a runaway slave who obtained his office by killing his predecessor in single combat.

The tomb of Cn. Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey, would scarcely be passed by in silence, for he had been one of Rome's greatest military leaders, and was greeted by the notorious Sulla with the surname of Magnus or "the Great," after his victories in Africa. In B. C. 70, he was consul, and ten years later, after conquering Mithridates, King of Pontus, and his son Tigranes, King of Armenia, and also atter taking Jerusalem, he made a triumphal entry into Rome on September 30, B. C. 60. It was he who with Cæsar and Crassus formed the first triumvirate. He was put to death in Egypt on September 29, B. C. 48, by the ministers of King Ptolemy through their fear of the vengeance of Crassus, with whom Pompey had quarrelled. The story of how Cæsar shed tears when Pompey's head was shown to him is a matter of history.

At about twelve miles from Rome, the tomb of another well known Roman was passed, namely that of Publius Clodius Pulcher, the enemy of Cicero, the orator, and the most profligate of men. In the year B. C. 62, he profaned the mysteries of the Bona Dea which were then being celebrated in the house of the consul Cæsar. Bona Dea was a Roman deity who revealed her oracles only to women, and her festival was held each year on the first day of May in the house of the then consul or prætor. Clodius obtained access to the ceremony in Cæsar's house disguised as a woman, and on being discovered was brought to trial, but evidently did not find it difficult to obtain an acquittal by bribing his judges. He was killed on January 20, B. C. 57, on the Appian Way near Bovillæ, an ancient city of Latium, in an affray between his followers and those of Milo, who was then a candidate for the consulship. The ruins of Bovillæ are now to be seen near the inn of the Fratochiæ close to Albano.

A little further on, Paul and his companions reached Tres Tiburnæ, translated in the Scriptures as the "three taverns," but said by Mr. Russel-Forbes to be "three shops." Probably wine was to be obtained at these shops, so that practically they were taverns. Here it was that Paul's heart was gladdened at finding another little band of brethren who had come out to offer him a

welcome. "And from thence, when the brethren heard of us, they came to meet us as for as Appii Forum and the three traverns; whom when Paul saw, he thanked God, and took courage.' (Acts xxviii: 15.)

Doubtless there was a halt here for refreshments, and perhaps for a night's rest for the weary travelers, followed by an early start next morning, so as to avoid as far as possible the heat of the midday sun. From this onward to Rome the party would pass the principal monuments of the road, for it is said that a burial on the Apppian way was to an illustrious Roman as great an honor as an interment in Westminster Abbey would be to an illustrious Briton. Here and there they would pass by some stately temple, or some great patrician's country seat, and would, of course, be in the midst of endless streams of traffic to and from the imperial city. The temple of Hercules would doubtless attract attention. It was one of those founded during the Republic many years before Paul's visit to Rome. The Emperor Domitian restored it afterwards, and had the face of the god made to represent his own. Martial, the epigrammatic poet, mentions this fact.

A little further on, on the descent of the hill to the right, would be passed the villa of Persius Flaccus, the young Roman poet. It was only in the following year (A. D. 62) that he died before he had completed his twenty-eight year. Between the sixth and seventh milestones from Rome was seen the ground where the noted battle took place between the Horatii and the Curatii, three Roman brothers against three Alban brothers, and they fought till only one of the Horatii was left alive. It was in consequence of this defeat of the Curatii that Alba became subject to Rome. The Romans gave a magnificent burial to the two dead Horatii on the spot, and erected over their remains a stately tomb of which there do not appear to be any traces now left.

At the sixth milestone would be met the round tomb of M. Valerius Messala Corvinus, one of Rome's chief generals, and the friend of the Emperor Augustus, a patron of learning, and himself a poet, historian, and orator. He was also the friend of the poets Horace and Tibullus, the latter of whom not unfrequently refers to Messala in his elegies. He died between B. C. 3 and A. D. 3. The monument was erected to him by Marcus Aurelius Messalinus

Cotta who was Consul in A. D. 20, and it is now known as Casale rotondo, or the round hamlet, perhaps because a house and garden occupies the top of it. It is often called the tomb of Cotta, and was used as a fortress in the middle ages.

On the fifth mile was the sepulchre of the Curatii, erected where they fell. The battle was first fought a mile and a half further back just where two of the Horatii were killed, but all three of the Curatii were very severely wounded. Seeing this, the surviving Horatius, who was still unhurt, pretended to fly towards the city, and by this stratagem vanquished and killed his three wounded antagonists one after the other. Livy the historian, who was born in B. C. 59, speaks of the tombs of the Horatii and Curatii as existing in his day. A little further on, on the right, would be seen the tomb of Pomponius Atticus the epicurean philosopher, and the friend of the great orator Cicero. He was a Roman eques or knight, and was born at Rome in B. C. 109. He died in B. C. 32 of voluntary starvation on discovering that he had been attacked by an incurable disease.

Paris, France.

[TO BE CONTINUED.]

ARCHBISHOP IRELAND ON TEMPORAL POWER.

In his defense of "The Pontificate of Pius X," in the February 1 issue of the North American Review, Archbishop John Ireland gives a strong statement upholding the position of the Catholic Church on temporal power. It has been charged that the Pope has joined in "the scandalous clamor for provinces and principalities," and that he is seeking "the barbaric pomp of secular kingship." Says the archbishop:

The question at issue is the spiritual independence of the Holy See. It is believed, and rightly so, that a status quo whereby the head of the Universal Church is the civil subject of any one potentate gives no stable guarantee of an unfettered spiritual sovereignty. Many are the supposable contingencies in which the subject of one civil power is barred from the confidence of other civil powers. History had solved the problem by granting to the Papacy temporal kingship. The settlement of history was broken up by Italy. The problem is reopened. The Catholic world has not renounced the ideal; the Papacy has not renounced it; the

Papacy will not renounce it. The present position of the Holy See is abnormal: it cannot be taken as permanent. We can leave the solution to Providence; but, meanwhile, the principle must be upheld. This is what is done by Pius X in refusing to be a subject of the kingdom of Italy. Indeed, it is by so refusing that he maintains de facto the dignity and the unfettered spiritual independence of the Holy See. It is not true that the Catholics of the world are opposed in this regard to the policy of the Vatican. They patiently await a solution-nothing more. Few among American Catholics, I imagine, would have been pleased to read in the newspaper dispatches, the morning after his accession to the Pontificate, that Pius X, as a liege subject, had repaired to the Quirinal to present his homage to his king and sovereign.

EARLY-DAY RECOLLECTIONS OF ANTELOPE

ISLAND.

BY SOLOMON F. KIMBALL.

In early days Antelope Island was considered one of our most desirable pleasure resorts, and many happy hours were spent there by our late President Brigham Young and his most intimate associates. When he visited the island it was generally for a two-fold purpose, business and pleasure.

The first white man that lived on the island, as far as our knowledge goes, was an old mountaineer who was called "Daddy" Stump. After him came Fielding Garr, who had charge of the Church stock. He moved them over there in 1849, and remained in charge of the animals as long as he lived. He built the old Church house and corral, a part of which remains there until this day.

Presidents Young and Kimball moved their horses and sheep there several years later, placing them in charge of Joseph Toronto and Peter O. Hanson. Several times they visited the island themselves. In the summer of 1856, they, in company with several of their family, spent two or three days there. The lake was quite high at the time, and both Toronto and Hanson met them at the lake shore with a boat and rowed them over, while the teams forded it. The time was pleasantly spent in driving over the island and in visiting places of interest,-bathing, boatriding, and inspecting their horses and sheep. Old "Daddy" Stump's mountain home, then deserted, was visited by them. They drove their carriages as near to it as possible, and walked the remainder of the way, a distance of a half mile or more.