NOTE 125, p. 40, col. 2. — There was a portal in the English fort, to beggars. It is true that Agnes had a daughter who lived

NOTE 127, p. 41, col. 1.- Plucking from the shield the severed fossor on her assurance complied with. After this she uttered

and then thrust it through his body, and killed him on the spot. This done, he went into an adjoining room where his children lay, and finding his wife hid under the coverlid of their bed, dragged her thence by the arm along the ground, and struck her between the shoulders with his sword. On her raising herself on her knees he ran his sword through her breast, and she fell down dead. He sent her body for interment to the abbey of Coulens, where her obsequies were performed, and he caused the huntsman to be buried in the garden of the house wherein he had been killed. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 233.

walls or rampart, which were always defended by an embattled or crenellated parapet. - Grose.

The fortifications of the middle ages differed in this respect from those of the ancients. When the besiegers had gained the summit of the wall, the descent on the other side was safe and easy. But "the ancients did not generally support their walls on the inside with earth in the manner of the talus or slope, which made the attacks more dangerous. For though the enemy had gained some footing upon them, he could not assure himself of taking the city. It was necessary to get down, and to make use of some of the ladders by which he had mounted; and that descent exposed the soldier to very " Rollin.

NOTE 130, p. 42, col. 1.- ....... and would that I had lived great danger."

NOTE 137, p. 45, col. 1.- Behind the guardian pavais fenced. The pavais, or pavache, was a large shield, or rather a portable mantlet, capable of covering a man from head to foot, and probably of sufficient thickness to resist the missive weapons then in use. These were in sieges carried by servants, whose business it was to cover their masters with them,

NOTE 131, p. 42, col. 2. Then was that noble heart of whilst they, with their bows and arrows, shot at the enemy

Douglas pierced.

The heart of Bruce was, by his own dying will, intrusted to Douglas to bear it to Jerusalem. This is one of the finest stories in the whole age of chivalrous history. Douglas inshrined the heart in a golden case, and wore it round his neck; he landed in Spain on his way, and stopped to assist the Castillians against the Moors, probably during the siege of Algeziras. There, in the heat of action, he took the heart from his neck, and cast it into the thick of the enemy, exclaiming, as Barbour has it,

"Now pass thou forth before

As thou wast wont in fight to be,

And I shall follow or else die."

on the ramparts. As this must have been a service of danger, it was that perhaps which made the office of scutifer honorable. The pavais was rectangular at the bottom, but rounded off above: it was sometimes supported by props. - Grose.

NOTE 138, p. 45, col. 1.- With all their mangonels. Mangonel is a term comprehending all the smaller engines.

NOTE 139, p. 45, col. 1.- Tortoises

The tortoise was a machine composed of very strong and solid timber work. The height of it to its highest beam, which sustained the roof, was twelve feet. The base was

In this action he perished, and from that time the bloody square, and each of its fronts twenty-five feet. It was heart has been borne by the family.

covered with a kind of quilted mattress made of raw hides, and prepared with different drugs to prevent its being set on fire by combustibles. This heavy machine was supported upon four wheels, or perhaps upon eight. It was called tortoise from its serving as a very strong covering and defence against the enormous weights thrown down on it; those under it being safe in the same manner as a tortoise under his shell. It was used both to fill up the fosse, and for sapping. It may not be improper to add, that it is believed, so enormous a weight could not be moved from place to place on wheels, and that it was pushed forward on rollers. Under these wheels or rollers, the way was laid with strong planks to facilitate its motion, and prevent its sinking into the ground, from whence it would have been very difficult to have removed it. The ancients have observed that the roof had a thicker cover

NOTE 133, p. 44, col. 1.- Gazing with such a look as though ing, of hides, hurdles, sea-weed, &c. than the sides, as it was

she fear'd

"The besiegers having carried the bayle, brought up their machines and established themselves in the counterscarp, began under cover of their cats, sows, or tortoises, to drain the ditch, if a wet one, and also to fill it up with hurdles and fascines, and level it for the passage of their movable towers. Whilst this was doing, the archers, attended by young men carrying shields (pavoises), attempted with their arrows to drive the besieged from the towers and ramparts, being themselves covered by these portable mantlets. The garrison on their part essayed by the discharge of machines, cross and long bows, to keep the enemy at a distance."- Grose.

NOTE 141, p. 45, col. 2.

--....... He bore an arbalist himself, A weapon for its sure destructiveness Abominated once.

NOTE 136, p. 45, col. 1. — The embattled wall. The outermost walls enclosing towns or fortresses were commonly perpendicular, or had a very small external talus. They were flanked by semi-circular, polygonal, or square towers, commonly about forty or fifty yards distant from each other. Within were steps to mount the terre-pleine of the to a decree of the second Lateran council held in 1139. “Ar

The cross-bow was for some time laid aside in obedience

tem illam mortiferam et Deo odibilem ballistariorum adversus | nine weeks, in which time he had made two vast belfroys or christianes et catholicos exercere de cætero sub anathemate prohibemus." This weapon was again introduced into our armies by Richard I., who being slain with a quarrel shot from one of them, at the siege of the castle of Chaluz in Normandy, it was considered as a judgment from heaven inflicted upon him for his impiety. Guillaume le Breton, relating the death of this king, puts the following into the mouth of Atropos :

Hac volo, non aliâ Richardum morte perire,
Ut qui Francigenis balliste primitus usum
Tradidit, ipse sui rem primitus experiatur,
Quemque alios docuit in se vim sentiat artis.

Grose.

NOTE 142, p. 45, col. 2.-. . . who kneeling by the trebuchet,
Charged its long sling with death.

bastilles of massy timber, with three stages or floors; each of the belfroys running on four huge wheels, bound about with thick hoops of iron; and the sides and other parts that any ways respected the town were covered with raw hides, thick laid, to defend the engines from fire and shot. In every one of these stages were placed an hundred archers, and between the two bastilles, there were two hundred men with pickaxes and mattocks. From these six stages six hundred archers shot so fiercely all altogether, that no man could appear at his defence without a sufficient punishment: so that the belfroys being brought upon wheels by the strength of men over a part of the ditch, which was purposely made plain and level by the faggots and earth and stones cast upon them, the two hundred pioneers plyed their work so well under the protection of these engines, that they made a considerable breach through the walls of the town."

their shafts.

From the trebuchet they discharged many stones at once by a sling. It acted by means of a great weight fastened to the NOTE 149, p. 46, col. 1.—Archers, through the opening, shot short arm of a lever, which being let fall, raised the end of the long arm with a great velocity A man is represented kneeling to load one of these in an ivory carving, supposed to be of the age of Edward II.- Grose.

NOTE 143, p. 45, col. 2. - He in the groove the feather'd quarrel placed.

The archers and cross-bowmen from the upper stories in the movable towers essayed to drive away the garrison from the parapets, and on a proper opportunity to let fall a bridge, by that means to enter the town. In the bottom story was often a large ram. Grose.

Quarrels, or carreaux, were so called from their heads, NOTE 150, p. 46, col. 2.—And from the arbalist the fire-tipt which were square pyramids of iron.

dart

Shot burning through the sky.

Against the movable tower there were many modes of defence. The chief was to break up the ground over which it was to pass, or by undermining it to overthrow it. Attempts were likewise made to set it on fire, to prevent which it was covered with raw hides, or coated over with alum. - Grose.

NOTE 151, p. 46, col. 2.

On the ramparts lowered from
above
The bridge reclines.

These bridges are described by Rollin in the account of the moving towers which he gives from Vegetius:-"The moving towers are made of an assemblage of beams and strong planks, not unlike a house. To secure them against the fires thrown

by the besieged, they are covered with raw hides, or with

pieces of cloth made of hair. Their height is in proportion to their base. They are sometimes thirty feet square, and sometimes forty or fifty. They are higher than the walls or even towers of the city. They are supported upon several wheels according to mechanic principles, by the means of which the machine is easily made to move, how great soever it may be. The town is in great danger if this tower can approach the walls; for it has stairs from one story to another, and includes

NOTE 147, p. 46, col. 1.— A ponderous stone from some huge different methods of attack. At bottom it has a ram to batter

martinet.

the wall, and on the middle story a draw-bridge, made of two Le lendemain vindrent deux maistres engingneurs au duc de beams with rails of basket-work, which lets down easily upon Normandie, qui dirent que, si on leur vouloit livrer boys et ou- the wall of a city, when within the reach of it. The besiegers vriers, il feroient quatre eschauffaulx et haule que on meneroit pass upon this bridge, to make themselves masters of the wall. auz murs du chastel, et seroient si haulz q'lz surmonteroient les Upon the higher stories are soldiers armed with partisans and Le duc commanda q'lz le feissent, et fist prendre tous les missive weapons, who keep a perpetual discharge upon the charpentiers du pays, et payer largement. Si furent faitz ces works. When affairs are in this posture, a place seldom held quatre eschauffaulx en quatre grosses nefz, mais on y mist longue-out long. For what can they hope who have nothing to conment et cousterent grans deniers. Si y fist on les gens entrer fide in but the height of their ramparts, when they see others q'a ceulx du chastel devoient combattre. Quant ilz eurent passe suddenly appear which command them?" la moitie de la riviere, ceulx du chastel desclinquerent quatre martinet: qlz avoient faitz nouvellement pour remedier contre lesditz eschaufaulz. Ces quatre martinetz gettoient si grosses pierres et si souvent sur ses eschauffault q'lz furent bien tost froissez tant NOTE 152, p. 47, col. 1.—. que les gensdarmes et ceulx que les conduisoient ne se peurent dedans garantir. Si se retirerent arriere le plus tost quilz peurent. Et ainçois q'lz fussent oultre la riviere lung des eschauffaulx fut enfondre au fons de leaue. Froissart, I. ff. 82.

NOTE 148, p. 46, col. 1.— A moving tower the men of Orleans wheel.

The following extract from the History of Edward III. by Joshua Barnes contains a full account of these moving towers. "Now the earl of Darby had layn before Reule more than

The towers or belfreys of modern times rarely exceeded three or four stages or stories.

the brass-wing'd darts Whirl as they pierce the victim. These darts were called viretons, from their whirling about in the air.

NOTE 153, p. 47, col. 1.- Corineus. "And here, with leave bespoken to recite a grand fable, though dignified by our best poets, while Brutus on a certain festival day, solemnly kept on that shore where he first landed, was with the people in great jollity and mirth, a crew of these savages breaking in among them, began on the sudden another

sort of game than at such a meeting was expected. But at Jength by many hands overcome, Goemagog the hugest, in height twelve cubits, is reserved alive, that with him Corineus who desired nothing more, might try his strength; whom in a wrestle the giant catching aloft, with a terrible hugg broke three of his ribs: nevertheless Corineus enraged heaving him up by main force, and on his shoulders bearing him to the next high rock, threw him headlong all shattered into the sea, and left his name on the cliff, called ever since Langoemagog, which is to say, the giant's leap."-Milton's Hist. of England.

The expression brute vastness is taken from the same work of Milton, where he relates the death of Morindus. "Well fitted to such a beastial cruelty was his end; for hearing of a huge monster that from the Irish sea infested the coast, and in the pride of his strength foolishly attempting to set manly valor against a brute vastness, when his weapons were all in vain, by that horrible mouth he was catched up and devoured."

NOTE 154, p. 47, col. 2. — This is a favor.

"The tournelles adjoining to the bridge was kept by Glacidas (one of the most resolute captains among the English,) having well encouraged his men to defend themselves and to fight for their lives.

Sir Roberd le Fitz Roy is name shall be.
Sire, quoth this maid tho, that is vayr name
As woo seith all his life and of great fame.

Ac wat shold his sone hote thanne and other that of him come,
Sone might hii hote noght thereof nameth gone.
The king understood that the maid ne sede non outrage,
And that Gloucestre was chief of hyre eritage.
Damaseile he syde tho, thi louerd shall abbe a name
Vor him and vor his heirs vayr without blame.
Vor Roberd earle of Gloucestre is name shall be and yis,
Vor he shall be earle of Gloucestre and his heirs ywis.
Sire, quoth this maid tho, well liketh me this,
In this forme ichole that all my thyng be his.
Thus was earle of Gloucestre first ymade there
As this Roberd of all thulke that long byvore were,
This was enleve hundred yeare, and in the ninth yeer right
After that ure louerd was in his moder alygt."

NOTE 157, p. 48, col. 2. The engines shower'd their sheets of liquid fire.

The skirmish begins at nine of the clock in the morning, and the ladders are planted. A storm of English arrows falls upon our men with such violence as they recoiled. How now!' saith the Virgin, have we begun so well to end so ill? When the Black Prince attacked the castle of Romorantin, let us charge! they are our own, seeing God is on our side!' "there was slain hard by him an English esquire named Jacob so every one recovering his forces, flocks about the Virgin. Bernard, whereat the prince was so displeased, that he took The English double the storm upon the thickest of the troops. his most solemn oath, and sware by his father's soul not to The Virgin fighting in the foremost ranks and encouraging leave the siege, till he had the castle and all within at his her men to do well was shot through the arm with an arrow; mercy. Then the assault was renewed much hotter than ever, she, nothing amazed, takes the arrow in one hand and her till at last the prince saw there was no likelihood of prevailing sword in the other, 'This is a favor!' says she, let us go that way. Wherefore presently he gave order to raise certain on they cannot escape the hand of GOD!"" engines, wherewith they cast combustible matter enflamed Chapelain has dilated this exclamation of the Maid into a after the manner of wild fire into the base court so fast, and ridiculous speech.

NOTE 155, p. 47, col. 2.- Glacidas.

I can make nothing English of this name. Monstrellet calls him Clacedas and Clasendas. Daniel says the principal leaders of the English were Suffolk, Talbot, Scales, Fastolffe, et un nommé Glacidas ou Clacidas, dont le mérite suppléant à la naissanne, l'avoit fait parvenir aux premières charges de l'armée.

The importance attached to a second name is well exemplified by an extract in Selden, relating to "the creation of Robert earle of Glocester natural sonne to king Henry I. The king having speech with Mabile the sole daughter and heire of Robert Fitz Hayman lord of Glocester, told her (as it is reported in an old English rithmical story attributed to one Robert of Glocester,) that

-he seold his sone to her spousing avonge,
This maid was ther agen, and withsaid it long.

The king of sought her suithe ynou, so that atten ende
Mabile him answered, as gode maide and hende,
Syre, heo sede, well ichot, that your hert op me is,
More vor mine eritage than vor my sulve iwis.
So vair critage as ich abbe, it were me grete shame,
Vor to abbe an louerd, bote he had an tuoname.

Sir Roberd le Fitz Haim my faders name was,

in such quantities, that at last the whole court seemed to be one huge fire. Whereupon the excessive heat prevailed so, that it took hold of the roof of a great tower, which was covered with reed, and so began to spread over all the castle. Now therefore when these valiant captains within saw, that of necessity they must either submit entirely to the prince's courtesy, or perish by the most merciless of elements, they all together came down and yielded themselves absolutely to his grace." -Joshua Barnes.

NOTE 158, p. 49, col. 1. The oriflamme of death. The oriflamme was a standard erected to denote that no quarter would be given. It is said to have been of red silk, adorned and beaten with very broad and fair lilies of gold, and bordered about with gold and vermilion. Le Moyne has given it a suitable escort :

Ensuite l'oriflamme ardent et lumineuse,

Marche sur un grand char, dont la forme est affreuse.
Quatre enormes dragons d'un or ombre ecaillez,
Et de

pourpre, d'azur, et de vert emaillez,
Dans quelque occasion que le besoin le porte,
Luy font une pompeuse et formidable escorte
Dans leur terribles yeux des grenas arrondis,
De leur feu, de leur sang, font peur aux plus hardis,
Et si ce feu paroist allumer leur audace,
Aussi paroist ce sang animer leur menace.
Le char roulant sous eux, il semble au roulement,
Qu'il les fasse voler avecque sifflement :

Et de la poudre, en l'air, il se fait des fumées
A leur bouches du vent et du bruit animées.
Philip is said by some historians to have erected the ori-
flamme at Cressy, where Edward in return raised up his burn-
ing dragon, the English signal for no quarter. The oriflamme
was originally used only in wars against the Infidels, for it

And that ne might noght be his that of his kunne noght was a sacred banner, and believed to have been sent from

grows very hot. Our men, greatly encouraged by the Virgin, | ran fiercely on the project, especially when clapt on with run headlong to the bastion and force a point thereof; then conscience and encouragement from a church-man in the lawfire and stones rain so violently, as the English being amazed, fulness thereof. An undertaking of those vast dimensions, forsake their defences: some are slain upon the place, some that the greatest covetousness might spread, and highest amthrow themselves down headlong, and fly to the tower upon bition reach itself within the bounds thereof. If to promote the bridge. In the end this brave Glacidas abandons this this project, the Abbeys advanced not only large and liberal, quarter, and retires into the base court upon the bridge, and but vast and incredible sums of money, it is no wonder if they after him a great number of his soldiers. The bridge greatly were contented to have their nails pared close to the quick shaken with artillery, tryed by fire, and overcharged with the thereby to save their fingers. Over goes king Henry into weight of this multitude, sinks into the water with a fearful France, with many martial spirits attending him, so that putery, carrying all this multitude with it. De Serres. ting the king upon the seeking of a new Crown, kept the Abbots' old Mitres upon their heads; and Monasteries tottering at this time, were (thank a politic Archbishop) refixed on the firm foundations, though this proved rather a reprieve than a pardon unto them. - Fuller's Church History, B. 6, p. 302.

This circumstance has been magnified into a miracle. "The French, for the most part, draw the institution of the order of St. Michael principally from a purpose that Charles had to make it, after the apparition of the archangel upon Orleans bridge, as the tutelary angell of France assisting against the English in 1428."— Selden's Titles of Honor.

The expressions are somewhat curious in the patent of this crdre de Monsieur St. Michael Archange. Louis XI. instituted it "à la gloire et louange de Dieu nostre createur tout puissant, et reverence de la glorieuse vierge Marie, à l'honneur et reverence de St. Michael, premier chevalier, qui par la querelle de Dieu, battaile contre l'ancien enemy de l'humain lignage, et le fit tresbucher de Ciel."

NOTE 160, p. 49, col. 2. —.

The archbishop of Bourges explained to the king, in the hall of the bishop of Winchester, and in the presence of the dukes of Clarence, Bedford and Gloucester, brothers to the king, and of the lords of the council, clergy, chivalry and populace, the objects of his embassy. The archbishop spoke first in Latin, and then in the Walloon language, so eloquently and wisely, that both English and French who heard him were greatly surprised. At the conclusion of his harangue he made offers to the king of a large sum of ready money on his marriage with the princess Catherine, but on condition that he would disband the army he had collected at Southampthe ascending flames ton, and at the adjacent seaports, to invade France; and that by these means an eternal peace would be established between the two kingdoms.

Blaze up. Les dictes bastiles et fortresses furent prestement arses et demolies jusques en terre, affin que nulles gens de guerre de quelconque pays quil: soient ne si peussent plus loger.

Monstrellet, II. f. 43.

Silence itself was dreadful.

Un cry, que le besoin ou la peur fait jetter,
Et les airs agités les peuvent agiter.
Une haleine, un sousper et mesme le silence
Auz chefs, comme aux soldate font perdre l'assurance.

guilty man,

Chapelain, L. ix.

The assembly broke up when the archbishop had ended his speech, and the French ambassadors were kindly entertained at dinner by the king, who then appointed a day for them to receive his answer to their propositions by the mouth of the archbishop of Canterbury.

In the course of the archbishop's speech, in which he replied, article by article, to what the archbishop of Bourges had offered, he added to some and passed over others of them, so that he was sharply interrupted by the archbishop of Bourges, who exclaimed, "I did not say so, but such were my words." The conclusion, however, was, that unless the king of France would give, as a marriage-portion with his daughter, the duchies of Acquitaine, of Normandy, of Anjou, of Tours, the

NOTE 162, p. 50, col. 1.-.... .. the proud prelate, that blood- counties of Ponthieu, Maine and Poitou, and every other part that had formerly belonged to the English monarchs, the king Who, trembling for the church's ill-would not desist from his intended invasion of France, but got wealth, would despoil the whole of that kingdom which had been unBade our Fifth Henry claim the justly detained from him; and that he should depend on his crown of France. sword for the accomplishment of the above, and for depriving king Charles of his crown.

But the first terrible blow in England given generally to all Orders, was in the Lay Parliament, as it is called, which did The king avowed what the archbishop had said, and added, wholly Wieclifize, kept in the twelfth year of king Henry the that thus, with God's aid, he would act; and promised it on Fourth, wherein the Nobles and Commons assembled, signified the word of a king. The archbishop of Bourges then, accordto the King, that the temporal possessions of Abbots, Priors, &c. ing to the custom in France, demanded permission to speak, lewdly spent within the Realm, would suffice to find and and said, "O king! how canst thou, consistently with honor sustain 150 Earls, 1500 Knights, 6200 Esquires, 100 Hospitals, and justice, thus wish to dethrone and iniquitously destroy more than there were. But this motion was maul'd with the the most Christian king of the French, our very dear lord and king's own hand, who dash'd it, personally interposing Himself most excellent of all the kings in christendom? O king! with contrary to that character, which the jealous Clergy had con- all due reverence and respect, dost thou think that he has ceived of Him, that coming to the Crown He would be a great offered by me such extent of territory, and so large a sum of enemy to the Church. But though Henry Plantagenet Duke money with his daughter in marriage, through any fear of thee, of Lancaster was no friend to the Clergie, perchance to ingra- thy subjects or allies? By no means; but, moved by pity and tiate himself with the people, yet the same Henry king of Eng- his love of peace, he has made these offers to avoid the shedding land, His interest being altered, to strengthen Him with the of innocent blood, and that Christian people may not be overconsiderable power of the Clergy, proved a Patron yea a whelmed in the miseries of war; for whenever thou shalt Champion to defend them. However we may say, that now make thy promised attempt he will call upon God, the blessed the Are is laid to the root of the tree of Abbeys; and this stroke Virgin, and on all the saints, making his appeal to them for for the present, though it was so far from hurting the body, that the justice of his cause; and with their aid, and the support it scarce pierced the bark thereof, yet bare attempts in such of his loyal subjects and faithful allies, thou wilt be driven matters are important, as putting into people's heads a fea-out of his dominions, or thou wilt be made prisoner, or thou sibility of the project formerly conceived altogether impossible. Few years after, namely, in the second year of king Henry the Fifth, another shrewd thrust was made at English Abbeys, but it was finely and cleverly put aside by that skilful StateFencer Henry Chichesly Archbishop of Canterbury. For the former Bill against Abbeys, in full Parliament was revived, when the Archbishop minded king Henry of his undoubted Title to the fair and flourishing kingdom of France. Hereat, that king who was a spark in Himself, was enflamed to that design by this Prelate's persuasion: and his native courage

wilt there suffer death by orders of that just king whose ambassadors we are.

"We have now only to intreat of thee that thou wouldst have us safely conducted out of thy realm; and that thou wouldst write to our said king, under thy hand and seal, the answer which thou hast given to us."

The king kindly granted their request; and the ambassadors, having received handsome presents, returned by way of Dover to Calais and thence to Paris.

Monstrelet, vol. iv. p. 129.