ion on the questions before them, and then appointed 12 men to continue to represent their interests; but when the men proceeded to demand certain reforms of government, they were reminded by the director that they had only been appointed to consider the Indian troubles. They were again called together in 1643, when larger liberties were accorded them, and finally 8 men were elected by the director, who became an actual representative body. Gov. Stuyvesant continued this plan, by appointing 9 men, who were "tribunes" of the people, to hold weekly courts of arbitration, and advise the director and council. Troubles afterwards grew out of the demands of the tribunes for a burgher government, and these were referred to the states-general for decision, and a more liberal form of government was ordered, to which order Stuyvesant paid no attention. The Dutch governor continued to oppose the efforts of the people for greater liberty, until his forced surrender to the English cut short his prerogative. Under Nicolls and Andros, the people of New York found themselves in a worse position than under the Dutch governors, but gov. Dongan convened the first general assembly of the colony, which passed the act entitled "Charter of Liberties and Privileges granted by His Royal Highness to the Inhabitants of New York and its Dependencies," and by which legisla tive power was granted to the colony. James II. abolished this general assembly, and endeavored to unite all the colonies as the dominion of New England, under gov. Andros. William and Mary revived the general assembly, and granted to the people of N. Y. a certain degree of freedom; but the struggle between the colonists and the crown continued until the final revolution in all the colonies resulted in the expulsion of English authority. The provincial convention which met in N. Y. on April 20, 1775, was the first organized body in the colony after the overthrow of royal authority, the latter having been declared to have come to an end in the colony on April 19. The first constitution of the state of N. Y. was adopted April 20, 1777. The articles of confederation of the continental congress were ratified by the state, Feb. 6, 1778. The constitution of the U. S. was ratified by the state, July 26, 1787.

The present executive government comprises a gov., receiving a salary of $10,000 and house, lieutenant-gov., sec. of state, comptroller, treasurer, attorney-gen., state engineer and surveyor, superintendent of the bank department, superintendent of the insurance department, superintendent of public instruction, auditor of the canal department, superintendent of state prisons, superintendent of public works, besides the governor's staff, and various boards and commissions for charity, lunacy, quarantine, etc. The legislative branch of the state government includes a senate and assembly; the senate consists of 32 members, elected in Nov. of every alternate year (1881, 1883, etc.), holding their offices for 2 years from the first of Jan. next succeeding. The state is divided into 32 senatorial districts, each electing one senator. The senators receive an annual salary of $1500, and also $1 for each 10 miles of travel in going to or returning from the place of meeting once in each session. Ten dollars per day in addition is allowed when the senate alone is convened in extraordinary session, or when acting as a court for the trial of impeachments. The lieutenant-gov. is ex officio president of the senate. The assembly consists of 128 members, elected annually by single districts. Each co. has at least one member. They receive the same compensation as senators. Their officers are chosen at the opening of the session.

The state capitol at Albany is built of Maine granite, in the Renaissance style of architecture, with dome-capped tower, 320 ft. high; is certainly the most pretentious building in the U. S., and with the exception of the capitol at Washington is the largest. It was first occupied by the legislature in 1879.

the

The prisons of the state are at Clinton, Auburn, and Sing Sing. There are also six penitentiaries, not to mention county-jails, houses of refuge, etc.; the total number confined yearly averaging about 16,000 persons. The number of large towns and the fact that New York city is the chief landing place for emigrants account easily for the large criminal class, which is one-fifth of the entire population. The state reformatory at Elmira has excited much interest by reason of the novel treatment of its inmates; men are subject to a system of gradation, marked according to their attainments in education, their compliance with the rules of the institution, etc.; the ordinary convictdress is not used, and the discipline is more humane than has been the rule elsewhere. Some object strenuously to being "educated," but from 38 to 40 per cent. accept the conditions readily, and the results in the way of reformation and elevation have been most gratifying. By the Yates bill, passed, 1888, machinery in prisons is forbidden, and no goods made in penal institutions shall be sold except to state charitable institutions. In 1888 death by electricity was substituted for hanging as a penalty for murder,

The electoral votes have been cast as follows: 1792, Washington and Clinton, 12; 1796, Adams and Pinckney, 12; 1800, Jefferson and Burr, 12; 1804, Jefferson and Clinton, 19; 1808, Madison and Clinton, 13; 1812, Clinton and Ingersoll, 29; 1816, Monroe and Tompkins, 29; 1820, same; 1824, Adams, 26; Calhoun, 29; 1828, Jackson and Calhoun, 42; 1832, Jackson and Van Buren, 42; 1836, Van Buren and Johnson, 42; 1840, Harrison and Tyler, 42; 1844, Polk and Dallas, 36; 1848, Taylor and Fillmore, 36; 1852, Pierce and King, 35; 1856, Fremont and Dayton, 35; 1860, Lincoln and Hamlin, 35; 1864, Lincoln and Johnson, 33; 1868, Seymour and Blair, 33; 1872, Grant and Colfax, 35; 1876, Tilden and Hendricks, 35: 1880, Garfield and Arthur, 35; 1884, Cleveland and Hendricks, 36; 1888, Harrison and Morton, 36.

TABLE FROM THE U. S. CENSUS OF 1880, GIVING THE DEBT AND TAXATION OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, BY COUNTIES.

Finances, etc.-State receipts for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1888, $17,800,755.42; expenditures, $17,626,557.35; tax for the current year, $9,089,303.86; gross debt of state, $6,842,660, exclusive of $122,694.87 set aside for Indian annuities. Excepting $700,000 of Niagara reservation bonds, the debt is in canal bonds. The sinking fund was $4,076,289; net debt, $2,766,370.61. The assessed value of real estate, Oct. 1, 1887, was $2,899,899,062; of personal property, $324,783,281; tax on $100,29 cts. The militia, 1888, aggregated 12,634 officers and privates; number of men available for military duty (unorganized), 650,000.

Laws, etc.-Since 1848 married women have had separate rights to real and personal property. A married woman may carry on business, and may sue or be sued on her own account. A husband may convey directly to his wife, and a wife to her husband. Absolute divorce is granted for one cause only, adultery. Women may practise law on the No minor under 18 years of age, and no woman under 21, shall be employed at labor in any manufacturing establishment for a longer period than 60 hours in any one week, and no child under 13 shall be employed in any manufacturing estab

same terms as men.

9,088,771

418,600

140,896

11,857,336

707,468

187,764

18,471,879

2,372,879

561,114

4,739,163

151,895

75,897

20,110,586

35,008

134,148

21,028,538

621.453

184,734

60,720,755

10,656,963

10,880,285

lishment. A prohibitory liquor law was passed in 1885, but subsequently was declared unconstitutional by the U. S. supreme court, and a license law was enacted in 1887, by which the selling of liquors to Indians, minors, and habitual drunkards is prohibited. The legal rate of interest is 6 per cent. Any rate is legal upon call loans of $5000 or upward, on collateral security. With that exception, 6 per cent. is the only rate. The penalty for usury is forfeiture of principal and interest, with grace. There is a state board of mediation and arbitration for amicable adjustment of labor disputes between employ. ers and employés.

TABLE OF POPULATION OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, 1790 TO 1880.

White, 5,016,022; Colored, 66,849, including 819 Indians, and 909 Chinese.

The estimated population in 1885 was 5,465,000; in 1888, 6,500,000. The pop. 1888, of Brooklyn, was 850,000; of Buffalo, 250,000; of Albany, 100,000; of Syracuse, 83,540; of Troy, 65,000. In 1887, Rochester had 89,366; Auburn, 25,577; Oswego, 21,116; Elmira, 20,541; Poughkeepsie, 20,207.

NEW YORK, co. N. Y. (See NEW YORK, city.)

NEW YORK, the largest city and most important seaport in the U. S., and the third city in size in the civilized world, is situated on the e. side of the mouth of the Hudson river, at its confluence with East river, a continuation of Long Island sound; lat. of city hall, 40° 42′ 43′′ n.; long. 74° 0′′3′′ w. The city is 18 m. from the ocean, 190 m. s. w. of Boston, 715 m. e. of Chicago, and 255 m. n.e. of Washington.

History. The history of the city is that of the state until the beginning of the 18th c. See NEW YORK, state. At the close of the 17th c. there were not more than 800 dwelling-houses, and about 6000 inhabitants, white and black, the latter being in the proportion of about one in 6. The first Trinity church was built in 1696, and about 5 years later Wall street was paved. In 1702 a free grammar school was opened; in 1711 a slave market was established in Wall st., and very early in the c. the city was furnished with regularly appointed watchmen. The first Presbyterian church was built in 1719; the first newspaper in the city, the New York Gazette, was established in 1725; and a few years later communication with Boston was furnished regularly by stages, which occupied 2 weeks in making the trip. A city library was founded in 1729, and in 1732 a classical academy. A Hebrew synagogue was erected in 1730. Severe epidemics of measles and malignant pleurisy are noted as having been very destructive of life during the first quarter of this c.; and a pestilent fever, which was brought from St. Thomas, carried off 1 in 10 of the population in 1702. Zenger's Weekly Journal, which was founded in 1733, was prosecuted for libel 2 years later, and Zenger himself imprisoned -the first attack on free speech in the country. The trouble grew out of a quarrel about a claim for fees between an outgoing and an incoming governor of the colony. The year 1741 brought pestilence, a great fire, and a so-called negro plot to burn the city, which led to the burning of 13 negroes, the hanging of 18, and the transportation of 78. The first theater was established in 1754; in 1754 Columbia coll. was chartered; in 1755 St. Paul's church was erected. In 1765 the " stamp act congress," representing 9 colonies, met in the city, and adopted a bill of rights. In that same year occurred the organization of the sons of liberty," the burning of the stamp act, and the signing of a nonimportation agreement by many merchants. In 1768 a chamber of commerce was organized. In 1770 3000 citizens met and resolved not to submit to oppression, and the statue of George III. in the Bowling green was destroyed. In 1774 a ship loaded with tea was sent back to England, and 18 chests, which had been secretly landed from another ship, destroyed. In 1775, Apr. 3, the colonial assembly adjourned. The committee of safety took control of the city as soon as news of the battle of Lexington was received, and the royal governor retreated to an English man-of-war, which was lying in the harbor. On July 25 delegates were chosen to the continental congress; in Jan., 1776, the city was occupied by militia, who on Aug. 26 were forced to withdraw, and the British held N. Y. from Sept. 21, 1776, until Nov. 25, 1783, when the American army, under Washington, entered. From Jan., 1785-1790, congress met in N. Y., in the old city hall, corner of Wall and Nassau sts., and here Washington was inaugurated Apr. 30, 1789. In 1785 a manumission society was formed, and the Bank of N. Y. was organized. In 1786 the first Roman Catholic church was built. In 1789 an epidemic of yellowfever carried off more than 2000 persons. In 1790 the population numbered 29,906, and the city limits were extended to the lower line of the present city hall park. A fire in Wall and Front sts. in 1804 destroyed 40 stores. In 1805 the population was 78,770, and in that year the N. Y. free school was incorporated. In 1807 Robert Fulton made his first steamboat voyage to Albany, and during that year the city was surveyed and laid out on, substantially, its present plan. In 1812 a steam ferry to Long Island was opened, and experiments with gas lighting were made. In 1825 gas was generally introduced. In Oct., 1826, the Erie canal was opened, and on Nov. 11 the first canal boat arrived from Buffalo.

In 1832 an epidemic of cholera carried off 3500 persons, and 2 years later appeared again with a mortality of about 1000. The great fire of 1835 occurred Dec. 16, and destroyed the whole e. side of the city, below Wall st., including about 648 stores, the merchants' exchange, and the South Dutch church, the entire loss being $18,000,000. In 1837 a financial panic brought failures, suspensions, and general loss to the entire country. In 1840 the population was 312,700. The completion of the Croton aqueduct in 1842, the Astor place riot in 1849, and the death by cholera of 5071 persons were among the other important events of the first half of the present c. The first city railroad was built in 1852, and on July 14, 1853, the Crystal palace industrial exhibition was opened to the public with striking ceremonies, the president of the U. S. officiating. A second severe financial panic occurred in 1857, with the usual following of suspensions of banks and business failures. This year witnessed the riotous demonstrations growing out of a conflict between 2 police organizations under the mayoralty of Fernando Wood, for whose arrest an order was issued and resisted, the 7th regiment of militia at length being called in to protect the public peace. From 1861-65 the city was engaged in patriotic service in behalf of the union, furnishing 116,382 troops, at a cost of $14,577,214.65 in money, and among other labors, quelling a riot (July, 1863) to resist the enforcement of the military draft. Another riot took place in 1871 between the Orangemen and Ribbonmen. In 1871-2 William M. Tweed (q.v.) and other officials were convicted of enormous peculations. In the fall of 1873 the failure of Jay Cooke & Co. brought on a great financial panic. In

1883, May 24, the Brooklyn bridge was formally opened, and in 1886, Oct. 28, the statue of Liberty enlightening the world was unveiled. N. Y. has been the scene of many imposing and brilliant pageants, processions, and celebrations, occasioned by the visits of noted people, as of La Fayette in 1824, Kossuth in 1851, and of the prince of Wales in 1860;1 ; by national calamities, as the funeral processions of Lincoln, Apr. 25, 1861, and Grant, Aug. 8, 1885; by the successful ending of great undertakings, such as the laying of the Atlan tic cable, 1858, and the opening of the Brooklyn bridge, May 24, 1883; or by the recurrence of national anniversaries, instances of which are the commemoration, Nov. 26, 1883, of the evacuation of N. Y. by the British, the reception of the French officers in charge of the statue of Liberty enlightening the world, June 19, 1885, the unveiling of the statue, and the elaborate ceremonies in 1889, Apr. 29-30, May 1, celebrating the inauguration of Washington as president of the U. S. The last, like the world's fair in 1853, was an event of national rather than local importance.

Topography.-Manhattan id., geologically, is composed of metamorphic rocks, principally gneisses and mica schists. Its mean annual temperature in spring is 48.26°; in summer, 72.62; in autumn, 54.54°; in winter, 51.83°. The average annual rainfall is 43.24 ins.; average height above the sea, 25 ft.

cent.

The city of N. Y. was formerly limited to Manhattan id., Randall's, Ward's and Blackwell's ids. in the East river and Governor's, Bedloe's and Ellis's ids. in the upper bay; the aggregate area being 14,380 acres; Manhattan id. itself having an area of 22 sq. m., or 14,080 acres. The city was extended by legislative act, taking effect Jan. 1, 1874, to include the following villages of Westchester co., on the main-land: Morrisania, West Farms, Kingsbridge, Mott Haven, North New York, Port Morris, Melrose, Woodstock, Highbridgeville, Claremont, Tremont, Mount Hope, Mount Eden, Fairmount, Belmont, Fordham, Williamsbridge, Spuyten Duyvel, Mosholu, Riverdale, and Mount St. VinIts present boundaries are Yonkers on the n., the Bronx river and the East river on the e., the bay on the s., and on the w. the Hudson or North river. It extends 16 m. n. from the Battery, is 44 m. wide at its widest part, and has a total area of 42 sq.m., or 26,880 acres. The limits of the city and co. of the same name are now identical. In 1889 it was determined by a joint commission appointed for the purpose that the bounda ry between New York and New Jersey follows the mid-channel line down the Hudson and through the Kills, thus giving to New Jersey Bedloe's id, and other properties previously assigned to New York. Manhattan id. is 134 m. long and has an av. breadth of 13 of a m., attaining its greatest width, 24 m., in the neighborhood of 14th st. A rocky ridge runs through the center, rising in Washington heights to 238 ft. Originally, the surface of the upper part of the city was very irregular, and the s. part marshy. The territory surrounding the "Tombs" was covered by the " collect pond," a large body of water connected by a narrow stream with the Hudson along the line of what is now Canal st. Manhattan id. is connected with the main-land by, 1, an iron drawbridge from 3d ave., called Harlem bridge; 2, the railroad bridge at 4th ave. of the New York Central and Hudson River railroad, and the New York and Harlem and the New York and New Haven railroads; 3, Central, formerly McComb's Dam, bridge; 4, King's bridge, at the point of meeting of Harlem river and Spuyten Duyvel creek; 5, High bridge, carrying Croton aqueduct over the Harlem; 6, the Washington bridge over the Harlem at 181st st., completed in 1889 at a cost of $2,500,000; 7, the steel wire suspension bridge connecting with Brooklyn (see BRIDGE); 8, the bridge at 2d ave., by which the Harlem branch of the New Haven railroad makes connection with the 2d ave. elevated road; 9, the bridge at 138th st. and Madison ave.; 10, the bridge of the Northern railroad, above the Central bridge; 11, the bridge at Fordham heights; 12, Farmer's bridge on the e. side, a little above 222d st.; 13, a railroad and foot-passenger bridge across the East river at Blackwell's id., soon to be built; 14, the tunnel under the Hudson. See TUNNEL.

The harbor, comprising the upper and smaller bay with the North, or Hudson and East rivers, which almost inclose the city, admits the largest vessels to its wharves The upper bay has an area of 14 sq.m., and contains Governor's id. (65 acres), Bedloe's id. (13) acres), with the statue of Liberty, and Ellis's id., all of which have been owned by the U. S. government since shortly after the revolution. The av. rise of tide is 4 ft. at Sandy Hook. The tidal waves of the harbor and of Long Island sound meet at and near Hell Gate, where the conflicting currents cause very irregular action. The "Narrows," between Staten and Long ids., from 14 m. to 1 m. in width, connect the upper with lower bay, where are 88 sq.m. of anchorage. Recent improvements give a depth of 30 ft. in the main ship channel at low tide. The former obstructions to navigation in the East river have been removed. Hallet's reef was blown up in 1876 and Flood rock in 1885. Work is now in progress preparatory to blowing up Mill rock, the principal remaining obstruction. "Hell Gate" is a narrow, crooked passage between Ward's id. and Long Island, formerly very dangerous to navigation. Here are Randall's (100 acres), Ward's (200 acres), and Blackwell's (120 acres) ids., containing the city penitentiaries, almshouses, etc. These all lie in the East river. North and South Brother ids, and Riker's id. (the latter unoccupied) belong to the city. Navigation is aided by light-houses on Bedloe's id., Robbin's reef and Governor's id. in the upper bay, on the west side of the Narrows, at Sandy Hook, on the Navesink highlands, and by the Scotland and Sandy