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and usually sends up a frond of jointed branching filaments, in a bushy tuft, an object of great beauty in the rock-pools. Although, as its name imports, this C. was once officinal, it has no medicinal virtues. Some of the corallines expand into leafy lobes, usually fan-shaped. Corallines are most abundant in tropical seas, and there display their greatest beauty.

The name C. is often popularly given to zoophytes of the class anthozoa, and genera sertularia, thuiarea, antennularia, plumularia, laomedea, campanularia, etc., having branching polypidoms and hydraform polyps of which the British coasts produce many small but extremely beautiful species.

CORAL RAG, a group of the Oxford or middle oolite (q.v.), consisting of continuous beds of petrified corals of very variable thickness, interstratified with beds of oolitio limestone. These strata occur in the northern districts of Berkshire and Wilts, and again, with the same characteristics, in Yorkshire, while in the intermediate district the whole group seems to disappear. It attains to a maximum thickness of 190 feet. The corals retain the position in which they grew at the bottom of the sea; they sometimes form masses 15 ft. thick. The characteristic genera are isastraa, thamnastræa, and thecosmilia. With them are associated the remains of mollusca and echinodermata.

CORAL SEA, so called from the substance of its numerous reefs, is that section of the Pacific which stretches between Australia on the w. and the New Hebrides on the east. Its general depth must be very considerable, for soundings of 2,150 fathoms, or early 24 m., have been obtained in lat. 13° s., and long. 162 east.

CORAM, THOMAS, 1668-1751; an English philanthropist who began life as a seaman and rose to be a merchant captain. He settled in Taunton, Mass., where he was for several years engaged in farming and boating. In 1703, he returned to England, where, after long exertion and waiting, he established a hospital for foundlings, opened in Holton Garden, Oct. 17, 1740, with 20 inmates. Coram was also one of the promoters of English settlement in Georgia and Nova Scotia; but the hospital and other charities took the most of his attention, and on them he spent all his estate, so that in his old age an annuity was settled upon him by private subscription.

COR'ANACH, CORANICH, CRONACH, etc., a funeral dirge, formerly in use among the Irish and Scottish Celts. The word is probably derived from the Gaelic cornh-rànaich, a crying together. "The cries (coranich) are called by the Irish the ulagohne and hululu, two words extremely expressive of the sound uttered on these occasions (funerals); and being of Celtic stock, etymologists would swear to be the origin of the ololugon of the Greeks, and ululatus of the Latins."-Pennant's Tour.

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The C. seems to be identical with the Irish caoine, generally written and pronounced keen, a dirge for the dead, "according to certain loud and mournful notes and verses,' wherein the pedigree, property, the good and great deeds of the deceased, and the manner of his death are recounted, in order to excite sorrow or revenge in the hearers, and to show them the loss they have sustained.

The word, in one or other of its forms, occurs in the writings of many of the ancient Scottish authors: "Cryand for you the cairfull corrinoch " Sir D. Lindsay. "Cyrand the corynoch on hie."

Battle of Harlaw. "Be he the correnoch had done shout."

Dunbar.

The C. has long since fallen into disuse among the Highlanders. The funeral lament performed on the bagpipes, which may be considered as an instrumental C., lingered on till the latter half of the 18th century.

For specimens of the C., see sir Walter Scott's Lady of the Lake, and accompanying notes; Crofton Croker's Researches in the South of Ireland; and Blackwood's Magazine, vols. xiii. and xxiii.

COR ANGLOIS, a wind-instrument of the reed species, the body of which is bent in the form of part of a circle. It is just a large oboe, and played on by oboeplayers. Its compass is from F, fourth line in the bass, to B flat above the treble staff. Music for this instrument is written a fifth above the real tones.

CORA TO, a large t. in Southern Italy, province of Bari, 25 m. w. of Bari, is situated on a fertile plain, where much cattle is reared. Pop. '81, 30,428. It is an ugly, dirty town, although it boasts of having been founded by the Normans. It has a fine church, fine convents, and an orphan asylum. It was between C. and Andria that the famous " 'challenge or tournament of Barletta" took place between 13 Italians and 13 Frenchmen on Feb. 13, 1503, in which the Italians were victors.

CORAY', ADAMANTIUS, 1748-1833; a Greek scholar, the son of a merchant of Smyrna. He studied medicine in France, and being poor was obliged to support himself by translating English and German works into French. In Paris, in 1788, he published a number of political tracts looking towards the liberation of his countrymen from Turkish control. Napoleon employed him to translate Strabo, and gave him a

pension. The most celebrated of his works are the editions of the Ethics and Politics of Aristotle.

CORBAN, a gift or oblation to God, on pretense of which a person might reserve from sons or parents the use of property. Property so dedicated went into the keeping of the Pharisees of the Jewish temple. They held that no matter how rashly such a dedication was made, the act released the person from any duty to aid another with what he had so devoted.

CORBAUX', FANNY, b. 1812; an English painter and scholar. The failure of her father reduced her to poverty when but a child. She determined to make her way as a painter, and although her own instructor, she soon achieved a good position, excelling in portrait-painting particularly. She also became an excellent Biblical scholar, and wrote a series of letters on the Physical Geography of the Exodus. She d. 1883.

CORBEIL, a t. in France at the head of an arrondissement in the department of Seine-et-Oise, at the junction of the Essonne with the Seine, 18 m. s.s.e. of Paris; pop. '81, 6,719. From the 10th to the 12th c. it was the chief town of a powerful countship. It was besieged by the duke of Burgundy in 1418, by the Huguenots in 1562, and by Alexander Farnese in 1590. The church of St. Spire was rebuilt in the 15th c.; St. Jean-en-l'Isle belonged to the templars, and dates from the 13th century. In the modern town there are more than 40 flour-mills, and many printworks, cotton factories, etc.

COR'BEL (Fr. corbeille, a basket). In architecture, this term, adhering originally to its etymological meaning, signified an ornament in the form of a basket, like those sometimes set on the heads of caryatides. In Gothic architecture, to which it is now almost peculiar, it is applied to any kind of ornamented projection used for supporting pillars or other superincumbent weights. Here also its form probably was at first that of a basket projecting from the wall, in which the end of the pillar was placed, and on which it rested. Latterly, the more ordinary form was that of a head, with the face looking outwards or downwards. In this form it is found in all the styles. A recumbent animal, again, is sometimes placed under the pillar, and there are a great variety of other forms. When any construction is carried out, so as to rest on corbels, and to project beyond the face of a wall, it is said to be corbelled out. See BRACKET, CANTALEVER, CONSOLE.

COR BIE, a heraldic term for a raven. See CORBIE-STEPS.

COR'BIE-STEPS, or CROW-STEPS (Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus, a crow). The word corbie or corby, though obsolete in English, except as a heraldic term, has retained its place in the Scottish dialect, and in architecture corbie-steps signify the succession of steps with which the gables of old houses are everywhere ornamented in Scotland. The fashion, like most of the other peculiarities of Scottish architecture, was no doubt borrowed, as was the term, from France. In the domestic buildings of Edinburgh, it is found in the highest degree of prevalence between 1620 and 1640. The notion, of course, was that the steps were for the use of the crows. This gable ornament is by no means peculiar to France, but is met with in Flanders, Holland, and all over Germany.

COR BOULD, EDWARD HENRY, b. 1815; son of Henry, and also an artist. At an early age he painted "The Fall of Photon from the Chariot of the Sun," for which he received a gold medal from the society of arts. Since that period he has produced a great number of large pictures. In 1851, he was appointed instructor of historical painting to the royal family. He paints exclusively in water-colors, and excels in pageants and chivalric subjects.

COR BOULD, HENRY, 1787-1844; an English artist and one of the most accomplished draughtsmen of his time. He devoted a great part of his life to drawing from ancient marbles in the British museum and in various private collections.

COR CAR'OLI. See CONSTELLATION.

COR CHORUS, a genus of plants of the natural order tiliacea, having five sepals, five petals, numerous stamens, and a capsule; and containing a number of species, both shrubby and herbaceous, natives of the warm parts of the globe. C. olitorius is widely diffused in tropical countries, and is supposed to be a native of Asia, Africa, and America. It is an annual, with a smooth, more or less branching stem; varying in height from 2 to 14 ft. or upwards, according to soil and climate. It has smooth, stalked, alternate, oval, or ovato-lanceolate leaves, and small yellow flowers, solitary or in pairs on foot-stalks. It is much used as a pot-herb, and is called JEWS' MALLOW, from being much cultivated by Jews in Syria and other parts of the east. It is still more valuable for the fiber of its inner bark, as is also C. capsularis, a species very similar, but distin guished by the want of transverse partitions in its capsule. Both are much cultivated in India, yielding the greater part of the JUTE (q.v.) of commerce, and of the fiber employed in making gunny bags (q.v.). C. capsularis being extensively cultivated in China, is sometimes called CHINESE HEMP.

The Japanese shrub, now very common in Britain, and still very generally known as C. Japonicus, was ranked in this genus when botanists were very imperfectly acquainted with it, but belongs to the genus kerria, of the natural order rosacea.

CORCORAN, WILLIAM W See page 892.

CORCY'RA. See CORFU.

CORDAGE, a seaman's name for the running rigging of a ship, as distinguished from the standing rigging. The name is also given to the store of rope kept in reserve. RIGGING, ROPE.

See

CORDAY D'ARMANS, MARIE ANNE CHARLOTTE, known as CHARLOTTE CORDAY, was b. at St. Saturnin in the department of Orne, in 1768. Though descended from a noble family, she early imbibed revolutionary principles, but was horrified at the monstrosities of the Jacobins; and her hatred of their acts was intensified by converse with a party of proscribed Girondists, who had fled to Normandy. She resolved to rid her country of one of the principals of the Jacobin faction, and with that view traveled to Paris. Whether to slay Robespierre or Marat, was an open question with her; but while she was debating the matter with herself, a demand of the latter for a hundred or two hundred thousand more victims for the guillotine, marked him out for her weapon. Twice she sought admission to Marat unsuccessfully. but on a third occasion (July 13, 1793), was admitted on the plea that she had important news from Caen to communicate. She found Marat in his bath, who, to some statement she made, declared that the Girondists who had fled to Normandy, some of whom were her own friends, would be guillotined in a few days. She no longer hesitated, but plunged her dagger into the monster's heart, who expired with a single groan. She was at once arrested and brought before the revolutionary tribunal, where she boldly avowed and justified her act. She was of course condemned to the guillotine, and the sentence was carried into effect on the 17th July, 1793. Her beauty added greatly to the interest which her sanguinary heroism inspired.

CORDELIERS ("cord-wearers ") was the name applied, in France, to the strictest branch of the Franciscan friars, on account of their wearing a girdle of knotted cord. At one period, this order had no less than 284 male and 123 female convents. During the revolution, the name was applied to the members of a political club which assembled in the chapel of a Franciscan monastery, and exercised (chiefly in Paris, however) great influence on the progress of the revolution. It was instituted in 1790. Its leaders were men of various opinious, including Danton, Hébert, Camille Desmoulins, and Marat. The C. were generally opposed to the Jacobins (q.v.); but it may be asserted that in these two clubs all the great popular movements of the revolution had their origin. In the session of the C., May 22, 1793, the insurrection which marked the close of the reign of terror was plotted. While the club was at the height of its influence, Camille Desmoulins commenced to issue his popular journal, Le Vieux Cordelier. Soon after the fall of Danton, the C. club lost its influence, and was an insignificant affair when it was closed by the convention.

CORDERIUS, or CORDIER, MATHURIN, 1478-1564; a native of Normandy; author of the Colloquia. He was especially fond of teaching children, and taught at Paris, where John Calvin was one of his scholars. He subsequently taught at Geneva. He wrote a number of books for children, one of them (the Colloquia) passing through almost innumerable editions, being used in schools for three centuries after his time.

CORD-GRASS, Spartina, a genus of grasses having compound spikes, the spikelets, arranged on one side; and having only one perfect floret, and very unequal_glumes. One species, S. stricta, found in muddy salt-marshes on the e. and s.e. coasts of England, although remarkable for its extreme stiffness and rigidity of habit, is used for making ropes, on account of the toughness of its fiber.

CORDIA CEÆ, a natural order of exogenous plants, closely allied to boragineæ, from which it differs chiefly in its drupaceous 4 to 8-celled fruit. It consists of trees with rough leaves, chiefly natives of the tropics, although some are found in cool parts of South America. The fruits called sebesten (q. v.), or sebesten plum, belong to this order, and to the genus cordia; which also contains some valuable timber-trees, particularly the Spanish elm, prince wood, or bois de chypre of the West Indies (C. gerasacanthus). It is a dark-brown wood, faintly striped, tough, elastic, and fine grained.

CORDIL LERAS OF CENTRAL AMERICA. The word cordillera literally signifies a chain, and is applied in Spanish America to a chain of mountains. The C. of South America are described under Andes. Those of Central America extend from the commencement of the isthmus of Darien to the n. of Mexico and California, and spread themselves, to speak generally, from sea to sea, presenting many diversities, and occupying the states of New Granada, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, San Salvador, Guatemala, the Mexican Confederation, and New Mexico. They gradually increase in elevation from the isthmus of Panama, where at one point they are only 260 ft. high, until, in Mexico, they reach a height of more than 17,000 ft., and form magnificent plateaus.

CORDILLE'RAS OF CENTRAL AMERICA (ante). This section of the great mountain chain which stretches, almost without a break, from the Arctic ocean to the extreme s. point of South America, is confined to the isthmus of Panama and the small states of Central America. In Mexico, the United States, and British America, the main chain is called the Rocky mountains, and the long unbroken line skirting the Pacific coast of South America is known as the Andes. The Cordilleras present their lowest

Corea.

elevation in the Panama isthmus, where the summit level (of the Panama railroad) is less than 300 ft.; and there, too, the breadth of the range is least, varying from about 30 to 70 miles. At another point, there is said to be a pass which is only 150 ft. above tide. In recent years all this region has been explored with a view to the construction of a ship canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and recently (Dec., 1889) work was begun upon the route from Greytown to Brito via lake Nicaragua and the San Juan river. The great obstacles to isthmus exploration are the extreme unhealthfulness of the climate, the continuous fall of rain, and the impenetrability of the tropical vegetation. Towards the Pacific, the slope of the mountains is abrupt and steep; towards the Atlantic it is more gradual. On what is known as the Nicaragua route, in the state of that name, the San Juan river finds its way through the e. branch of the mountains to Nicaragua lake, and that lake reaches within 12 m. of the Pacific; and on that narrow strip there runs a belt of the Cordilleras not too formidable for canal engineering. Extinct and active volcanoes are common in these mountains, more especially in the e. range. Between these e. and w. ranges is a central basin about 300 by 150 m., comprising nearly the whole of the state of Nicaragua, and embracing much grand and beautiful scenery. From the waters, and near the shores of lake Nicaragua, rise enormous volcanoes, their sides rent with fissures and black with lava. Smoke and flame come from some of these volcanoes, but lava is seldom seen. The Cordilleras exhibit about the same scenery in the states of Honduras, San Salvador, and Guatemala. There are five volcanoes in San Salvador, and six in Guatemala; one of the latter, 14,000 ft. high, throws up water only. Silver and copper ores are found, and there is great abundance of red cedar, rosewood, mahogany, india rubber, boxwood, vanilla, cochineal, etc. The temperature in the interior is seldom excessive. Going towards Mexico, the height of the ranges decreases, and at the isthmus of Tehuantepec the highest pass between the oceans is in one place only 700 feet. Further north, the mountains spread out and form the great tableland of Mexico, with here and there isolated summits, some of which are actively volcanic, and many of which rise to very great heights.

COR'DON, in military operations, is a line of sentries inclosing or guarding any particular space of ground, to prevent the passage of persons other than those belonging to the army. The sentries are placed within sight of each other. If intended to guard against contagious diseases, it is called a C. sanitaire.

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CORDON BLEU; knights of the ancient order (in France) of the Saint Esprit, or Holy Ghost, were so called because the jewel of the order was suspended on a blue ribbon. In late times, the term was degraded to mean a first-rate cook. The "cordon grand' is any member of the legion of honor, their decorations being suspended by a broad (or grand) ribbon.

COR'DOVA, a province in s. Spain on by railroads that connect with the ports of northward; 4,159 sq.m.; pop. '83, 399,419. oil, hemp, flax, honey, etc., are the products. and there are mines of silver, copper, iron, ancient city of Cordova.

both sides of the Guadalquivir, intersected Cadiz and Malaga, and the railroad system The land is fairly productive, and wine, Excellent horses and mules are raised, lead, and coal. The chief town is the

CORDOVA, the capital of a state of the same name in the Argentine Confederation (q.v.), is situated on the Rio Primero, a tributary of the Parana, in lat. 31° 26' s., and long. 63° 55' west. It was founded by the conquerors of Tucuman in 1573. It has a cathedral and several churches, with a pop. of 28,523. The state of which C. is capital is situated near the center of the confederation, and contains about 57,275 sq.m., with a pop., in 1882, of 320,000, who occupy chiefly its western section. Cattle, sheep, and goats are numerous; and the soil is much fitter for maize and fruits than for wheat. The surface is mostly mountainous; and the ranges, which here and there are 2,500 ft. above the sea, are interspersed with barren flats of stone and sand.

COR'DOVA, or CORDOBA, a city of Spain, capital of the province of Cordova, is situated in the midst of olives and palm-trees on the Guadalquivir, here crossed by a stone bridge of 16 arches, constructed by the Moors. Lat. 37° 52' n., long. 4° 49' west. Its old Moorish walls and convent-crowned hill in the background give it quite an oriental aspect; but its beauty, like most oriental beauty, is merely external; inside, its streets are narrow, dark, and dirty, with a general appearance of decay. Many gardens are inclosed within the walls. Among the principal buildings is the cathedral, formerly a Mohammedan mosque, an immense structure dating from the 8th c., and generally regarded as the finest type of a Moslem temple in Europe. Internally, its columns, composed of various-colored marble, jasper, and porphyry, form a perfect grove, there being still some 850 remaining, though at one time there were about half as many more. The bishop's palace, an old residence of the Moorish kings now used as stables, and several of the churches and convents, are also noteworthy. C. was at one time celebrated for its manufacture of Cordovan (q.v.), but that has now greatly declined. Its silversmiths and filigree workers have still a good reputation; and there are manufactures of paper, silken fabrics, hats, etc. Its inhabitants are proud, above even the pride of Spaniards. Pop. 49,000. C. is a very ancient place, having been founded by the Romans as Corduba, 152 B.C. Cæsar, 45 B.C., put 22,000 of its inhabitants to death for

Corea.

having sided with Pompey. Taken by the Goths in the 6th c., it soon after fell into the hands of the Moors, and became the capital of the Moorish empire in Spain. From the 9th c. to the 12th c., it was one of the greatest centers of commerce in the world, and is said to have contained a million inhabitants. It was taken by Ferdinand III. of Castile in 1236, and never afterwards regained its prosperity. In modern times, C. was taken and plundered by the French under Dupont in 1808. C. is the birthplace of the two Senecas, the poet Lucan, and the astronomer Averroes. The province of Cordova has an area of 5,159 sq.m., and a pop. (1883) of 399,419. See ANDALUSIA.

CORDOVA, FERNANDO FERNANDEZ DE, b. 1792; a Spanish commander who began military service in 1810, serving in the wars against Napoleon. In 1841, he was implicated with Concha in the conspiracy against Espartero; in 1847, he was minister of war, and afterwards inspector-gen. of infantry. In 1850, he was capt.gen. of Cuba. In 1853, he was made gen.-in-chief of cavalry. He attempted to support Isabella in the outbreak of 1854, but when the revolution became successful he fled to France. He returned a few years later, and in 1864, Narvaez made him minister of war. In 1868, in common with most of the Spanish grandees, he took part in the Prim revolution against Isabella. In 1870, he was again appointed capt. gen. of Cuba, and in 1871 he was made minister of state ad interim at Madrid.

COR'DOVAN, a species of leather prepared from goat-skins. It was originally, and at one time exclusively, manufactured by the Moors of Cordova, and hence its name. The best C. still comes from the Levant. It is used in book-binding, and in the finer kinds of boot and shoe making.

CORDYLINE. See TI.

CORE'A, a peninsular kingdom of Asia, formerly tributary to China; lat. 34° 40′ to 42° 30' n., and long. 125° to 129 e., with an area estimated at 79,414 sq. miles. It is bounded e. by the sea of Japan; s. by the Yellow sea; w. by the Yellow sea and gulf of Pechili; and n. by the rivers Ya-lu and Tu-mên, which separate C. from Chinese and Russian Mantchuria respectively. These rivers take their rise from the eastern and western slopes of the vast desert mountain-tract of Ch'ang Peh Shan. Other considerable rivers are the P'ing Jang, discharging into the Yellow sea in lat. 39°; and the Han, also flowing w., near the mouth of which is the capital, Séoul or Saul (Chinese, Wang King). All accounts represent the country as mountainous throughout, densely wooded in some districts, with valleys moderately fertile. The climate, which in the n. is glacial, is elsewhere like that of Japan. There is ice and snow everywhere in winter. The rainfall of C. is excessive.

There is good reason to connect the people with the Tungusic stock that has peopled the whole of northern Asia. The features of the Coreans are more pronouncedly Mongolian than those of the Japanese, whom they most resemble. The language, differing widely from both Chinese and Japanese, resembles the latter in its polysyllabic form and alphabet of 27 letters, and has affinity with the existing Mongolian tongue. The native alphabet and writing is almost disused; the Chinese character is everywhere known. The religion of C., like its other official institutions, is based on that of China; the Chinese state gods are everywhere worshiped; Buddhism and Taoism have their votaries; and the literati profess the Confucian ethics. The monarchy is a despotism limited by the existence of privileged ranks and hereditary nobles. The officials are selected. The life of the Coreans is very primitive; the chief articles of food are inferior kinds of rice and grain. Agriculture is very backward. A little tobacco, cotton, and silk is produced. The principal fabrics are of coarse hemp. The only products bartered with the Chinese are paper and ginseng. Mineral treasures abound; small quantities of gold, silver, iron, copper, and lead are mined; and the Coreans are skillful in working metals. The pop. is variously estimated at from 7,000,000 to 13,000,000.

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C. has steadfastly maintained a policy of strict isolation towards all outsiders, even towards the Chinese, with whom there is no intercourse save on occasion of the annual embassy, which is accompanied by a few privileged traders, and of the periodical fairs at the gate-town," near the city of Fêng-hwang, in Mantchuria. The Chinese dislike to everything foreign is strengthened in the case of C. by traditions of ancient enmity between China and Ch'ao-sien, as C. was called in the 2d century B.C. The Mongol conquerors of China reduced C. also; but the Ming dynasty restored the Corean sovereign with the title of Kaoli-Wang (from which word Kaoli, through the Japanese form Ku-rai, comes the name Corea). Strange to say, the seeds of Christianity were sown in C. in 1592 by the invading army, composed chiefly of Christian converts, of the Japanese usurper, Taicosama. Hamel, a Dutch sailor, was wrecked here, and detained for 13 years; from his narrative it was that, till very recently, most of our scanty knowledge of C. was obtained. In 1784, Jesuit missionaries found their way into C., and had great success amongst the people. From 1835 till 1866, several intrepid and devoted French missionaries contrived to find shelter; and, in spite of incessant persecutions, the Christian community continued rather to increase, rising again, in 1852, to 11,000 souls. The massacre of nine missionaries, in 1866, led to an invasion of C. by a small French force, but without success. Nor did two successive American expeditions, provoked by an attack on an American vessel, succeed in contributing at all to break down the barriers that have so long separated the Coreans from the rest of the world.

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