been materially injured by his advances to promote the interests of the infant colony; and a lawsuit in which he was involved, in 1707, with the executors of his steward, rendered it expedient for him to reside for some time within the rules of the Fleet. He was so reduced in his circumstances as to be under the necessity of mortgaging his province; and was on the eve of selling it, when three successive apoplectic seizures deprived him of reason and memory, in which state he continued till his death in 1718, at the advanced age of seventy-four.

From the death of Penn to the Revolution, the history of the Colony presents little more than a series of petty altercations between the deputy governors and the Assembly. The chief subject of dispute related to the exemption of the lands of the Proprietors from the rates and taxes to which other lands were liable; a claim which the Assembly stoutly resisted. These dissensions, however, did not in the least interrupt or retard the growing prosperity of the colony, and the claim itself occasioned far more disgust, than injury. For seventy years, the upright conduct of Penn with the Indians, which was imitated by his successors, secured an uninterrupted harmony between them and the Whites. In the early part of the revolutionary war, (during which Pennsylvania was for a considerable time the seat of hostilities,) the people, by their representatives, adopted a new constitution, by which the Proprietor was excluded from all share in the government. He was offered, and finally accepted,

In 1749, an important treaty was concluded with the Indians of the Six Nations at Philadelphia, in which, for goods of considerable value, they ceded to the Proprietors all the lands on the Susquehannah as far south as the boundary of Pennsylvania, and northward to the Blue Mountains; and since that time, the Indian title to the rest of the State has been extinguished.

the sum of 570,000 dollars in 'discharge of all quitrents due from the land-holders in this State.*

Maryland, the fifth and last of those states which we have arranged under the name of the Middle States, was comprised within the original boundaries of Virginia, but was not settled till a grant of the territory was made to Lord Baltimore in the year 1634. Like Pennsylvania and New England, it was colonized by refugees fleeing from persecution on account of their religion; but those who emigrated to Maryland, were neither Quakers nor Puritans. During the reign of James I., at the time that the Roman Catholics had drawn down upon themselves severe penal enactments, and the Gunpowder Plot had inflamed the popular hatred, Lord Baltimore, an Irish nobleman of that communion, had been induced to go out to Virginia, in the expectation of being there allowed to enjoy his religious opinions without disturbance or reproach. But the people among whom he came to reside, were almost as intolerant as those he had left; and he soon found it necessary to seek another asylum. Having ascertained that the territory on both sides of Chesapeake Bay was inhabited only by the Indians, he conceived the project of planting there a new colony for the benefit of all persons who might be anxious to escape from religious persecution. He returned to England, and obtained from Charles I. a grant of the territory he had explored, but died before the requisite formalities were completed. It was confirmed, however, to his eldest son and heir, Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, and the charter granted more ample privileges than had ever before been conceded to a subject. The new colony

Hale, pp. 131-137, Clarkson's Life of Penn, passim. Carey and Lea, pp. 169-173.

was named Maryland, in honour of Henrietta Maria, the consort of Charles I.

In February 1634, the first settlers arrived at the mouth of the Potomac. They consisted of about 200 emigrants, mostly Roman Catholics, headed by the Honourable Leonard Calvert, the Proprietor's brother, as governor. At a conference with the Indians who dwelt on the shore, they purchased Yoamaco, a considerable village, the site of which is now occupied by St. Mary's. By this wise and just measure, the natives were satisfied, convenient habitations and some cultivated land were obtained, and the first settlers were secured against the distressing effects of a scarcity of provisions. The country was inviting; and the favourable circumstances under which the settlement was commenced, soon attracted an influx of population. From the south, Episcopalians drove Puritans, from the north, Puritans drove Episcopalians into its borders, where all were alike freely received and protected. To the honour of Lord Baltimore and his associates, it is stated, that, so long as the Roman Catholics retained the ascendancy in this province, the Assembly passed no law trenching upon the liberty of conscience. But, when the distractions of England found their way into the colonics, Maryland became the scene of revolt and civil war, owing chiefly to the machinations of an unprincipled adventurer named Clayborne,* a member of the Virginia

* Clayborne had settled himself on Kent Island, which was included in the grant made to Lord Baltimore, and refusing to submit to his authority, he appealed to the Crown. When the decision was given against him, he vindictively excited the Indians to hostilities, by persuading them that the new comers were Spaniards and enemies to the Virginians. An Indian war was the consequence in 1642, which lasted several years, and was productive of much distress. It ended in the submission of the natives. By

council, who had contrived to get himself nominated one of the parliamentary commissioners "for reducing and governing the colonies within the Bay of Chesapeake." The power of the governor was overthrown ; and an assembly, convened under the influence of the insurgent party, ordained, that persons professing the Roman Catholic religion should not be considered as within the protection of the laws. Thus basely and ungratefully were the members of that communion persecuted by men whom they had taken to their bosom, and in a colony which they had founded for the express purpose of enjoying the free exercise of their religion. Laws unfavourable to the Quakers were also enacted. The affairs of the province remained in an unsettled state, until the Restoration, when Philip Calvert was appointed governor by Charles II., and the former order of things was restored. About this time, the number of White inhabitants was upwards of 12,000.

In 1676, died Cecil, Lord Baltimore, the father of the colony. For more than forty years, he had directed its affairs as Proprietor, and had displayed, in all his conduct, a benevolent heart and an enlightened understanding. In an age of bigotry, he was distinguished by his liberal opinions; and though a member of the most intolerant church, was the steady friend of religious freedom. The records of the Maryland Assembly contain frequent memorials of the respect and affection entertained for his character.

In the year 1689, the repose of the Colony was again disturbed. A rumour was artfully circulated, that the Roman Catholics had leagued with the Indians to destroy all the Protestants in the province.

the address of this same "evil genius of Maryland," the insurrection of the colonists in 1645 was stirred up.

An armed association was immediately formed for the defence of the Protestant religion, and for asserting the rights of King William and Queen Mary. The magistrates attempted to put down this association by force, but, meeting with few supporters, were compelled to abdicate the government. In 1692, Lionel Copley was appointed governor by commission from King William, and the Protestant faith according to the rites of the Church of England, was established by law. For twenty-seven years, the entire control of the province was vested in the Crown. In 1716, the Proprietor was restored to his rights, and he and his descendants continued to enjoy them till the Revolution; when the people assumed the government, adopted a new constitution, and refused to admit the claims of Lord Baltimore to either jurisdiction or property. Maryland is, next to New Jersey, the most populous of all the Middle States in proportion to its size; but one-fourth of the population consists of slaves, a great part of the province being of the same character as Virginia.

The States of North and South Carolina were, up to the year 1729, under the superintendence and control of the same proprietors, being included in the same charter. The first settlers were persons

* Hale, pp. 137-142. Carey and Lea, pp. 187-191. Lord Baltimore's property in the lands, was confiscated on the ground of his being an absentee. At the close of the war, Henry Hatford, Esq., the natural son and heir of Lord Baltimore, petitioned the legislature of Maryland for his estate, but without success. He estimated his loss of quit-rents, valued at 20 years purchase, and including arrears, at 259,4887., and the value of his manors and reserved lands at 327,4417.

† North Carolina, we have seen, was the first seat of English colonization in North America, the disastrous position of Roanoke being within its limits. It was included in the patent granted in