1, Use the 2nd pers. sing. 2, Place the words 'before you' after the object. 3, glaubst du zu Eis erstarrte Flüsse zu erblicken. 4, which (App. § 16) from time to time melts, drips down on the mountain-sides (Bergabhänge), and congeals (gefrieren), etc.; see S. 16, N. 4. Supply the adverb wieder before the verb 'congeals'. The elevated hollow, die höher gelegene Felsspalte. 5, Eisstrom, m. 6, As-Since, da (App. § 16); to be entirely solid throughout, durch und durch fest sein. 7, it-pushing, so senkt sie sich fortwährend; with a ... but, mit einer zwar ... doch. 8, down below, in das unten liegende Thal hinab.

8

Section 27.

WITHOUT1 PAINS NO GAINS.

5

7

It was one of the characteristic qualities of Charles James Fox, that3 he was thoroughly pains-taking in all that he did. When appointed Secretary of State, being piqued at some observation as to his bad writing, he actually took a writing-master, and wrote copies like a schoolboy until he had sufficiently improved himself. Though a corpulent man, he was wonderfully active at picking up tennis-balls, and when asked how he contrived to do so, he playfully replied: "Because 10 I am a very pains-taking man." The same accuracy which he bestowed upon trifling matters 11, was displayed by him in things of greater importance; and 12 he acquired his reputation by "neglecting nothing."S. SMILES.

1, Ohne Mühe kein Gewinn. 2, Ich möchte vorschlagen zu überseßen: 'of the famous Ch. J. Fox', weil dadurch das Verhältnis des Genitivs ganz klar ausgedrückt wird. Charles James For (1749-1806) ward schon 1768 Mitglied des Unterhauses, 1772 Lord des Schages, und bildete 1783 mit North und Portland ein Ministerium, welches jedoch bald dem Ministerium Pitt weichen mußte. Er begann darauf mit Burke und andern eine großartige parlamentarische Opposition gegen Pitt und kämpfte von 1792-97 fast allein gegen eine starke Majorität. Im Jahre 1806, kurz vor seinem Tode, wurde er mit Granville nochmals ans Staatsruder berufen. 3, daß er sich in allem, was er that, die größte Mühe gab. 4, When he was appointed (see N. 7). The verbs machen (to make), ernennen (to appoint), and erwählen (to choose, to elect), and other verbs denoting choosing or appointing, require in German the prep. u contracted with the def. art., whilst in English they govern two Nominatives in the Passive Voice; asDer Freund meines Vaters ist zum Ab- My father's friend has been elected geordneten erwählt worden. a meniber of Parliament.

5, being writing. This clause must be rendered in an altogether different form; let us say and felt hurt by an observation as to (über) his bad handwriting'. To feel hurt by something, sich durch etwas verleßt fühlen. The p. p. must be placed? 6, 'to take', here engagieren; 'actually', here faktisch (see App. § 15); to write copies, sich im Schönschreiben üben; improved himself =improved his hand-writing. 7, Though he was. Grammatical distinctness, as a rule, requires that the subject and copula, which after certain conjunctions are so frequently omitted in English, should be clearly expressed in German. 8, When a subordinate clause, beginning with one of the conjunctions da, obgleich, weil, and wenn, precedes a principal clause, which is often done for the sake of emphasis, the principal clause is generally introduced by the adverbial conjunction so (so, thus, therefore); as— Da es regnet, so können (App. § 15) wir As it is raining, we cannot go out. nicht ausgehen.

'He-balls', so war er im Auffangen der Bälle beim Tennisspiele doch merkwürdig gewandt. 9, 'and-so', say and when (S. 18, N. 6) one asked him how he did (machen) it'. The verb machen should be used in the Pres. Subj., since the clause contains an indirect question (App. §§ 28 and 30). Playfully, scherzend. 10, Weil ich mir stets die größte Mühe gebe. 11, trifling matters, Kleinigkeiten; was importance', say he showed also in more important matters' (Angelegenheiten). 12, and nothing, und er erwarb sich seinen Nuf dadurch, daß er nichts für zu gering erachtete.

Section 28.

THE MAGNA CHARTA1.

3

The great-grandsons of those who had fought under William, and the great-grandsons of those who had fought under Harold, began to 3 draw near to each other in friendship, and the first pledge of their reconciliation was the Great Charter, won by their united exertions, and framed for their common benefit. Here commences the history of the English nation. The history of the preceding events is the history of wrongs inflicted' and sustained by various tribes, which, indeed, all dwelt on English ground, but which regarded each other with aversion such as 10 has scarcely ever existed between communities separated" by physical barriers.-MACAULAY, HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

1, Die Magna Charta' ist der am 19ten Juni 1215 dem König Johann ohne Land abgerungene Staatsgrundvertrag, welcher als Grundlage der englischen Verfassung gilt. 2,' of those-Harold'. These two clauses are best rendered in a contracted form, thus: 'of the men who had fought under W. and H.' 3, to draw near to each other, sich einander nähern; in friendship, freundschaftlich, adv. 4, die Magna Charta. 5, The two clauses containing the two p. ps. must be turned into one contracted relative clause, as explained in S. 7, N. 3, B. Use the verbs in the Impf. of the Passive Voice. To frame, entwerfen. 6, Ereignis, n. 7, The two p. ps. qualifying 'wrongs' (Unbilden) should be placed before that noun, as explained in S. 7, N. 3, A; of, von; to inflict, verüben; to sustain, erleiden; by — tribes, verschiedener Volksstämme. 8, zwar; on= upon; ground = soil. 9, but aversion but (jedoch) showed such an aversion against one another. The Article, when used in connection with adjectives and adverbs, stands in German generally before those words: such an aversion, einen solchen Widerwillen. Since the clause to be translated is in reality but a part of the preceding relative clause, which it completes, the verb must be placed? 10, such as, wie, after which supply the pron. er, to give more distinctness to the rendering; to exist, bestehen; communities = nations. 11, welche durch natürliche Grenzen von einander getrennt sind.

3

Section 29.

HONESTY.

=

Mr.' Denham had been in business at Bristol, had failed', compounded, and gone to America. There, by a close application to business as a merchant, he acquired a plentiful 5 fortune in a few years. Returned" to England, he invited his old creditors to an entertainment, at which he thanked them for the easy terms (S. 16, N. 10) they had favoured him with, and, though the guests had expected nothing but a good treat, every man, at the first remove, found to his astonishment a cheque

9

7

under his plate for 10 the full amount of the unpaid remainder, with interest.-DR. B. FRANKLIN.

1, 'Mr.

Bristol', translate Mr. D. had had a business at (in) B.', and place the object after the adverbial circumstance of place. 2, to fail (in business) fallieren; to compound, accordieren. Verbs from the Latin with the termination ieren do not admit of the prefix or augment ge in the Past Participle, but follow in all other respects the weak or modern form of conjugation. 3, say and was gone to America'. The verb gehen is always construed with fein, which auxiliary is especially used with Intransitive Verbs denoting a Passive State of the subject, a change from one State into another, or a Motion, if the place to which the motion is directed, or from which it proceeds, is either expressed or understood. 4, The words 'he acquired' (erlangen) should, in an inverted form (App. § 14), follow the adverb 'There'; 'bymerchant', durch unablässige kaufmännische Thätigkeit. 5, plentiful = great. For the position of the object see App. § 9. 6, Nach England zurückgekehrt; entertainment = meal; at which, wobei. 7, bequem; terms, Bedingungen. 8, to favour a person with something, einem etwas gewähren (v. tr.); nothing but, nur; treat, Schmaus, m. - plate, fand doch ein jeder nach dem ersten Gange zu seinem Erstaunen unter dem Teller einen Wechsel vor. 10, forinterest = which was issued (ausstellen) for (auf) the full amount of the remaining (rückständig) debt with (nebst) interest.

2

9, every

Section 30.

FORMATION OF A CORAL-ISLAND.

I.

4

It seems to me, that1 when the animalcules, which form the corals at the bottom of the ocean, cease to live, their structures adhere to each other, by virtue either of the glutinous remains within, or of some property in salt-water. The interstices being gradually filled up with sand and broken pieces of coral washed by the sea, which also adhere, a mass of rock is at length formed. Future races of these animalcules erect their habitations upon the rising' bank, and die, in their turn to elevate this monument of their wonderful labours.

5

6

8

1, 'that when the animalcules...ce cease to live'. This clause may be briefly rendered by saying: 'that after the death (Absterben, n.) of the animalcules'. To translate the last noun, form a diminutive of Lier 2, Meeresboden, m. 3, 'their salt-water'. Use the following order of words for rendering this passage: 'their little houses(dim. of Haus) either through the in them contained glutinous remains (Überreste) or through some (irgend eine) property of the salt-water held together are (Pres. of the Passive Voice)'. 4, When the Present Participle is used to denote a logical cause from which we may draw an inference, it must, by the help of the conjunction 'da', be changed into a finite verb, i. e. one with a personal termination, thus:The interstices being gradually filled

up with sand, a mass of rock is at length formed.

Da nun die Zwischenräume allmählich mit Sand ausgefüllt werden, so wird aus dem Ganzen endlich eine Felsenmasse gebildet.

The tense in which the verb is to be used, must always be determined by the context. 5, and-sea, und mit vom Meere herangespülten zerbröckelten Korallen ; it is a matter of course that the verbs must follow this passage. following generations. 7, 'to rise', here sich erheben. Present Participles

6, The

used attributively are inflected like adjectives. Bank = reef.

die

8, 'and

labours', translate and die to (S. 19, N. 7) contribute also in their turn (ihrerseits) to the elevation (Erhöhung, f.) of this monument of their admirable work (Arbeit, f.)'.

Section 31.

FORMATION OF A CORAL-ISLAND.

II.

The new bank is not long in being visited by sea-birds. Salt-plants? take root upon it (S. 4, N. 5, B), and a soil is being formed. A cocoanut, or the drupe of a pandanus is thrown on

4

7

shore. Land-birds

visit it and deposit the seeds of shrubs and trees. Every high tide, and still more every gale, adds something to the bank. The form of an island is gradually assumed, and last of all comes man (S. 3, N. 2) to (S. 19, N. 7) take possession.-M. FLINDERS.

=

=

1, The new coral-reef is (S. 2, N. 1) now soon visited by (von) sea-birds. 2, Sea-plants; to take to strike. 3, und so bildet sich eine Erdschicht. 4, die Frucht einer Panane. Die Panane (Pandanus) ist eine Art Palme und wird auch Pandang (m.) oder Palmnußbaum genannt. 5, an, contracted with the def. art. 6, it the same, to agree with its antecedent ‘shore'; to deposit, zurück'lassen; seeds, Same, m., used in the sing. 7, still more = especially; adds — bank, trägt etwas zur Vergrößerung des Riffs bei. latter (dieses) gradually assumes (an'nehmen) the form of an island. The adv. 'gradually' may be made emphatic; see App. § 14. 9, zuleßt; 'topossession' = to take possession of the same.

2

Section 32.

REYNARD' CAUGHT.

8, The

A fox observed some fowls at roost, and wished to gain access to them by smooth speeches. "I have charming news to tell you,” he 5 said. "The animals have concluded an agreement of universal peace with one another. Come down and celebrate with me this decree 8. An old cock, who was well on his guard, looked cautiously all around, and the fox, perceiving (S. 16, N. 4) this, inquired 10 the reason. "I was

11

9

only observing those two dogs which are coming this way 12," replied the cock. Reynard prepared 13 to set off. "What 14," cried the cock, "have not the animals concluded an agreement of universal peace?" "Yes," returned the fox, "but those dogs (S. 5, N. 2) perhaps have not yet 15 heard of it (S. 4, N. 5, B)."— ANONYMOUS.

=

1, Der überlistete Reineke (or Reinhard). 2, to observe to see; at rcost, auf ihrer Stange sizen. 3, to-speeches, durch glatte Worte ihrer habhaft zu werden. 4, charming news something pleasant. To render 'you' use the dat. of the persnl. pron. of the 2nd pers. pl. For the construction see App. § 7. 5, The words indicating the speaker, after a quotation, must be rendered in an inverted form (see App. § 13). 6, to conclude, abschließen, str. v. tr.; the agreement of universal peace, der allgemeine Friedensvertrag; to come down, herun'terfommen; supply the adv. also between the verb and the separable particle. 7, feiern. 8, Beschluß, m. 9, to look all around, sich nach allen Seiten um'sehen. 10, to inquire the reason, sich nach der Ursache erkundigen. 11, I was observing = I observed (beobachten).

Which are coming which come. The English compound forms of the verb with the auxiliary and the present participle, and of the verb 'to do' with the infinitive (I do come = I come. I did come = I came), must be rendered by the corresponding simple forms. 12, dieses Weges. zum Davonlaufen bereit machen. 15, 'not yet', here noch nichts.

13, fich

THE1

14, Wie. Section 33.

MEANS OF CONVEYANCE IN THE TIME OF

CHARLES II.
I.

7

2

5

9

4

8

Heavy articles were (S. 2, N. 1) in the time of Charles II generally conveyed from place to place by waggons. The expense of transmitting them was enormous. From London to Birmingham the charge was £7 a ton, and from London to Exeter £12, which is a third more than was afterwards charged on turnpike-roads, and fifteen times more than is now demanded by 10 railway companies. Coal was seen only in districts where it was produced 12, or 13 to which it could be carried by sea, and 1 was, indeed, always known in the South of England by the name of sea-coal.

14

1, Die Beförderungsmittel zur Zeit Karls des Zweiten. 2, objects. 3, Lastwagen, which place after 'generally'. 4, 'The them', may be briefly rendered by the compound noun 'Die Transportkosten'. It may here be pointed out that the German language lends itself more easily than any other living language to the formation of compound expressions. Many advantages result from this adaptability of the language to express in one single term which, otherwise, would require a number of words; but the greatest of these advantages seems to me to lie in the power it gives us to avoid the too frequent use of the Genitive, a power which, if rightly wielded, will impart great vigour, conciseness, and elegance to the student's style of writing. 5, were extraordinary high (groß). 6, nach; 'charge', here Fracht, f.; 'to be', here betragen; £7, sieben Pfund Sterling. 7, The def. art. is used in stating the price of goods, when the English use the indef. art.; as— Dieser Kattun kostet fünfzig Pfennige die

Elle.

This cotton is sixpence a yard. (10 pfennigs = 1d.)

8, The pron. which' referring to a whole clause, and not to a particular word in that clause, should be rendered by the indef. rel. pron. was; as—

She acted without thinking about the consequences, which was very wrong.

9, berechnen; turnpike-road, Chaussee, f. to demand, beanspruchen.

Sie handelte, ohne über die Folgen nachzudenken, was sehr unrecht war.

10, von, followed by the def. art.; 11, Steinkohlen, used in the pl. without the art. Use the active voice with man, S. 4, N. 4. 12, gewinnen. 13, or - sea, oder wohin sie verschifft werden konnten. 14, Say 'and it was (sie wurden) in the South of England therefore (daher auch) only called sea-coal (Schiffskohlen)'.

Section 34.

THE MEANS OF CONVEYANCE IN THE TIME OF

CHARLES II.
II.

The rich1 (S. 5, N. 2) commonly travelled in their own iron carriages with at least four horses. A coach and six is in our time never seen,