarkable for an hereditary loyalty. Foremost in every quarrel, whether fighting duels with his companions or engaged in more serious conflicts with the wandering partisans of the rebellious League, he displayed no symptoms of future eminence in the world of letters. Dissatisfied with his conduct, his father recalled him to La Ménor, from which, after a short period, he was sent to the university (of Paris?), where, having completed the courses of" Humanity and Philosophy," he became, nominally at least, a student of jurisprudence. In 1590 the elder D'Audiguier relinquished his post to his son. But Vital had no liking for law or a lawyer's life, and in the spring of the following year, having been twice attacked and wounded by some soldiers of the League, he resigned his situation. He now resolved, in spite of the opposition of his friends, to abandon his home. He bade farewell to his parents, commended them to the care of an uncle, and, with no wealth but his sword, sallied forth into the world as a military adventurer.

The Dutch were at that time successfully persevering in their struggle to throw off the yoke of Spain, and D'Audiguier's first intention was to repair to Holland and offer his services to the States. His biographers add, that the knavery of a servant, who decamped with his best horse, prevented the execution of this project; but a similar story is told of his predecessor, the poet Marot, and such coincidences are always suspicious. D'Audiguier, however, did not leave France. joined the army of Henry IV., and distinguished himself in several campaigns against the League. It is stated that his services went unrewarded; yet as it appears from the dedication to his poems that previously to the year 1604 he was attached to the retinue of Queen Margaret, it may be reasonably concluded that he owed this distinction to his exertions in the cause of her husband.

He

Shortly after the peace, early in the seventeenth century, D'Audiguier went to Paris; but of his occupations and circumstances during his residence there, and during the remaining years of his life, no definite or de

As a courtier, a man of pleasure, and a poet, he made many friends and patrons. But his love of duelling involved him in never-ending misfortunes. On one occasion he killed his antagonist, and was obliged to fly from Paris. In the preface to a novel published in 1615, he begs the reader to excuse the many faults of the work, alleging that the wounds received in a recent duel prevented him from correcting them. It must be mentioned, however, that this was perhaps more his misfortune than his fault: at least, in a work on duelling, published in 1617, and dedicated to Louis XIII., he beseeches the king to put a stop to that barbarous practice, unless on solemn and special occasions.

He seems to have never forsaken the profession of a soldier. Bayle speaks of letters written by him in 1621, from Saint Jean d'Angely, then the seat of war; and D'Audiguier, in the preface before alluded to, mentions a recent summons to military service. His life alternated between the duties of the camp, the enjoyments of the capital, and the assiduous cultivation of letters.

For this last pursuit, so far at least as respects fertility of imagination, D'Audiguier was unusually qualified. The intervals which choice or necessity interposed between his hours of business and of pleasure must have been few and brief; yet his productions in point of number would not disgrace a lifetime of literary leisure. From 1604 to 1624, the year of his death, poems, novels, miscellaneous treatises, translations from the Spanish, flowed in quick succession from his pen. His poems seem to have been his favourite productions; yet they brought him neither the profit nor the reputation of his other works. In one of his prefaces he declaims against the anti-poetical spirit of the age, and laments, with considerable exaggeration, that he has grown grey in singing the praises of the great, without receiving either assistance or applause.

Among the MS. "Lives of the French Poets," by Coteler, there is one of D'Audiguier, from which Barbier has extracted a curious account of his death. He was playing piquet, it seems, at the house of a president of parliament, in the Faubourg Saint Germain, when perceiving that his partner repeatedly cheated, he exclaimed, "You are reckoning wrong:" the other gave him the lie, and at the same time some assassins rushed from behind the tapestry, and attacked D'Audiguier with their drawn swords. D'Audiguier's sword had been placed upon a couch, and was seized by his assailants before he could reach it: he snatched up a stool, however, and bravely defended himself for some time, but was at last overpowered and murdered. "His figure," adds Coteler, who

countenance mournful; he was of a thoughtful and solitary disposition; for the rest, towards the close of his life, a devout, Godfearing man, and always a staunch and faithful friend."

Although the works of D'Audiguier are more remarkable for the ease with which they were produced, than for any intrinsic excellence, he cannot be denied the praise of having been among the first to polish and refine the language of his country. The French Academy, in 1638, inserted all his prose writings in their "Catalogue of the most celebrated Works of our Tongue." His translations from the Spanish, and especially from Cervantes, were deservedly celebrated in their day, and contributed to diffuse in France a knowledge of that noble literature. Among his poems, which, though published by command of Queen Margaret of France, are as uninteresting as they are worthless, two devotional pieces, the "Complainte Chrestienne" and the "Prière," may still be read with pleasure.

The following is a list of D'Audiguier's works:

1. "La Philosophie Soldade, avec un manifeste de l'auteur contre ceux qui l'accusaient faussement d'avoir voulu livrer sa ville natale entre les mains des ennemis," Paris, 1604, 12mo. 2. "Le Pourtrait du Monde," Paris, 1604, 12mo. 3. "La Flavie de la Ménor," Paris, 1606, 12mo. 4. "La Défaite d'Amour, et autres œuvres poétiques de V. D. S. de la Ménor," Paris, 1606, 12mo., reprinted with alterations and additions under the title of "Euvres Poétiques," Paris, 1614, 8vo. 5. "Les douces Affections de Lydamant et de Callyante," Paris, 1607, 12mo. 6. " Histoire Ethiopique d'Héliodore” (an improved edition of Amyot's translation), Paris, 1609, 1614, 1616, 12mo.; 1626, 8vo. 7. "Epîtres Françaises et libres Discours," Paris, 1611, 8vo., often reprinted. 8. "Les diverses Fortunes de Panfile et de Nile" (from a drama by Lope de Vega), Paris, 1614, 8vo. 9. "Histoire tragi-comique des Amours de Lisandre et de Caliste," Paris, 1615. This work has been often reprinted, and appeared with a Dutch translation, in two volumes, Amsterdam, 1663, 12mo., and with a German translation, Amsterdam, 1670, 12mo. An adaptation of it was published by the Abbé Guillot de la Chassagne, under the title of "Le Chevalier des Essarts et la Comtesse de Bercy... Par M. G. D. C.," 2 vols. Amsterdam (Paris), 1735, 12mo. 10. "Le vrai et ancien usage des Duels," Paris, 1617, 8vo. 11. "Les Maximes de Guerre du Maréchal de Biron" (with notes), Paris, 1617, 8vo. 12. "Six Nouvelles de Michel Cervantes," translated from the Spanish, with "Six autres Nouvelles de la Traduction de François de Rosset," Paris, 1618, 8vo.

13. "Les Travaux de Persiles et de

fortune. He died on the 21st May, 1801, leaving the theatre, the popularity of which had then passed away, to his son. Audinot was author of "Le Tonnelier," a piece which failed when first produced, but was almost entirely re-written by M. Quétant, and highly successful on its reproduction in 1782. The principal character was sustained by Audinot, who was a great favourite in what the French call apron-parts, such as those of workingmen. Audinot also wrote "Dorothée," a pantomime, and he is sometimes called the introducer of melo-dramas, which he designated, aptly enough, as "pantomimes dialoguées." He had a talent for music, and composed some pieces for his own theatre. (Arnault, &c., Biographie Nouvelle des Contemporains, i. 269; Théâtre de l'Opéra Comique, v. 141; Notice prefixed to "Le Tonnelier.") J. W.

AUDIUS. [AUDÆUS.]

AUDLEY, or more properly DE ALDITHLEY, HENRY, the first of the line of Lords Audley, barons by tenure, and subsequently by writ, whose titles and estates descended, on the failure of the male line, to the family of Touchet, is supposed by Dugdale to have belonged to the ancient family of Verdon, of Alton, in Staffordshire, and to have assumed the name of Aldithley (or, as it is sometimes written, Aldithleg), which has been corrupted into Audley, about the time of King John, from the inheritance of Aldithley (now Audley), in the same county, which he received from Nicholas de Verdon. He adhered to John in his contest with the rebellious barons, and he was, according to Dugdale, "an active person in the times wherein he lived," and "in no small esteem with Ranulph, Earl of Chester and Lincoln," who is said to have been the greatest subject of England in his time, and for whom Audley performed the duties of sheriff for the counties of Shropshire and Staffordshire during the first four years of the reign of Henry III. Of his other public services and the rewards which he received for them, Dugdale gives a minute account. In 1223 he founded and endowed an abbey for Cistercian monks, at Hilton, in Staffordshire. The date of his death is not recorded, but it appears to have been between the years 1241, when he was one of the messengers or commissioners appointed by Henry III. to meet David, Prince of Wales, at Shrewsbury, to receive satisfaction for the grievances of which complaint had been made against him, and 1247, about which latter year his son did homage for, and received livery of his lands. (Dugdale, Baronage of England, i. 746, 747; Owen and Blakeway, History of Shrewsbury, i. 113, 115.) J. T. S. AUDLEY, JAMES, LORD, the son and successor of Henry, the first Baron Audley, or de Aldithley, did homage for his father's lands in the 31st year of Henry III., about

the year 1247, and distinguished himself by his adherence to Henry III., and his services against the Welsh rebels, who were headed by their native prince, Llewellyn. He received several appointments of trust from the king, among which was that of Justice of Ireland; and his firm attachment to the royal cause, during the troubles of the latter part of Henry's reign, rendered him so obnoxious to the rebellious barons, that they seized upon his castles and lands in Shropshire and Staffordshire. He was one of the peers appointed on the king's behalf under what were termed the "Provisions of Oxford;" and when Henry was taken prisoner at the battle of Lewes, he raised forces to assist in his rescue. About the year 1268 he undertook a pilgrimage to St. James in Galicia, and two years later he went to the Holy Land, "after which," observes Dugdale, "ere long, viz. in ann. 1272 (56 Hen. III.), he broke his neck," after his return to England, we presume, although this is not distinctly stated. (Dugdale, Baronage of England, i. 747, 748.)

J. T. S.

AUDLEY, JAMES, LORD, the second of the Lords Audley, barons by writ, who succeeded the Lords Audley, or De Aldithley, barons by tenure, on the death, without issue, of the seventh and last of that line, appears to have been born in the seventh year of Edward II., about 1314, to have succeeded his father Nicholas, when about three years old, and to have very early distinguished himself in the wars against the Scots, for his services in which Edward III. forgave him a covenant for 10,000 marks which he had given to Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, and which, upon Roger's attainder, had been forfeited to the king. In the sixteenth year of Edward III., about 1342, he was made custos or governor of the town of Berwick-uponTweed, and also the king's Justice of that town, and of all other lands belonging to the king in the neighbouring parts of Scotland. He was summoned to parliament, according to Nicolas, from the 25th of January, in the fourth year of Edward III., 1330, to the 8th of August, in the tenth year of Richard II., 1386, in which year Nicolas places the date of his death. Other authorities, however, give it a year earlier. This individual is chiefly worthy of notice because he has been generally confounded with the Sir James, or, as he is often called, Lord James Audley, who distinguished himself in the French wars, and who died several years earlier [AUDLEY, SIR JAMES]; and Ashmole tries to explain one of the discrepancies thus occasioned by alluding to a son James, of whom Dugdale makes no mention. James, Lord Audley, called, by way of distinction, Lord Audley of Helegh, was succeeded by his son Nicholas, who died without issue in 1392, when the title descended to the family of Touchet. (Dugdale, Baronage of England, | i. 748—750`; Ashmole, Institution, Laws, and

Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, 704-706; Nicolas, Synopsis of the Peerage of England, i. 34; Beltz, Memorials of the Order of the Garter, 75, &c.) J. T. S. AUDLEY, or AUDELEY, SIR JAMES, one of the original knights or founders of the Order of the Garter, has been supposed by Dugdale, Ashmole, and other writers to be the same person as the Lord James Audley who died in 1385 or 1386 (the subject of the preceding memoir), though the researches of the late G. F. Beltz, Esq., Lancaster Herald, have brought to light sufficient proof of his having been a different person, though probably descended from the same original stock. He appears to have been the son of a Sir James Audeley, or de Audele, who served in the expedition to Gascony in 1324, and in that to Scotland in 1327, and to have obtained letters of protection in 1346, as James, the son of James de Audeley, of Stretton Audeley, in Oxfordshire, to proceed beyond sea in the retinue of Edward the Black Prince, who then attended his father, Edward III., into France. Various incidental notices in Froissart and other contemporary authorities, which are fully referred to by Mr. Beltz, show that Audley was engaged in connection with the Black Prince, and frequently in personal attendance upon him, at various times between the above date and that of the battle of Poictiers, in which his gallant conduct was eminently conspicuous. In recording the preparations for that great battle, which was fought on the 19th of September, 1356, Froissart relates that Sir James Audley (who is generally called Lord James Audeley in Johnes's translation), so soon as he saw that the armies must certainly engage, requested permission to quit the prince, in order that he might, in fulfilment of a vow which he had formerly made, stand foremost in the attack, and either prove himself the best combatant in the English army, or die in the attempt. His request being granted, he, with his four squires, performed prodigies of valour throughout the battle. He advanced so eagerly as to engage for a considerable time the Lord Arnold d'Andreghen, Marshal of France, under his banner; and, without stopping to take any prisoners, he employed his whole time in fighting and following his enemies, continuing to fight in the heat of the battle until severely wounded in the body, head, and face, and covered with blood. Towards the close of the engagement his squires led him out of the fight, and laid him under a hedge to dress his wounds; and when it was over, the prince desired that, if he were able to be carried to his tent, he might be brought to him, offering to go to him if he were too weak to be moved. Audley was borne in a litter to the prince, who immediately, as a reward for his gallant bearing, retained him as his own knight, giving him an annual revenue of 500 marks,

and declaring him the bravest knight on his side of the battle. On returning to his tent, in the true spirit of chivalric disinterestedness, Audley resigned his annuity to his attendant squires; but when this act of generosity was made known to the prince, he sent for Audley, and bestowed upon him a further annual sum of 600 marks, for his own use.

On the renewal of warlike proceedings in 1359, Audley was again engaged in various sieges and other military operations. In 1362 he went with the Black Prince into Gascony, and from that period there is no evidence of his having returned to England. During the expedition of the prince into Spain, Audley was appointed governor of Aquitaine; and in 1369 he filled the high office of seneschal of Poitou. Among other engagements of that year, he took part in the capture of La Roche sur Yon, in Poitou, after which he retired to his residence at Fontenay-le-Comte, where he died before the close of the year. His funeral obsequies were performed with great ceremony at Poictiers, the prince himself attending on the occasion. On the formation of the Order of the Garter, about the year 1344, Audley was appointed to the eleventh stall on the prince's side, which, after his death in 1369, was occupied by Sir Thomas de Granson [Grandison]. (Beltz, Memorials of the Order of the Garter, pp. clii. 75-84; Froissart, Chronicles of England, France, and Spain, Johnes's translation, octavo edition, ii. 320—353, iii. 457, 458.) J. T. S.

AUDLEY, JOHN. [AWDELAY.] AUDLEY, JOHN. AWDELEY.] AUDLEY, THOMAS, LORD AUDLEY OF WALDEN, Lord Chancellor of England during the reign of Henry VIII., is supposed by Dugdale, who could not discover his extraction, not to have been a member of the family of Audley, or de Aldithley, of whom came the early barons of that name. This supposition is perhaps somewhat confirmed by the circumstance that he received a grant of arms which bear only a slight allusion to the arms of the baronial family; a circumstance which proves at least that he could not establish his descent from it. Lloyd states that he was born in Essex, and intimates, though somewhat vaguely, that he came of an honourable family. Morant mentions Earl's Colne, in the above county, as his native place, and says that he was born in 1488, but gives no account of his ancestry. His name is sometimes written Awdley or Awdeley, but on what authority we know not, as his own letters, of which several are preserved among the Cotton MSS. in the British Museum, are signed Audeley. He is said to have received a university education, but whether at Oxford or Cambridge is uncertain; and the first circumstance which Dugdale could discover concerning him was, that in the eighteenth year of Henry VIII., about the year 1526, he became the Autumn