printed at Berlin, 1792. 8vo. I am, however, inclined to carry the origin of them to an earlier period; not to the Fasti, but to the so called Notitia, which contain the first lists of public officers of state. I here include both the well known Notitia Imperii, the editions of which may be seen in Fabricii Bibliotheca Græca,* and the Notitia Episcopatuum, and Provinciarum et Civitatum.t

Mr. von Schwarzkopf makes the Hamburgh directory of the year 1787 the first work of the kind published in that city; but Mr. Gunther, one of the senators, asserts that the oldest state calendar for Hamburgh, was printed so early as 1698.

Among the oldest court calendars, not mentioned by Mr. Schwarzkopf, the most remarkable perhaps is the Austrian of the year 1636. It was printed in 1637 in small duodecimo,‡ without the name of the author, printer, or place, under the following title: Status particularis regiminis sacra Casareæ majestatis Ferdinandi II. This small work is sometimes found in libraries among the Elzevir Republics, with which it can be classed only on

* Lib. iv. cap. v. § 6. vol. i. p. 752.

A good account of these may be found in Fabricii Bib. Græca, lib. iv. cap. 2. § 19. vol. iii. p. 85. and in Bosii Introductio in Notitiam Scriptor. ecclesiast. inserted in T. Crenii Tractatus de Eruditione comparanda. Lug. Bat. 1669. 4to. p. 413.

Į It contains 365 pages.

account of its size. It begins with a short statistical view of the Austrian states: then come the topography of Vienna; the virtues and manner of live ing of the emperor; on the ceremonial of the court; the different colleges; of the empress, and the foreign ambassadors at the imperial court. In the part relating to the imperial table,* court fools are mentioned: Moriones tunc etiam jocoseria facetiasque, inter hos vero potissimum Jonas morionum alpha pro re nata, producunt et effundunt prout tempus et occasio exigit; nunquam vero majores ac 'liberiores quam cum Cæsarea majestas peregre seu venando occupata est.

The court calendar, which begins properly at the ninety-third page, has this title: Sacræ Cæsareæ majestatis Ferdinandi II. completus imperialis status aulicus, ubi agitur de omnibus superioribus et inferioribus ministris et officialibus, consiliariisque intimis item de negotiatoribus opificiariisque aulicis, musicis, &c. sicuti hic status in urbe Vienna, quæ nunc imperialis est sedes, constitutus erat anno 1636. The first article is: Supremus aulæ magister D. Leonhard. Hellfried, comes a Meggav. Then follow the consiliarii intimi, and all the other persons in office; but the inferior ones are not mentioned by name, but according to their number. Thus, for example, in page 114: Culina aulica 1 coquus oralis seu oris, ut sonat

* Page 47.

idioma Germanicum Mundkoch ; 6 coqui magistri ; 10 coqui inferiores; 2 assatores; 2 adjuncti; 2 coqui juscularii; 2 appositores; 8 culinæ pueri; 2 culinæ latores seu geruli; 1 culinæ ostiarius; I lignator. Page 115, Lotrices: 1 lotrix corporis, female washer of the body; 1 lotrix oris, female washer of the mouth; 1 lotrix mensæ, female washer of the table; 1 lotrix culinæ, female washer of the kitchen. The concluding servants are the musici: namely, duo organici; musici instrumentales; vocales: bassistæ, tenorista, altistæ, discantistæ, tubicines musicales, non musicales, all according to their names.

In page 132 is Libellus titularis, ubi Cæsarea majestatis - - - integri convenientesque tituli reperiuntur. Page 173, Salutandi modus, ad pontificem, Turcam, et hujus præcipuos ministros et regentes Page 202, designatio omnium a Ferdinando II creatorum principum, comitum, et baronum. Page 225, Ferdin. II diplomatum formæ. At the end is added: Dan. Eremitæ, Belgæ, Iter Germanicum, sive Epistola de legatione Magni Hetruriæ ducis ad Rudolphum II et aliquot Germaniæ principes 1609.

The first edition of this small work was certainly printed in Holland; but I obtained through the kindness of Mr. Runde, to whom I am indebted for a knowledge of this court calendar, a German reprint of it, with somewhat coarser and worn down letters, consisting of 302 pages.

Nothing farther is wanting in this edition than the above mentioned Iter Germanicum, which the German editor perhaps would not venture to publish, because the characters of the emperor Rodolphus II, the elector of Saxony, the margrave of Brandenburgh and other German princes are drawn in it in too natural colours. The mention of this journey, however, in the preface, is retained in the reprint. Those who may be desirous of seeing it, will find it more correctly given in Dan. Eremita Aulica Vita lib. iv. ejusdem Opuscola varia cum præfatione, J. G. Grævii Ultrajecti 1701, 8vo.

The court calendar was first printed in Sweden in 1761. I however consider as the first, that printed in 1729, both in Swedish and German. The German edition was printed by Green, bookseller at Lubec, with the following title: "Flourishing Sweden, in the year 1729, by A. J. von Henel." I have now before me a copy from the library of Mr. Runde: It contains, besides the preface and index, 276 pages in quarto. The author was Major, who caused to be published in the year 1728, in Swedish, another work entitled: "The present flourishing and far famed city of Stockholm."

RIBBON-LOOM.

Among the inventions, which, by lessening labour, render a great number of workmen unnecessary, and consequently deprive many of bread; and which, with whatever ingenuity they may be contrived, have been considered as hurtful, and were for a long time suppressed by governments, may be reckoned the ribbon-loom. In its general construction, this machine approaches very near to that of the common weaving-loom; but the workman, instead of weaving one piece, or one ribbon, as is the case when the latter is used, can, on the former when it has all the necessary apparatus, weave sixteen or twenty pieces at the same time, and even of different patterns. Such a loom is so made, that the workman can move the batton as in the common loom, towards him and from him, and also to the right and left, with all the shuttles it contains; or, it is furnished with certain machinery below, which can be moved by a boy unacquainted with the art of weaving, and which keeps the whole loom with all its shuttles in motion. Looms of the former kind are certainly much simpler than those of the latter, and in all probability are older. To the first kind belongs the loom at Erfurt, and that which was lately brought thence, to Gottingen. Of the other kind there are two at Berlin; and some of them may be seen in many other places.