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very strikingly, but at the same time greatly increased the luxuriance of a few species, especially Rumex acetosa, and frequently Bunium flexuosum and Achillea millefolium. Plantago and Ranunculus were generally discouraged by active manures, excepting farmyard manure and nitrate of soda. The nitrate also favoured Centaurea nigra and Taraxacum dens-leonis.

11. Considerable increase of produce was only obtained by means of farmyard manure, or artificial manures containing both mineral constituents and ammoniasalts or nitrates. The crops so obtained were much more Graminaceous, and consisted in much greater proportion of but a few species of plants. The grasses developed were chiefly of the more bulky and freer-growing kinds, and the produce was generally very stemmy-the more so, and the coarser, the more excessive the manuring.

12. Meadow-land mown for hay should not be manured exclusively with artificial manures, but should receive a dressing of well-rotted farmyard manure every four or five years.

13. Sewage-irrigation, like active manures applied to meadow-land in the ordinary way, has also a tendency to develope chiefly the Graminaceous herbage, excluding the Leguminous, and to a great extent the miscellaneous or weedy plants. It also, at the expense of the rest, encourages a few free-growing grasses, among which, according to the locality and other circumstances, Poa trivialis, Triticum repens, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, and Lolium perenne have been observed to be very prominent. The result is an almost exclusively Graminaceous and very simple herbage. But as the produce of sewage-irrigated meadows is generally cut or fed off in a young and succulent condition, the tendency which the great luxuriance of a few very free-growing grasses has to give a coarse and stemmy later growth is less objectionable than in the case of meadows left for hay.

On the Past and Present Expenses and Social Condition of University Education. By the Rev. W. EMERY, B.D., Senior Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, late Senior Proctor of the University.

He traced the history from the earliest times, when Joffrid the Abbot of Croyland sent Gilbert and other three monks to Cottenham, who gave instruction in a barn in Cambridge. It was not till A D. 1257 that St. Peter's, the first college in the University, was founded, when the expense of a student ranged up to £2 a year. The students then lived hard lives, being contented with a penny-piece of beef amongst four, accompanied by salt and oatmeal only, and were obliged to run up and down, "being without fire, in order to get a heat on their feet before going to bed." The author then gave a very interesting and humorous account of the provision for students in 1645, as stated by Strype in letters to his mother, written from Jesus College. In 1763 expenses increased, tutorial charges increased, and the system of private tutors was introduced. Fifty years since it might be gathered, from the large number of noblemen and fellow-commoners in the University, that expenses had reached a much higher point, while, about thirty years back, extravagance, immorality, and idleness had attained their utmost height. Since that time a great improvement had taken place, and now there was a much better system of habits, and a larger and more regular attendance on professional and college lectures. The estimates for the expenses of students at present for three terms a year were on three scales-the lowest being about £120, the second £180, and the highest £250. If private tutors were engaged, a sum of £8 or £10 a term must be added, and to those who resided in college in the long vacations an additional expense of £15 or £20 was incurred. Some men of great economy lived in the University for £100 a year. These rates included all University charges and private expenses as derived from the tradesmen's bills sent in to the tutors. Some of the sizars had lived on such low sums as £45 and £39 per annum. In most of the colleges the students might obtain assistance from scholarships, the lowest stipend attached to which would provide an undergraduate with a private tutor. It had been shown by evidence that one of the sources of extravagance in undergraduates was the habits acquired by them at public schools, and it was reasonable to suppose that a young 1862.

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man who had expended from £200 to £300 a year at Eton or Harrow would not spend less at Cambridge. A student might, however, pass creditably through his course for £150 a year. The paper then dwelt on the social advantages derived from membership and the welding together of classes in the University, and stated that there was no town of equal extent and population that was more quiet after half-past nine at night than Cambridge, while rioting and dissipation were of limited extent, the larger number of students being economical and well-conducted.

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

Illustrative of Mr. Fleeming Jenkin's paper on Thermo-electric Currents in Circuits of one Metal.

PLATE II.

Illustrative of Mr. G. J. Symons's paper on the Fall of Rain in the British Isles during the Years 1860 and 1861.

PLATE III.

Illustrative of the Fourth Report of the Committee on Steamship Perform

ance.

APPENDIX III.

List of Papers of which Abstracts have not been received.

On Electrical Tensions. By LATIMER CLARK.

On the Storms of the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes of Canada.
By Dr. HURLBurt.

On some Facts relating to two brilliant Auroras in Canada.
By Dr. HURLBurt.

On some Principles to be considered in Mineralogical Classification.
By T. STERRY HUNT, M.A., F.R.S.

On the nature of Nitrogen, and the Theory of Nitrification.
By T. STERRY HUNT, M.A., F.R.S.

On some of the Difficulties arising in the practice of Photography, and the means of removing them. By MAXWELL LYTE, M.A., F.C.S.

On Ossiferous Caves in Malta. By Dr. FALCONER, F.R.S.

On the Alluvial Deposits of the Rhine. By R. A. C. GODWIN-AUSTEN, F.R.S.
On the Origin and Mode of occurrence of the Petroleum of North America.
By T. STERRY HUNT, M.A., F.R.S.

On the Structure and Origin of certain Limestones and Dolomites.
By T. STERRY HUNT, M.A., F.R.S.

On the Diluvial and Alluvial Deposits of Central Germany.
By Dr. K. VON SEEBACH.

On the asserted Plurality of Species of existing Asiatic Elephants.
By Dr. FALCONER, F.R.S.

Remarks on all the known forms of Human Entozoa.
By T. SPENCER COBBOLD, M.D., F.L.S.

A Tabular View of the relation which subsists between the Three Kingdoms of
Nature with regard to Organization. By H. FREKE, M.B.

On the Termination of Motor Nerves, and their connexion with muscular contractions. By Prof. W. Köнne.

Ascent of the Cameroon Mountains. By Captain R. BURTON.

An Account of the Veddahs of Ceylon. By JOHN BAILEY.

On Vancouver's Island. By Commander MAYNE.

On the Geography of Bread Plants. By M. MICHELSEN.

Cambodia and the Laos States. By M. HENRI MOUHOT.

Late Explorations in Australia by Burke, Wills, &c. By Sir C. NICHOLS.

Ascent of Um Shaumur, in the Peninsula of Sinai. By Rev. G. PROUT. The Middle Island of New Zealand. By JOHN ROCHFORT.

On the Yang-tze-Kiang River, China. By Colonel SAREL.

On the Proceedings of the United University Mission to Africa.
By Rev. H. C. SCUDAMORE.

On a Voyage on the Lake Nyassa, Eastern Africa. By Rev. Mr. STEWART,
On the Eastern Archipelago and New Guinea. By ALFRED R. WALLACE.
On the Economic Effects of recent Gold Discoveries. By H. FAWCETT, M.A.
Some Statistics of Zostera marina as a substitute for Cotton. By H. HARBEN.
The Tariffs and Trade of various Countries during the last Ten Years.
By R. VALPY.

On the Practicability of a Division of the Employer's Profits amongst the Workpeople. By Dr. WATTS.

On Machinery for Composing and Distributing Type.

By CHARLES HART. (Communicated by P. Le Neve Foster, M.A.)

On an improved form of "Link" Motion. By J. NASMYTH.

On an improved Printing Telegraph Apparatus. By M. SORTAIS.

On a proposed new arrangement of Ships' Rudders.
By Captain J. STEUART, R.N.

On the Practice and Principles of Diverting Rivers and Stoppage of the Breaches in Embankments. By C. VIGNOLES.

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