17. Managaon (probably Mallaigaum), lat. 20° 32', long. 74° 30', in Khandeish. This very remarkable stone fell on July 26, 1843. It consists of a congeries of beautiful primrose-yellow crystals entangled, as it were, in a network of an opake mineral of the same colour.

Note. The detailed accounts of these meteorites are being published in the numbers of the 'Philosophical Magazine' for 1863.

On the Effects of different Manures on the Mixed Herbage of Grass Land. By J. B. LAWES, F.R.S., F.C.S., and J. H. GILBERT, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. At the Aberdeen Meeting the authors had shown the great difference in both the chemical and the botanical characters of the herbage induced by different kinds of manure, each applied for three consecutive years on the same plot, in a portion of Mr. Lawes's park, which had been laid down as meadow probably for some centuries. Now, after the continuance of the experiment for four years more, they gave the results of a more complete botanical analysis of the produce. The full details were exhibited in Tables, and discussed at length; but the most important of them are embodied in the Table given herewith, and the general results may be shortly stated as follows:

1. So far as the general distribution of Graminaceous, Leguminous, and miscellaneous or weedy herbage, and the tendency to the production of leafy or stemmy produce and to early or retarded ripening, were concerned, the characters of the produce of the seventh season, 1862, were, in the main, similar to those before recorded of the third season, 1858. But there was considerable change in the relative predominance of certain species on particular plots. Dactylis glomerata, Festuca duriuscula or F. pratensis, Avena pubescens or A. flavescens, Poa trivialis or P. pratensis, and Alopecurus pratensis had, respectively, become much more prevalent on one or more of the plots, according to the description of manure employed. 2. Unmanured, the mown produce consisted of 74 per cent. by weight of Graminaceous, 7 per cent. Leguminous, and 19 per cent. miscellaneous or weedy herbage. It showed great variety, comprising about 40 species of plants, of which 16 were Graminaceous, 4 Leguminous, and the remainder miscellaneous, and exhibited comparatively little predominance of individual species. Festuca duriuscula, F. pratensis, Avena pubescens, and A. flavescens were the most prominent; whilst the freer-growing grasses were in smaller amount, and a number of others in less proportion still. The crop was even, but very short, with little development of stem; and it was green, and comparatively late, at the time of cutting.

3. Mixed mineral manures (superphosphate of lime, and sulphates of potass, soda, and magnesia) also gave about 40 species of plants; they increased the Graminaceous herbage comparatively little, and reduced the proportion in the produce both of it and the weedy herbage, but very greatly increased both the amount per acre and the proportion of the Leguminous plants Trifolium, Lathyrus, and Lotus, which together contributed nearly one-fourth of the total produce. The description of the Graminaceous herbage was not very much altered from that of the unmanured land; there was no striking predominance of individual species; but, compared with the produce by more productive manures, there was a pretty even mixture of most of the grasses occurring without manure, and those which did show any prominence were chiefly of the smaller and less free-growing kinds. The tendency to form stem and seed, and to early ripeness, was much greater than without manure.

4. Ammonia salts alone gave a produce in which 33 species only were detected; they considerably increased both the amount per acre and the proportion in the produce of the Graminaceous herbage, almost excluded Leguminous plants, and reduced the number and amount of miscellaneous or weedy species generally, but much increased the luxuriance of some few, particularly the Rumex acetosa, Bunium flexuosum, and Achillea millefolium. The proportions were nearly 88 per cent. Graminaceous, but a fraction of 1 per cent. Leguminous, and 11 per cent. miscellaneous herbage. The relation to one another of the Graminaceous species, as to amount, was much the same as without manure, excepting that Festuca duriuscula and Agrostis vulgaris were brought into much greater prominence. The in

creased growth was characteristically that of root or base-leaves, and there was very little tendency to form stem or to ripen.

5. Nitrate of soda alone, like ammonia-salts alone, considerably increased the produce of Graminaceous herbage, and tended chiefly to the production of rootfoliage. The nitrate, however, strikingly brought into prominence the Alopecurus pratensis, at the expense, compared with the produce by ammonia-salts, chiefly of Agrostis vulgaris, and partly of Festuca duriuscula. Otherwise the distribution of species was not very materially altered, the more luxuriantly-growing grasses not being much developed. The crop was much more leafy than stemmy, very dark green, and late; it contained very little Leguminous herbage, though rather more than the produce by ammonia-salts alone; and the weedy plants were luxuriant rather than numerous-Plantago lanceolata, Centaurea nigra, Rumex acetosa, Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus, and Taraxacum all being more or less encouraged.

6. The combinations of nitrogenous-manured (ammonia-salts or nitrates) and the mixed mineral manure gave by far the largest crops, the largest proportion of Graminaceous herbage, the largest proportion referable to a few species, scarcely a trace of Leguminous plants, and a small proportion, both in number and amount, of miscellaneous or weedy plants. In fact, the total number of species (particularly when ammonia-salts were used) was smaller than by any other description of manure, in one case only 21, and in another only 24, being detected; and the Graminaceous herbage in several cases amounted to 90 per cent. or more of the total crop. The produce was very luxuriant, with a good development of stem and stemleaves, and a much greater tendency to ripen than when the ammonia-salts or nitrates were used without the mineral manure. The predominating grasses were the most bulky and free-growing ones, Dactylis glomerata and Poa trivialis being very prominent, and Arena pubescens or A. flavescens, Agrostis vulgaris, Lolium perenne, and Holcus lanatus somewhat so. Festuca duriuscula, F. pratensis, Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Alopecurus pratensis, Bromus mollis, and others, were almost

excluded.

7. Farmyard manure considerably increased the growth of the grasses and of some few weeds, particularly Rumex, Ranunculus, Bunium, and Achillea, and reduced that of clover and other Leguminous plants, more especially when used in combination with ammonia-salts. It greatly encouraged the growth of the good grass Poa trivialis, and of the bad one Bromus mollis, and, when in conjunction with ammonia-salts, the Dactylis glomerata. Under both conditions, Festuca duriuscula and F. pratensis were nearly excluded, and Avena flavescens, A. pubescens, Agrostis vulgaris, Lolium perenne, and Arrhenatherum avenaceum were very much reduced. The crops were upon the whole bulky, comparatively simple as to description of herbage (not more than 28 species in all being detected), fairly luxuriant both in stem and leaf, somewhat rough and coarse, and showed a tendency to unequal ripeness.

8. Graminaceous herbage was only encouraged when nitrogenous manures were employed; and when these were used alone, the produce was very leafy, and generally (according to the amounts applied) the crop was very dark green and showed comparatively little tendency to ripen; but when the nitrogenous manures were used in conjunction with mineral manures, the Graminaceous produce was very much more luxuriant, very much more stemmy, showed much more tendency to ripen, and almost excluded other descriptions of herbage.

9. Leguminous herbage was almost entirely excluded whenever nitrogenous manures were used in any quantity, whether in the form of ammonia-salts or nitrates, alone or in combination with mineral manures, but somewhat less so with nitrates than with ammonia-salts. Mineral manures alone, containing both potass and phosphoric acid, greatly increased the growth of Leguminous plants, particularly the perennial red clover and meadow vetchling. Farmyard manure, like artificial nitrogenous manures, also, but in a less degree, much diminished the proportion of the Leguminous herbage.

10. Miscellaneous or weedy herbage was diminished in the number of species, and in the frequency of occurrence, by every description of manure, but by exclusively mineral manures less so than by any others. Nitrogenous manures, especially in combination with mineral constituents, diminished the number and frequency

very strikingly, but at the same time greatly increased the luxuriance of a few species, especially Rumex acetosa, and frequently Bunium flexuosum and Achillea millefolium. Plantago and Ranunculus were generally discouraged by active manures, excepting farmyard manure and nitrate of soda. The nitrate also favoured Centaurea nigra and Taraxacum dens-leonis.

11. Considerable increase of produce was only obtained by means of farmyard manure, or artificial manures containing both mineral constituents and ammoniasalts or nitrates. The crops so obtained were much more Graminaceous, and consisted in much greater proportion of but a few species of plants. The grasses developed were chiefly of the more bulky and freer-growing kinds, and the produce was generally very stemmy-the more so, and the coarser, the more excessive the manuring.

12. Meadow-land mown for hay should not be manured exclusively with artificial manures, but should receive a dressing of well-rotted farmyard manure every four or five years.

13. Sewage-irrigation, like active manures applied to meadow-land in the ordinary way, has also a tendency to develope chiefly the Graminaceous herbage, excluding the Leguminous, and to a great extent the miscellaneous or weedy plants. It also, at the expense of the rest, encourages a few free-growing grasses, among which, according to the locality and other circumstances, Poa trivialis, Triticum repens, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, and Lolium perenne have been observed to be very prominent. The result is an almost exclusively Graminaceous and very simple herbage. But as the produce of sewage-irrigated meadows is generally cut or fed off in a young and succulent condition, the tendency which the great luxuriance of a few very free-growing grasses has to give a coarse and stemmy later growth is less objectionable than in the case of meadows left for hay.

On the Past and Present Expenses and Social Condition of University Education. By the Rev. W. EMERY, B.D., Senior Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, late Senior Proctor of the University.

He traced the history from the earliest times, when Joffrid the Abbot of Croyland sent Gilbert and other three monks to Cottenham, who instruction in a gave barn in Cambridge. It was not till A.D. 1257 that St. Peter's, the first college in the University, was founded, when the expense of a student ranged up to £2 a year. The students then lived hard lives, being contented with a penny-piece of beef amongst four, accompanied by salt and oatmeal only, and were obliged to run up and down, "being without fire, in order to get a heat on their feet before going to bed." The author then gave a very interesting and humorous account of the provision for students in 1645, as stated by Strype in letters to his mother, written from Jesus College. In 1768 expenses increased, tutorial charges increased, and the system of private tutors was introduced. Fifty years since it might be gathered, from the large number of noblemen and fellow-commoners in the University, that expenses had reached a much higher point, while, about thirty years back, extravagance, immorality, and idleness had attained their utmost height. Since that time a great improvement had taken place, and now there was a much better system of habits, and a larger and more regular attendance on professional and college lectures. The estimates for the expenses of students at present for three terms a year were on three scales-the lowest being about £120, the second £180, and the highest £250. If private tutors were engaged, a sum of £8 or £10 a term must be added, and to those who resided in college in the long vacations an additional expense of £15 or £20 was incurred. Some men of great economy lived in the University for £100 a year. These rates included all University charges and private expenses as derived from the tradesmen's bills sent in to the tutors. Some of the sizars had lived on such low sums as £45 and £39 per annum. In most of the colleges the students might obtain assistance from scholarships, the lowest stipend attached to which would provide an undergraduate with a private tutor. It had been shown by evidence that one of the sources of extravagance in undergraduates was the habits acquired by them at public schools, and it was reasonable to suppose that a young 1862. 13