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except as part of some procession. The frequent mention, therefore, of such equipages in old books is likely to mislead us. We attribute to magnificence what was really the effect of disagreeable necessity. People in the time of Charles II travelled with six horses, because 9 with a smaller number there was danger of sticking 10 fast in the mire.— Abridged from MACAULAY'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

1, Adjectives used as nouns are declined as they would be if the noun, which is understood, were to follow them. They are always written with a capital initial. 2, in ihren eigenen mit wenigstens vier Pferden bespannten eisernen Kutschen. 3, 'A seen'. This clause must be construed thus: 'Except (Außer) in processions a coach and six (eine sechsspännige Kutsche, see App. § 14) is now never seen'. Supply the words 'bei uns' before the p. p. 4, Staatsfuhrwerke; therefore ... is likely to mislead us = can therefore easily mislead (irre führen) us. The object 'us' must be placed immediately after the copula can'. 5, Wir schreiben der Prachtliebe zu. 6, really in reality; 'effect', here = consequence. 7, Say 'of a'. 8, One (S. 5, N, 2).

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9, because there was danger, weil man ... Gefahr lief; 'small', here gering. 10, to stick fast, stecken bleiben. Use the Supine, for: When the English Gerund (i.e. the verbal in -ing) is governed by a noun, a verb, or an adjective, it is generally rendered by the Supine. Comp. S. 78, N. 14. Examples: He possesses the gift of speaking well. Do not begin talking!

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Er befißt die Gabe gut zu spreche n.
Fangen Sie nicht an zu sprechen!

Section 35.

SIR1 WILLIAM HERSCHEL.

When pursuing his musical avocations in the pump-room at Bath, Sir William Herschel had a small workshop close at hand, and when (S. 18, N. 6) the exacting loungers in the pump-room admitted of a pause in the music, he slipped off 5 to (S. 19, N. 7) complete the polishing of a speculum, or the grinding of a lens. Scarcely, however, had he heard the signal, when he was ready to snatch up his instrument and 1o to be the first in the orchestra. Thus 11 he gathered up the fragments of time, and this made (S. 27, N. 4) him at last the friend of monarchs 12, and the first 18 of astronomers.-REV. DR. LEITCH.

1, Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel (später Sir William Herschel) wurde am 15ten Nov. 1738 in Hannover geboren. Er kam als Musiker nach England, beschäftigte sich jedoch in seinen Mußestunden eingehend mit der Astronomie, welcher er sich endlich ganz widmete. Er entdeckte mit selbst verfertigten Spiegelteleskopen von bis dahin unbekannter Größe den Uranus, zwei Saturnsmonde, zahlreiche Doppelsterne, Sternhaufen und Nebelflecken, und lieferte höchst wichtige Beobachtungen über die Planeten. Diese Entdeckungen, welche der Welt durch die von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften veröffentlichten Journale mitgetheilt wurden, machten ihn bald zum berühmten Manne. Er wurde von dem Könige Georg III zum königlichen Astronomen ernannt und genoß Ehre, Ruhm und Wohlstand, als er am 25sten Aug. 1822 zu Slough bei Windsor starb. Es ist unmöglich, hier nicht auch zugleich seiner geliebten Schrzester Karoline zu gedenken, welche mit seltener Hingebung sich den Bestrebungen und Arbeiten des älteren Bruders anschloß und so nicht wenig zu den glänzenden Erfolgen dieses großen und höchst merkwürdigen Mannes beitrug. Sie starb im Jahre 1848 in ihrer Vaterstadt Hannover. Ihre unlängst veröffentlichten Memoiren und Briefe verdienen im höchsten Grade das allgemeine Interesse, welches sie nicht allein in Deutschland, sondern auch in England hervorgerufen haben. 2, This passage requires a different construction in

German, thus: 'When Sir W. H. was still officiating (fungieren, see S. 32, N. 11) in the pump-room (Trinkhalle) at Bath as a member of the band (Kapelle), he had', etc. 3, close at hand, ganz in der Nähe, which place before the object. 4, die vielbegehrenden Müßiggänger; to admit of something, etwas gestatten, w. v. tr. 5, hinaus' schlüpfen. 6, Spiegel, m. 7, Schleifen, n. 8, das Zeichen zum Anfangen. 9, when ready, so war er auch schon bereit; and - first and as the first to

to snatch up, ergreifen, see S. 1, N. 2. take (ein'nehmen) his place.

10,

11, Thus

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time = Thus (So, adv.) he used

every spare-moment; the spare-moment, der freie Augenblick. here Fürst. 13, zum ersten Astronomen seiner Zeit.

Section 36.

THE AIR-OCEAN.

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I.

12, 'monarch',

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Enveloping this solid globe of ours are two oceans, one 3 partial, and the other universal. 4 There is the ocean of water, which has 5 settled down into all the depressions of the earth's surface 7, leaving dry above it all the high lands, as mountain-ranges, continents, and islands; and there is an ocean of air, which enwraps 10 the whole in one transparent mantle.

Through the bosom of that ocean, like fishes with their fins (App. § 14), birds 12 and other winged creatures swim; whilst man 13 and other mamalia creep like 1 crabs at the bottom of this aerial sea 15.

1, Das Luftmeer. 2, Say 'Two oceans envelop (umgeben) our solid globe (Grifugel). 3, the one partial (teilweise) and the other universal (ganz). The subsequent sentence is best introduced by a colon (:), which we use to direct attention to what is following. The words 'There is' must then be omitted. 4, das Weltmeer. 5, 'which all', say 'which fills (erfüllen) all'. 6, Vertiefung, f. 7, To render 'of the earth's surface', form a compound noun by combining the corresponding German terms of the nouns 'earth' and 'surface'.

A. When the component parts of Compound Nouns are substantives, we combine them often without any connecting link; as—das Lasttier, beast of burden; das Stadtviertel, the quarter of a town, ward.

B. Neither do we require a connecting link for the formation of Compound Nouns the first component of which is an adjective or a particle; as-die Großmutter, grandmother; das Unglück, misfortune; der Urquell, fountainhead.

C. The Gender of Compound Nouns (with the exception of a few compounds with Mut, m.) is determined by the last component, which is always

a noun.

8, 'leaving-islands'. This passage may be rendered thus: 'so that all the high lands (Erhöhungen), as (wie) mountain-ranges, etc. ... rise dry above the same; to rise, sich erheben. 9, und das Luftmeer. 10, umhüllen; say 'the whole globe' (Kugel, f.); 'in', here mit. 11, In this ocean of air. 12, Since

the four subsequent nouns in this passage represent a whole class, the def. art. is required before each (S. 3, N. 2). 13, Use this noun in the plural, since the noun with which it is connected by the conj. 'and' stands in the same number. 14, gleich Krebsen; to creep, umher friechen. The word 'whilst' being a subordinative conj., the verb must be placed? 15, Luftmeer.

Section 37.

THE AIR- OCEAN.

II.

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The air-ocean, which everywhere1 surrounds the earth, and feeds and maintains it, is even 2 more simple, more grand, and more majestic than the world of waters'; more 3 6 varied and changeful in its moods of storm and calm, of ebb and flow, of brightness and gloom. The 5 atmosphere is, indeed, a wonderful thing, a most perfect example of the economy of nature. Deprived of air, no animal would live, no plant would grow, no flame would burn, no light would be diffused. The air, too, is the sole medium of sound. Without it, mountains might fall, but 10 it would be in perfect silence. Neither whisper 11 nor thunders 12 would 13 ever be heard.-MAURY, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE SEA. 1, Place the adverb before the verb. 2, sogar noch. 3, jene mächtige Wasserwelt, after which put a full stop and begin a new sentence. 4, This passage may be construed thus: 'It offers a greater variety (Mannigfaltigkeit) and changeableness in the transitions from storm to (zu) calm, from ebb to flow, and from light to gloom (Dunkel, n.)'. The article (which, if practicable, should be contracted with the preceding preposition) must be used with the last six nouns, see S. 3, N. 2. 5, Der Luftkreis ist in der That höchst wunderbar und gewährt ein vollendetes Beispiel von dem haushälterischen Wesen der Natur. 6, Without (App. § 14); would = could, Impf. Subj. 7, und fein Licht sich verbrei'ten. 8, Also (def. art.) sound can only be transmitted (fort'pflanzen) through the air. 9, might could; to fall, ein'stürzen. yet the prevailing silence would not be interrupted'. 12, lauten Donner, acc.

acc.

voice with the indef. pron. man.

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10, Say 'and 11, leises Geflüster, 13, 'would-heard', use the active

Section 38.

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CHEERFUL1 CHURCH-MUSIC.

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When the poet Carpani inquired of his friend Haydn how it happened that his church-music was always so cheerful, the great composer made the following beautiful reply:

"I cannot make it otherwise," said he, "I write according to the thoughts I feel. When I think of God, my heart is so full of joy that (App. § 16) the 1o notes dance and leap, as it were, from my pen; and since God has given me a cheerful heart, it " will be pardoned me that 12 I serve him with a cheerful spirit.”—Rev. R. K. Arvine.

1, fröhlich. 2, inquired of = asked. 3, Joseph Haydn (geb. den 31sten März 1732 zu Nehrau in Östreich, + den 31sten Mai 1809 in Wien, bildete sich durch eigenes Studium in der Musik aus und lebte dann namentlich als Kapellmeister des Fürsten Esterhazy in Wien. Er ist der Schöpfer der Symphonie und des Streichquartetts; auch hat er sich durch die Begründung der neueren Instrumentationskunst ein besonderes Verdienst erworben. Seine Werke sind ebenso zahlreich, wie mannigfaltig; durch die beiden Oratorien: Die Schöpfung' (1799) und die Jahreszeiten' (1801) hat er jedoch seinen Namen mit ehernen Lettern in die Geschichte der Kunst eingetragen. 4, Use the Pres. Subj. of femmen, since the clause contains an indirect question; see App. §§ 28 and 30. 5, was cheerful, stets einen so fröhlichen Charakter trage. 6, to make a reply, eine Antwort geben; 'beautiful', here

finnig; for the construction see App. § 15. 7, anders; for the place of the negation see App. § 12. 8, Translate the passage 'I write - feel' briefly by saying: 'I write just as (so wie) I feel', since it would not be in accordance with the genius of the German language to render the sentence in a literal way. (Gedanken kann man nicht fühlen.) 9, Denke ich an Gott, so ist, etc.; full of, voller. 10, Construe this clause after the following model: The notes danced and lept, as it Die Noten tanzten und hüpften ihm were, from his pen. gleichsam aus der Feder. 12, that = if.

11, so wird man mir hoffentlich verzeihen.

Section 39.

OUR INDUSTRIAL1 INDEPENDENCE DEPENDS UPON OURSELVES.

Truer 2 words were never uttered than those spoken by Mr. Dargan, the Irish railway-contractor, at a public meeting in Dublin.

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"I have heard a great deal," he said, "about the independence that we are to get from this or that source, yet I have always been deeply impressed with the conviction, that our industrial independence depends upon ourselves. Simple industry and careful exactness would be the making of Ireland. We have, it is true, made a step in advance, but perseverance is 10 indispensably necessary for eventual success."-S. SMILES. 1, industriell. 2, A greater truth than that which Mr. D., the Irish railway-contractor (Eisenbahn-Unternehmer), spoke (aus sprechen) at (in) a public meeting in (zu) Dublin, has never been uttered. 3, The words 'he said' should follow here; see S. 32, N. 5. 4, a great deal = much.

5, are

6, yet

9, it is

to get, erlangen sollen; for the construction see App. § 16; from, aus. I have always had the firm conviction. Render 'to have' here by hegen. 7, schlicht; industry', here Fleiß, m.; careful, streng; exactness, Pflichterfüllung, f. 8, would establish (begründen) Ireland's prosperity (Wohlstand, m.). true, war; see S. 15, N. 3; 'to make', here thun; in advance, vorwärts. 10, Here follow the words 'for (zu, contracted with the def. art.) eventual (eventuell) success'.

Section 40.

ENGLAND'S1 TREES.

The principal native trees are the oak, ash, elm, poplar, aspen, birch, larch, alder, hawthorn, hazel, and willow. The beech, maple, horse-chestnut, Spanish chestnut, walnut, sycamore, acacia, weeping willow, cedar, and Lombardy poplar have been introduced.

The moist climate of England is eminently suited to the growth of9 forest-trees, and we find that in ancient times the larger part of the country presented one 10 vast scene of forest, as 11 the 12 uncleared districts of America do now. 13 The few scattered patches of natural wood which remain, show 14 what was once the character of nearly the whole country.-HEWITT, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ENGLAND AND Wales.

1, See S. 14, N. 3.

2, einheimisch. is repeated in this passage only when the gender or number from the preceding one. echte Kastanie. 6, der Wallnußbaum.

3, die Eiche. The article subsequent noun is of different 4, die Roßkastanie. 5, die 7, Englands. 8, to be suited

to a thing, einer Sache zu'träglich sein; eminently, außerordentlich, which place before ‘zuträglich'. 9, Use the gen. of the def. art. The definite article should be used in all cases where an object is individualised or singled out from 10, one forest = an almost uninterrupted scene of forest, 11, as... do now, wie noch jest. 12, die ungelichteten 13, The remain, Die wenigen zerstreut liegenden Überreste 14, Say 'show the character which formerly belonged

other objects. Waldlandschaft, f. Waldgegenden. natürlicher Gehölze.

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almost to the whole country'.

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Section 41.

THE INDIAN CHIEF 1.

I.

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During the war in America, a company of Indians attacked a small body of British troops, and defeated them. As the Indians had greatly the advantage in swiftness of foot, and were eager in the pursuit, very few of the English escaped; and those who fell into their hands. were treated with a cruelty of which there are not many examples, even in that country.

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The 14

Two of the Indians came up 10 to a young officer, and attacked him with great fury. As they were armed with battle-axes, he had no hope of escape. But, just at 12 this crisis, another Indian came up 18, who was advanced in years, and was armed with a bow and arrows. old man instantly drew his bow; but, after 15 having taken his aim at the officer, he suddenly dropped his arrow, and 16 interposed between the young soldier and his pursuers, who were about 17 to cut him to pieces. The two Indians retired with respect.

the same.

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1, Der Indianerhäuptling. 2, Haufe, m. 3, Schar, f. 4, troops soldiers. 5, to defeat, in die Flucht schlagen. 6, When the conjunction 'as' stands for 'since', it must be rendered by 'da'. 7, had foot, den Britten im Laufen bedeutend überlegen waren; and — pursuit – and eagerly pursued For the following clause see S. 27, N. 8, and say 'only few of the Britons succeeded to escape (davon'kommen)'. I ́succeed, es gelingt mir. 8, welche den Indianern in die Hände fielen. 9, there are, es giebt. The subject 'es', which must be placed immediately after the relative pronoun, should be followed by the adverbial clause 'even in that country'. 10, to come up to a person, sich einem nähern. 12, at = in; crisis critical (entscheidungsvoll) moment. 13, to come up to appear; arrows= of advanced (vorgeschritten) age and armed with bow and 14, der Alte; to draw, spannen; immediately, unverzüglich, which may be emphasized by being placed at the head of the clause (App. § 14). 15, Say after he had aimed (zielen) at (auf) the officer'; to drop, fallen lassen. 16, and interposed, und stellte sich. 17, to be about, im Begriff sein; to cut to pieces, zerstückeln; with respect = respectfully.

who

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arrows.

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The old man then took the officer by the hand, soothed him into confidence by caresses, and, having conducted him to his hut, treated him with a kindness which did honour to his professions. He made (S. 27,

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