to them, for poverty was the companion of their chase." Cf. infra V. 40. οὐκ ἦν μὰν πολύσιτος κ.τ.λ.

In the following verse Dr. W. very properly finds fault with Tavrã, for which he proposes to read Tvo, thus making the hut beaten by the winds instead of the waves. This we hardly think was the poet's intention, since it would be as appropriate to an inland dwelling as to a fisherman's. We are surprised that Dr. W. has not even recorded Reiske's happy conjecture, approved of by Valckenaer, and which we take to be the true reading:

οὐδεὶς δ' ἐν μέσσῳ γείτων πέλεν· ὁ δὲ παρ ̓ αὐτὰν

This not only improves the metre, but is a much nearer approach to the reading of some of the codices, IIENIA, which has evidently crept in from the preceding line, and which, in some measure, confirms its correctness there, but which, according to Dr. W.'s method, is banished from both. The three words, avràv X. кaλúbav, being in the same regimen, the separation of the article from its noun is hardly more violent than in several other instances.

At verse 65 of the same Idyl. for ei d' vñap, où кvwoowv, Dr. W. would read εἰ γὰρ μὴ κνώσσων. But the meaning does not admit of yàp, which thus used would serve to give a reason for something before asserted. We take rap to be thoroughly sound, and a very slight change indeed will restore the line to sense and grammar:

εἰ δ ̓ ὕπαρ ἀγρώσσων τὺ τὰ χωρία ταῦτα ματεύσεις.

"If you fish these same places when wide awake, there is some hope of your dreams, &c." For ȧypwoowv, Cf. Odys. v. 53.

ὥστε κατὰ δεινούς κόλπους ἁλὸς ἀτρυγέτοιο

ἰχθὺς ἀγρώσσων πυκινὰ πτερὰ δεύεται ἅλμῃ.

The accusative of vap and rap, used adverbially, hardly requires illustration; but see Æsch. Eumen. v. 116. 131, and more especially Plato. Theœtet. XIII. p. 158, B.: rí åv tɩç exoɩ tekμýpiov åñodeïžai ei Tis ἔροιτο νῦν οὕτως ἐν τῷ παρόντι, πότερον καθεύδομεν, καὶ πάντα ἅ διανοούμεθα, ὀνειρώττομεν· ἢ ἐγρηγόρα μέν τε καὶ ὕπαρ ἀλλήλοις διαλε γόμεθα.

C. O. MÜLLER'S INTRODUCTION TO A SCIENTIFIC SYSTEM OF MYTHOLOGY. Translated from the German by John Leitch. (London, Longman, 1844, 8vo.)

A TRANSLATION of Müller's Introduction to the Study of Mythology is one of the most valuable additions that could have been made to the literature of our country. Whoever has looked into the numerous

modern works on mythology, must have been struck by the endless variety of opinions respecting the origin and nature of Grecian polytheism, and by the mystical and rationalistic speculations into which scholars of eminence have fallen in their attempts to make us understand the nature of the several divinities. This diversity of opinion and these wild wanderings of speculation were the natural consequences of a misapprehension of the nature and origin of a mythus; and it is a well-known fact, that Müller was one of the first who adopted a sensible method in investigating the origin and gradual developement of mythi. His present work, which appeared in Germany nearly twenty years ago, has for this reason been adopted almost universally as the basis of all mythological studies; and Mr. Leitch deserves the gratitude of his countrymen for introducing the work to those to whom it was inaccessible in the original language. The translation is correct and very faithful, perhaps too much so, and we could almost wish that Mr. Leitch had treated the work with somewhat more freedom, and had divested it somewhat more of its foreign character; for Müller himself took very little pains with the form and style of his works, which, when translated into another language, often require to be entirely remodelled. He wrote down his thoughts, as they occurred to him, with that want of due attention to precision and clearness of style which, unfortunately, is but too common among German writers. In the first thirteen chapters, Müller explains his views concerning the origin, developement, and nature of mythi; and the fourteenth contains a few examples, to shew the manner in which his principles should be applied in particular cases. The fifteenth, or last chapter, gives a comparison of the mythological theories of the most eminent among Müller's predecessors and contemporaries, and we there find brief outlines of the manner in which mythology has been viewed by Heyne, Voss, Creuzer, Hermann, and Welcker. Then follows an appendix on the relation which Homer, Hesiod, and the Orphici bear to earlier traditions, and we are indebted to Mr. Leitch for the judicious addition of two other mythological dissertations of Müller, viz., "On the mythi connected with the constellation of Orion," and "On the grotto of Hermes, at Pylus," both of which were published by Müller, about ten years ago, in German periodicals. The usefulness of Mr. Leitch's translation would have been increased, if he had added an index, or at least a full table of contents.

GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE, FOR THE USE OF HIGH SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. By Dr. Raphael Kühner, Conrector of the Lyceum, Hanover. Translated from the German by B. B. Edwards, Professor in the Theological Seminary, and S. H. Taylor, Principal of Phillip's Academy, Andover. (London: Wiley and Putnam, 1844, 8vo.)

DR. KÜHNER is the author of three Greek grammars, all of which, we are glad to see, are now translated into English. 1. Ausführliche Grammatik der Griechischen Sprache, "Copious Grammar of the Greek Language," in 2 vols., 1834, 1835, translated by Mr. Jelf, of Oxford, with some alterations and additions. 2. Schulgrammatik der Griechischen Sprache, "School Grammar of the Greek Language;" 1836; second edition, 1843, translated in America under the title given at the head of this article. 3. Elementargrammatik der Griechischen Sprache, "Elementary Grammar of the Greek Language," of which three editions have been already published, and which has been translated into English by Mr. Millard. The very copious exercises in this grammar, consisting of Greek sentences to be translated into English, and of English sentences to be translated into Greek, had been previously published by the late Dr. Allen, under the title of "A New Greek Delectus," which is undoubtedly the best work of its kind. These exercises are very properly omitted in Mr. Millard's translation, as they had been already published in a separate form; but we are rather surprised that Mr. Millard has given no intimation in his preface of this fact.

Of the three grammars above mentioned, the one translated by Messrs. Edwards and Taylor is the best adapted for the use of students in colleges and the higher classes of schools, the Elementary Grammar, as the name imports, being intended for beginners, and the larger work, translated by Mr. Jelf, being more suitable to advanced scholars. They are all, however, great improvements upon the Greek grammars in common use among us, and we hope they will soon be extensively employed in our course of classical instruction. Dr. Kühner has not only an accurate knowledge of the Greek language itself, but he has also paid attention to the languages connected with the Greek, and has thus called in the aid of comparative grammar to illustrate the structure and formation of the Greek language. It is not too much to say that a knowledge of Sanscrit is essential to any one who would write a Latin or Greek grammar in the present day, not only on account of the light which the Sanscrit throws upon numerous difficulties in the structure of the Greek and Latin, but also on account of the admirable grammatical system of the Hindu writers. This is neither the time

nor the place to enter at large into this subject; but one instance will illustrate what we mean. There are few parts of the Greek grammar in which there is more confusion than in the account of what is usually called the Third Declension. To a learner the whole matter is a perfect chaos; and in fact he is obliged to recollect separately the genitive case of almost every noun. Thus, when кópaž is given to a learner to decline, the utmost he can tell is, that the genitive is Kópak-os, Kópay-os, or Kópax-оs, and he is fortunate if he obtains sufficient information to know even this. In the same way with λaμrás, the learner has no means of ascertaining whether the genitive is λαμπάδος, λαμπάτος, λаμmά0-оs, or perhaps even Xaμrá-оç. Now, instead of taking the nominative case as the form, from which all the other cases are to be derived, the Hindu grammarians give the stem or crude-form of the noun, from which the nominative case itself, as well as all the other cases, are formed. In this manner every thing becomes plain and simple. The pupil must of course have learnt previously the euphonic changes which consonants undergo when brought into contact with other consonants; and an explanation of such euphonic changes should be given before the declensions, as Dr. Kühner has done. The pupil need then only be told that the nominative case is usually formed by addings, the genitive by adding os, &c., and he is sure to decline his nouns aright. Accordingly, Dr. Kühner, in imitation of the Hindu grammarians, gives the following table of some nouns of the third declension:

This plan of separating the stem-part of the word from the letters which mark inflexion, and of forming all the cases of nouns, and the moods, tenses, and persons of verbs, direct from the stem, and not from the nominative case of a noun, or the first person singular of the present tense of a verb, is one of the many merits of Dr. Kühner's grammar, though he has not always adopted it so fully as we could have wished. The syntax of Dr. Kühner's grammar is also an improvement upon that of his predecessors. The syntax of Matthiæ's Greek Grammar, which is the one most in use in this country, and which is certainly much better than the etymological portion of the work, is useful as a collection of examples, but as nothing more. The corresponding part of Dr. Kühner's work, however, possesses merits of a higher order.

He has applied to the Greek language the principles which Becker has developed in his German Grammars, and has endeavoured to explain by an accurate philosophical analysis the connection between the constituent parts of a sentence, instead of giving a set of unconnected rules respecting the use of cases and moods, which it is almost impossible for any student to remember.

ANTIQUITATES VERGILIANE AD VITAM POPULI ROMANI DESCRIPTÆ. A Laurentio Lersch. Bonn, 1843. 8vo.

THE design of this work is to illustrate, by means of passages in Virgil, the antiquities of Rome in civil and military affairs, in religion, and in private life. It is well known that Virgil was master of profound antiquarian knowledge; but this, as Macrobius tells us, often lies concealed in a single word, which the careless or uninstructed reader might pass over unnoticed. (Est profundam scientiam hujus poetæ in uno sæpe reperire verbo, quod fortuito dictum vulgus putaret. Saturn. lib. iii. c. 2.) A work, then, like that of Dr. Lersch, in which he presents us with the fruits of nine years' labour, devoted to the illustration of such obscure points, cannot but prove a welcome offering to the student of Virgil.

In the execution of his plan, Dr. Lersch has had recourse to those Latin authors who throw light upon Roman antiquities, as Livy, Pliny, and especially Varro, and he has frequent occasion to point out differences between Homer and Virgil, in their descriptions of rites. and customs.

When Virgil wrote, more than seven centuries had elapsed since the foundation of Rome, and about four more must be added to bring us to the time of the action of his poem. A long rule, unbroken by foreign invasion, together with a strong spirit of nationality, had imparted to the Romans both the desire and the means of preserving their ancient traditions; and during the Augustan age, as well as for some time previously, the antiquities of Rome were a favourite study.

Touching on so many desultory particulars, Dr. Lersch's work necessarily wants unity of plan, and may be properly regarded as a series of notes on different passages in Virgil. The author himself seems to have been sensible of this, as he has added an index, in which the quotations from each book are referred to in their consecutive order. This is a good idea, as it will enable the student, who might feel disinclined to read the book through, to refer to it as a book of notes.

In his fifty-sixth section, Dr. Lersch treats of Virgil's religious opi