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99; Ptol. v. 2. § 30; P. Mela, ii. 7.) Modern writers | tioned in the Itinerary as the Venta Icenorum, and derive the name of Icaria from the Ionic word kápa, in contradistinction to the Venta Belgarum (Wina pasture (Hesych. s. v. Káp), according to which it chester). [R. G. L.] would mean "the pasture land." In earlier times ICH (Ix), a river of Central Asia which only it is said to have been called Doliche (Plin. l. c.; occurs in Menander of Byzantium (Hist. Legat. BarCallim. Hymn. in Dian. 187), Macris (Plin. l. c.; barorum ad Romanos, p. 300, ed. Niebuhr, Bonn, Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 530; Liv. xxvii. 13), and 1829), surnamed the "Protector," and contempoIchthyoessa (Plin. l. c.). Respecting the present con-rary with the emperor Maurice, in the 6th century dition of the island, see Tournefort, Voyage du Lévant, ii. lett. 9. p. 94; and Ross, Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln, vol. ii. p. 164, fol. [L. S.]

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COIN OF OENOE OR OENAE, IN ICARUS.

ICARUSA, a river the embouchure of which is on the E. coast of the Euxine, mentioned only by Pliny (vi. 5). Icarusa answers to the Ukrash river; and the town and river of Hieros is doubtless the HIEROS PORTUS (iepòs λiμhv) of Arrian (Peripl. p. 19), which has been identified with Sunjuk-kala. (Rennell, Compar. Geog. vol. ii. p. 328.) [E. B. J.] ICAUNUS or ICAUNA (Yonne), in Gallia, a river which is a branch of the Sequana (Seine). Autesiodurum or Autessiodurum (Auxerre) is on the Yonne. The name Icaunus is only known from inscriptions. D'Anville (Notice, &c., s. v. Icauna) states, on the authority of the Abbé le Beuf, that there was found on a stone on the modern wall of Auxerre the inscription DEAE ICAVNI. He supposes that Icauni ought to be Icauniae, but without any good reason. He also adds that the name Icanna appears in a writing of the fifth century. According to Ukert (Gallien, p. 145), who also cites Le Beuf, the inscription is "Deabus Icauni." It is said that in the ninth century Auxerre was named Icauna, Hionna, Junia. (Millin, Voyage, i. p. 167, cited by Ukert, Gallien, p. 474.) Icauna is as likely to be the Roman form of the original Celtic name as Icaunus. [G. L.] ICENI, in Britain. Tacitus is the only author who gives us the exact form Iceni. He mentions them twice.

after Christ, to whom comparative geography is indebted for much curious information about the basin of the Caspian and the rivers which discharge themselves into it on the E. Niebuhr has recognised, in the passage from Menander to which reference has been made, the first intimation of the knowledge of the existence of the lake of Aral, after the very vague intimations of some among the authors of the classical period. Von Humboldt (Asie Centrale, vol. ii. p. 186) has identified the Ich with the Emba or Djem, which rises in the mountain range Aïruruk, not far from the sources of the Or, and, after traversing the sandy steppes of Saghiz and Bakoumbai, falls into the Caspian at its NE. corner. (Comp. Levchine, Hordes et Steppes des KirghizKazaks, p. 65.) [E. B. J.]

ICHANA (Ixava: Eth. 'Ixavivos), a city of Sicily, which, according to Stephanus of Byzantium, held out for a long time against the arms of the Syracusans, whence he derives its name (from the verb ixaváw, a form equivalent to ioxaváw), but gives us no indication of the period to which this statement refers. The Ichanenses, however, are mentioned by Pliny (iii. 8. s. 14) among the stipendiary towns of the interior of Sicily, though, according to Sillig (ad loc.), the true reading is Ipanenses. [HIPPANA.] In either case we have no clue to the position of the city, and it is a mere random conjecture of Cluverius to give the name of Ichana to the ruins of a city which still remain at a place called Vindicari, a few miles N. of Cape Pachynum, and which were identified (with still less probability) by Fazello as those of Imachara. [IMACHARA.] [E. H. B.]

ICHNAE (Ixvai), a city of Bottiaea, in Macedonia, which Herodotus (vii. 123) couples with l'ella. (Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 582.) [E. B. J.]

ICHNAE (Ixval, Isid. Char. p. 3; Steph. B. s. v), a small fortified town, or castle, in Mesopotamia, situated on the river Bilecha, which itself First, they are defeated by the propraetor P. Os-flowed into the Euphrates. It is said by Isidorus to torius, who, after fortifying the valleys of the Autona (Aufona) and Sabrina, reduces the Iceni, and then marcnes against the Cangi, a population sufficiently distant from Norfolk or Suffolk (the area of the Iceni) to be near the Irish Sea. (Ann. xii. 31, 32.) The difficulties that attend the geography of the campaign of Ostorius have been indicated in the article CAMULODUNUM. It is not from this passage that we fix the Iceni.

The second notice gives us the account of the great rebellion under Boadicea, wife of Prasutagus. From this we infer that Camulodunum was not far from the Icenian area, and that the Trinobantes were a neighbouring population. Perhaps we are justified in carrying the Iceni as far south as the frontiers of Essex and Herts. (Ann. xiv. 31—37.)

The real reason, however, for fixing the Iceni lies in the assumption that they are the same as the Simeni of Ptolemy, whose town was Venta (Norwich or Caistor); an assumption that is quite reasonable, since the Venta of Ptolemy's Simeni is men

have owed its origin to the Macedonians. There can be little doubt that it is the same place as is called in Dion Cassius Ixva (xl. 12), and in Plutarch 'Toxva (Crass. c. 25). According to the former writer, it was the place where Crassus overcame Talymenus: according to the latter, that to which the younger Crassus was persuaded to fly when wounded. Its exact position cannot be determined; but it is clear that it was not far distant fron the important town of Carrhae.

[V.]

ICCIUS PORTUS. [ITIUS.] ICHTHYOPHAGI (Ιχθυοφάγοι, Diod. iii. 15, seq.; Herod. iii. 19; Pausan. i. 33. § 4; Plin. vi. 30. s. 32), were one of the numerous tribes dwelling on each shore of the Red Sea which derived their appellation from the principal article of their diet. Fish-euters, however, were not confined to this region: in the present day, savages, whose only diet is fish cast ashore and cooked in the sun, are found on the coasts of New Holland. The Aethiopian Ichthyophagi, who appear to have been the most numerous of these

DYTES.

the capital of an empire, the sovereigns of which took the title of Sultans of Iconium. Under the Turkish dominion, and during the period of the Crusades, Iconium acquired its greatest celebrity. It is still a large and populous town, and the residence of a pasha. The place contains some architectural remains and inscriptions, but they appear almost all to belong to the Byzantine period. (Comp. Amm. Marc. xiv. 2; Steph. B. s. v.; Ptol. v. 6. § 16;

tribes, dwelt to the southward of the Regio Troglo- | Saracens, and afterwards by the Turks, who made it dytica. Of these, and other more inland races, concerning whose strange forms and modes of life curious tales are related by the Greek and Roman writers, a further account is given under TROGLO[W. B. D.] ICHTHYOPHAGORUM SINUS ('Ixovopάywv KÓλTOS, Ptol. vi. 7. § 13), was a deeply embayed portion of the Persian gulf, in lat. 25° N., situated between the headlands of the Sun and Asabé on the eastern coast of Arabia. The inhabitants of its bor-Leake, Asia Minor, p. 48; Hamilton, Researches, ders were of the same mixed race — -Aethiopo-Arabian-with the Ichthyophagi of Aethiopia. The bay was studded with islands, of which the principal were Aradus, Tylos, and Tharos. [W. B. D.] ICHTHYS. [ELIS, p. 817, b.]

ICIANI, in Britain, mentioned in the Itinerary as a station on the road from London to Carlisle (Luguballium). As more than one of the stations on each side (Villa Faustini, Camboricum, &c.) are uncertain, the locality of the Iciani is uncertain also. Chesterford, Ickburg, and Thetford are suggested in the Monumenta Britannica. [R. G. L.]

ICIDMAGUS, a town of Gallia Lugdunensis, is placed by the Table on a road between Revessium (supposed to be St. Paulian) and Aquae Segete. [AQUAE SEGETE.] Icidmagus is probably Issengeaux or Issinhaux, which is SSW. of St. Etienne, on the west side of the mountains, and in the basin of the Upper Loire. The resemblance of name is the chief reason for fixing on this site. [G. L.] ICO'NII ('IKÓvoi), an Alpine people of Gallia. Strabo (p. 185) says: "Above the Cavares are the Vocontii, and Tricorii, and Iconii, and Peduli ;" and again (p. 203): "Next to the Vocontii are the Siconii, and Tricorii, and after them the Medali (Medulli), who inhabit the highest summits." These Iconii and Siconii are evidently the same people, and the sigma in the name Siconii seems to be merely a repetition of the final sigma of the word OuкOVтIOUS. The Peduli of the first passage, as some editions have it, is also manifestly the name Medulli. The ascertained position of the Cavares on the east side of the Rhone, between the Durance and Isère, and that of the Vocontii east of the Cavares, combined with Strabo's remark about the position of the Medulli, show that the Tricorii and the Iconii are between the Vocontii and the Medulli, who were on the High Alps; and this is all that we know. [G. L.] ICO'NIUM ('IKÓviov: Eth. 'IKOVIEús: Cogni, Kunjah, or Koniyeh), was regarded in the time of Xenophon (Anab. i. 2. § 19) as the easternmost town of Phrygia, while all later authorities describe it as the principal city of Lycaonia. (Cic. ad Fam. iii. 6, 8, xv. 3.) Strabo (xii. p. 568) calls it a wоAlxvior, whence we must infer that it was then still a small place; but he adds that it was well peopled, and was situated in a fertile district of Lycaonia. Pliny (v. 27), however, and the Acts of the Apostles, describe it as a very populous city, inhabited by Greeks and Jews. Hence it would appear that, within a short period, the place had greatly risen in importance. In Pliny's time the territory of Iconium formed a tetrarchy comprising 14 towns, of which Iconium was the capital. On coins belonging to the reign of the emperor Gallienus, the town is called a Roman colony, which was, probably, only an assumed title, as no author speaks of it as a colony. Under the Byzantine emperors it was the metropolis of Lycaonia, and is frequently mentioned (Hierocl. p. 675); but it was wrested from them first by the

vol. ii. p. 205, fol.; Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 31; Sestini, Geo. Num. p. 48.) The name Iconium led the ancients to derive it from eixάv, which gave rise to the fable that the city derived its name from an image of Medusa, brought thither by Perseus (Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 856); hence Stephanus B. maintains that the name ought to be spelt Eikóviov, a forin actually adopted by Eustathius and the Byzantine writers, and also found on some coins. [L. S.] ICORIGIUM. [EGORIGIUM.] ICOS. [Icus.]

of

ICOSITA'NI. [ILICI.]

ICO'SIUM ('IKÓσ Lov: Algier), a city on the coast Mauretania Caesariensis, E. of Caesarea, a colony under the Roman empire, and presented by Vespasian with the jus Latinum. (Itin. Ant. p. 15; Mela, i. 6. § 1; Plin. v. 2. s. 1; Ptol. iv. 2. § 6.) Its site, already well indicated by the numbers of Ptolemy, who places it 30′ W. of the mouth of the Savus, has been identified with certainty by inscriptions discovered by the French. (Pellissier, in the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie, vol. vi. p. 350.) Many modern geographers, following Mannert, who was misled by a confusion in the numbers of the Itinerary, put this and all the neighbouring places too far west. [Comp. IOL.] [P. S.]

ICTIMU'LI or VICTIMULΙ (Ικτούμουλοι, Strab.), a people of Cisalpine Gaul, situated at the foot of the Alps, in the territory of Vercellae. They are mentioned by Strabo (v. p. 218), who speaks of a village of the Ictimuli, where there were gold mines, which he seems to place in the neighbourhood of Vercellae; but the passage is so confused that it would leave us in doubt. Pliny, however, who notices the gold mines of the Victimuli among the most productive in Italy, distinctly places them "in agro Vercellensi." We learn from him that they were at one time worked on so large a scale that a law was passed by the Roman censors prohibiting the employment in them of more than 5000 men at once. (Plin. xxxiii. 4. s. 21.) Their site is not more precisely indicated by either of the above authors, but the Geographer of Ravenna mentions the "civitas, quae dicitur Victimula" as situated 'near Eporedia, not far from the foot of the Alps" (Geogr. Rav. iv. 30); and a modern writer has traced the existence of the "Castellum Victimula during the middle ages, and shown that it must have been situated between Ivrea and Biella on the banks of the Elvo. Traces of the ancient gold mines, which appear to have been worked during the middle ages, may be still observed in the neighbouring mountains. (Durandi, Alpi Graie e Pennine, pp. 110-112; Walckenaer, Géogr. des Gaules, vol. i. p. 168.) [E. H. B.]

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ICTIS, in Britain, mentioned by Diodorus Siculus (v. 22) as an island lying off the coast of the tin districts, and, at low tides, becoming a peninsula, whither the tin was conveyed in waggons. St. Michael's Mount is the suggested locality for Ictis

Probably, however, there is a confusion between the
Isle of Wight, the Isle of Portland, the Scilly Isles,
and the isle just mentioned; since the name is sus-
piciously like Vectis, the physical conditions being
different. This view is confirmed by the text of
Pliny (iv. 30), who writes, "Timaeus historicus a
Britannia introrsus sex dierum navigatione abesse
dicit insulam Mictim in qua candidum plumbum
proveniat; ad eam Britannos vitilibus navigiis corio
circumsutis navigare."
[R. G. L.]
ICTODURUM, in Gallia. The Antonine Itin.
places Caturiges (Chorges) on the road between
Ebrodunum (Embrun) and Vapincum (Gap): and
the Table adds Ictodurum between Caturigomagus,
which is also Chorges, and Vapincum. We may
infer from the name that Ictodurum is some stream
between Chorges and Gap; and the Table places
it half-way. The road distance is more than the
direct line. By following the road from either
of these places towards the other till we come to
the stream, we shall ascertain its position. D'An- |
ville names the small stream the Vence; and
Walckenaer names the site of Ictodurum, La
Bastide Vieille.
[G. L.]

ICULISMA, a place in Gallia, mentioned by Ausonius (Ep. xv. 22) as a retired and lonely spot where his friend Tetradius, to whom he addresses this poetical epistle, was at one time engaged in teaching:

"Quondam docendi munere adstrictum gravi Iculisma cum te absconderet."

|

the whole the form of the Greek letter e. (Demetr. ap. Strab. xiii. p. 597.) The principal rivers of which the sources are in Mount Ida, are the Simois, Scamander, Granicus, Aesepus, Rhodius, Caresus, and others. (Hom. Il. xii. 20, foll.) The highest peak, Gargarus, affords an extensive view over the Hellespont, Propontis, and the whole surrounding country. Besides Gargarus, three other high peaks of Ida are mentioned: viz. Cotylus, about 3500 feet high, and about 150 stadia above Scepsis; Pytna; and Dicte. (Strab. xiii. p. 472.) Timosthenes (ap. Steph. B. s. v. 'Aλe§ávdpeia) and Strabo (xiii. p. 606) mention a mountain belonging to the range of Ida, near Antandrus, which bore the name of Alexandria, where Paris (Alexander) was believed to have pronounced his judgment as to the beauty of the three goddesses. (Comp. Clarke's Travels, ii. p. 134; Hunt's Journal in Walpole's Turkey, i. p. 120; Cramer's Asia Minor, i. 120.) [L. S.]

IDA (Ion, Ptol. iii. 17. § 9; Pomp. Mela, ii. 7. § 12; Plin. iv. 12, xvi. 33; Virg. Aen. iii. 105; Solin. ii.; Avien. 676; Prisc. 528), the central and loftiest point of the mountain range which traverses the island of Crete throughout the whole length from W. to E. In the middle of the island, where it is broadest (Strab. x. pp. 472, 475, 478), Mt. Ida lifts its head covered with snow. (Theophrast. H. P. iv. 1.) The lofty summits terminate in three peaks, and, like the main chain of which it is the nucleus, the offshoots to the N. slope gradually towards the sea, enclosing fertile plains and valleys, and form by their projections the nnmerous bays and gulfs with which the coast is indented. Mt. Ida, now called Psiloriti, sinks down rapidly towards the SE. into the extensive plain watered by the Lethaeus. This side of the mountain, ICUS (Ikos: Eth. "Ikios), one of the group of which looks down upon the plain of Mesara, is coislands off the coast of Magnesia in Thessaly, lay near vered with cypresses (comp. Theophrast. de Vent. Peparethus, and was colonised at the same time by the p. 405; Dion. Perieg. 503; Eustath. ad. loc.), pines, Cnossians of Crete. (Scymn. Chius, 582; Strab. ix. and junipers. Mt. Ida was the locality assigned for p. 436; Appian, B. C. v. 7.) The fleet of Attalus the legends connected with the history of Zeus, and and the Rhodians sailed past Scyrus to Icus. (Liv. there was a cavern in its slopes sacred to that deity. xxxi. 45.) Phanodemus wrote an account of this (Diod. Sic. v. 70.) insignificant island. (Steph. B. s. v.) It is now called Sarakino. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 312.)

It is assumed to be the place called Civitas Ecolis-
mensium in the Notitia Prov. Gall., which is Angou-
leme, in the French department of Charente, on the
river Charente.
[G. L.]

IDA, IDAEUS MONS ( 1ồn, Ida: Ida), a range of mountains of Phrygia, belonging to the system of Mount Taurus. It traverses western Mysia in many branches, whence it was compared by the ancients to the scolopendra or milliped (Strab. xiii. p. 583), its main branch extending from the southeast to the north-west; it is of considerable height, the highest point, called Gargarus or Gargaron, rising about 4650 feet above the level of the sea. The greater part is covered with wood, and contains the sources of innumerable streams and many rivers, whence Homer (П. viii. 47) calls the mountain woλvídat. In the Homeric poems it is also described as rich in wild beasts. (Comp. Strab. xiii. pp. 602, 604; Hom. Il. ii. 824, vi. 283, viii. 170, xi. 153, 196; Athen. xv. 8; Hor. Od. iii. 20. 15; Ptol. v. 2. § 13; Plin. v. 32.) The highlands about Zeleia formed the northern extremity of Mount Ida, while Lectum formed its extreme point in the south-west. Two other subordinate ranges, parting from the principal summit, the one at Cape Rhoeteum, the other at Sigeum, may be said to enclose the territory of Troy in a crescent; while another central ridge between the two, separating the valley of the Scamander from that of the Simois, gave to

The Cretan Ida, like its Trojan namesake, was connected with the working of iron, and the Idaean Dactyls, the legendary discoverers of metallurgy, are assigned sometimes to the one and sometimes to the other. Wood was essential to the operations of smelting and forging; and the word Ida, an appellative for any wood-covered mountain, was used perhaps, like the German berg, at once for a mountain and a mining work. (Kenrick, Aegypt of Herodotus, p. 278; Höck, Kreta, vol. i. p. 4.) [E. B. J.]

I'DACUS (18αkos), a town of the Thracian Chersonese, mentioned by Thucydides (viii. 104) in his account of the manoeuvres before the battle of Cynossema, and not far from ARRHIANA. Although nothing whatever is known of these places, yet, as the Athenians were sailing in the direction of the Propontis from the Aegaean, it would appear that Idacus was nearest the Aegaean, and Arrhiana further up the Hellespont, towards Sestus and the Propontis. (Arnold, ad loc.) [E. B. J.]

IDALIA, IDA'LIUM ('Idáλov: Eth. 'Idaλeus, Steph. B.; Plin. v. 31), a town in Cyprus, adjoining to which was a forest sacred to Aphrodite; the poets who connect this place with her worship, give no indications of the precise locality. (Theocr. Id. xv. 100; Virg. Aen. i. 681, 692, x. 51; Catull. Pel. et Thet. 96; Propert. ii. 13; Lucan, viii. 17.) Engel (Kypros, vol. i. p. 153) identifies it with Dalin, de

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[L. S.]

scribed by Mariti (Viaggi, vol. i. p. 204), situated the Cantabri to the Mediterranean, almost parallel to the south of Leucosia, at the foot of Mount to the Ebro, the basin of which it borders on the Olympus. [E. B. J.] W. Strabo makes it also parallel to the Pyrenees, İDİMIUM, a town in Lower Pannonia, on the east in conformity with his view of the direction of that of Sirmium, according to the Peut. Tab.; in the Ra-chain from N. to S. (Strab. iii. p. 161; Ptol. ii. 6. venna Geographer (iv. 19) it is called Idominium. § 21.) Its chief offsets were:- M. CAUNUS, near Its site must be looked for in the neighbourhood of Bilbilis (Martial, i. 49, iv. 55), the SALTUS MANMunvicza. LIANUS (Liv. xl. 39: probably the Sierra Molina), IDIMUS, a town of uncertain site in Upper Moesia, and, above all, M. OROSPEDA, which strikes off from probably on the Morawa in Servia. (It. Ant. 134; it to the S. long before it reaches the sea, and which Tab. Peut.) [L. S.] ought perhaps rather to be regarded as its principal IDISTAVISUS CAMPUS, the famous battle-prolongation than as a mere branch. [P. S.] field where Germanicus, in A. D. 16, defeated Arminius. The name is mentioned only by Tacitus (Ann. ii. 16), who describes it as a campus medius inter Visurgim et colles," and further says of it, that "ut ripae fluminis cedunt aut prominentia montium resistunt, inaequaliter sinuatur. Pone tergum insurgebat silva, editis in altum ramis et pura humo inter arborum truncos." This plain between the river Weser and the hills has been the subject of much discussion among the modern historians of Germany, and various places have been at different times pointed out as answering the description of Tacitus Idistavisus. It was formerly believed that it was the plain near Vegesack, below Bremen; more recent writers are pretty unanimous in believing that Germanicus went up the river Weser to a point beyond the modern town of Minden, and crossed it in the neighbourhood of Hausberge, whence the battle probably took place between Hausberge and Rinteln, not far from the Porta Vestphalica. (Ledebur, Land u. Volk der Bructerer, p. 288.) As to the name of the place, it used to be believed that it had arisen out of a Roman asking a German what the place was, and the German answering, "It is a wiese" (it is a meadow); but Grimm (Deutsche Mythol. p. 372. 2nd edit.) has shown that the plain was probably called Idisiaviso, that is," the maiden's meadow" (from idisi, a maiden). [L. S.]

IDO'MENE (18oμévn, Ptol. iii. 13. § 39; Idomenia, Peut. Tab.), a town of Macedonia which the Tabular Itinerary places at 12 M. P. from Stena, the pass now called Demirkapi, or Iron Gate, on the river Vardhári. Sitalces, on his route from Thrace to Macedonia, crossed Mt. Cercine, leaving the Paeones on his right, and the Sinti and Maedi on his left, and descended upon the Axius at Idomene. (Thuc. ii. 98.) It probably stood upon the right bank of the Axius, as it is included by Ptolemy (1. c.) in Emathia, and was near Doberus, next to which it is named by Hierocles among the towns of Consular Macedonia, under the Byzantine empire. (Leake, North. Greece, vol. iii. p. 444.) [E. B. J.] IDO'MENE. [ARGOS AMPHILOCHICUM.] IDRAE (18pai, Ptol. iii. 5. § 23), a people of Sarmatia Europaea, whose position cannot be made out from the indications given by Ptolemy. (Schafarik, Slav. Alt. vol. i. p. 213.)

[E. B. J.]

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IDUMAEA (Idovuaîa), the name of the country inhabited by the descendants of Edom (or Esau), being, in fact, only the classical form of that ancient Semitic name. (Joseph. Ant. ii. 1. § 1.) It is otherwise called Mount Seir. (Gen. xxxii. 3, xxxvi. 8; Deut. ii. 5; Joshua, xxiv. 4.) It lay between Mount Horeb and the southern border of Canaan (Deut. i. 2), extending apparently as far south as the Gulf of Akaba (Deut. ii. 2-8), as indeed its ports, Ezion-geber, and Eloth, are expressly assigned to the "land of Edom." (2 Chron. viii. 17.) This country was inhabited in still more ancient times by the Horims (Deut. ii. 12, 22), and derived its more ancient name from their patriarch Seir (Gen. xxxvi. 20; comp. xiv. 6), as is properly maintained by Reland, against the fanciful conjecture of Josephus and others. (Palaestina, pp. 68, 69.) The Jewish historian extends the name Idumaea so far to the north as to comprehend under it great part of the south of Judaea; as when he says that the tribe of Simeon received as their inheritance that part of Idumaea which borders on Egypt and Arabia. (Ant. v. 1. §22) He elsewhere calls Hebron the first city of Idumaea, i. e. reckoning from the north. (B.J. iv. 9. § 7.) From his time the name Idumaea disappears from geographical descriptions, except as an historical appellation of the country that was then called Gebalene, or the southern desert (ʼn kaтà μeonμ6píav épñuos, Euseb. Onom. s. v. Aiλáμ), or Arabia. The historical records of the Idumaeans, properly so called, are very scanty. Saul made war upon them; David subdued the whole country; and Solomon made Ezion-geber a naval station. (1 Sam. xiv. 47, 2 Sam. viii. 14; 1 Kings, xi. 15, ix. 26.) The Edomites, however, recovered their national independence under Joram, king of Judah (2 Kings, xiv. 7), and avenged themselves on the Jews in the cruelties which they practised at the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. (Psalms, cxxxvii. 7.) It was probably during the Babylonish captivity that they extended themselves as far north as Hebron, where they were attacked and subdued by Judas Maccabaeus. (1 Maccab. v. 65-68; Joseph. Ant. xii. 8. § 6.) It was on this account that the whole of the south of Palestine, about Hebron, Gaza, and Eleutheropolis (Beit Jebrin), came to be designated Idumaea. (Joseph. B. J. iv. 9. § 7, c. Apion. ii. 9; S. Jerom. Comment. in Obad. ver. 1.) Meanwhile, the ancient seats of the children of Edom had been invaded and occupied by another tribe, the Nabathaeans, the descendants of the Ishmaelite patriarch Nebaioth [NABATHAEI], under which name the country and its capital [PETRA] became famous among Greek and Roman geographers and historians, on which account their description of the district is more appropriately given under that head. St. Jerome's brief but accurate notice of its general features may here suffice:"Omnis australis regio Idumaeorum de Eleuthero

poli usque ad Petram et Ailam (haec est possessio | having first confined in the hippodrome the most Esau) in specubus habitatiunculas habet; et propter illustrious men of the country, with the intention nimios calores solis, quia meridiana provincia est, that they should be massacred after his death, that subterraneis tuguriis utitur." (Comment. in Obad. there might be a general mourning throughout vv. 5, 6.) And again, writing of the same country, the country on that occurrence. (B. J. i. 33. § 6.) he says that south of Tekoa" ultra nullus est viculus, Josephus further mentions that Jericho was visited ne agrestes quidem casae et furnorum similes, quas by Vespasian shortly before he quitted the country, Afri appellant mapalia. Tanta est eremi vastitas, where he left the tenth legion (B. J. iv. 8. § 1, 9. § 1); quae usque ad Mare Rubrum Persarumque et Aethio- but he does not mention its destruction by Titus on pum atque Indorum terminos dilatatur. Et quia account of the perfidy of its inhabitants; a fact which humi arido atque arenoso nihil omnino frugum gig- is supplied by Eusebius and St. Jerome. They add nitur, cuncta sunt plena pastoribus, ut sterilitatem that a third city had been built in its stead; but that terrae compenset pecorum multitudine." (Prolog. the ruins of both the former were still to be seen ad Amosum.) [G. W.] (Onomast. s. v.) The existing ruins can only be referred to this latest city, which is frequently mentioned in the mediaeval pilgrimages. They stand on the skirts of the mountain country that shuts in the valley of the Jordan on the west, about three hours distant from the river. They are very extensive, but present nothing of interest. The waters of the fountain of Elisha, now 'Ain-es-Sultan, well answer to the glowing description of Josephus, and still fertilise the soil in its immediate neighbourhood. But the palms, balsam, sugar-canes, and roses, for which this Paradise was formerly celebrated, have all disappeared, and the modern Riha consists only of the tents of a Bedouin encampment. [G. W.]

IDUNUM, a town in the extreme south of Pannonia (Ptol. ii. 14. § 3), which, from inscriptions found on the spot, is identified with the modern Judenburg. [L. S.] JEBUS, JEBUSITES. [JERUSALEM.] JEHOSHAPHAT, VALLEY OF. [JERU

SALEM.]

IENĀ, in Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. §2) as an estuary between the ontlets of the rivers Abravannus and Deva to the south of the promontory of the Novantae (=Wigton Bay). [R. G. L.] IERABRIGA. [ARABRICA.]

JERICHO ('Iepixw, 'Iepixous, Strab.), a strongly fortified city of the Canaanites, miraculously taken by Joshua, who utterly destroyed it, and prohibited it from being rebuilt under pain of an anathema (Josh. ii. vi.), which was braved and incurred by Hiel of Bethel, five centuries afterwards, in the reign of Ahab, king of Israel. (1 Kings, xvi. 34.) It then became a school of the prophets. (2 Kings, ii. 4, 5.) It lay in the border of Benjamin, to which tribe it was assigned (Josh. xviii. 12, 21), but was not far from the southern borders of Ephraim (xvi. 1). It is mentioned in the New Testament in connection with the wealthy revenue-farmer Zacchaeus, who resided there, and probably farmed the government dues of its rich and well cultivated plain. Josephus describes it as well situated, and fruitful in palms and balsam. (Ant. iv. 8. § 1, B. J. i. 6. $6.) He places the city 60 stadia from the Jordan, 150 from Jerusalem (B. J. iv. 8. § 3), the intervening country being a rocky desert. He accounts for the narrow limits of the tribe of Benjamin by the fact that Jericho was included in that tribe, the fertility of which far surpassed the richest soil in other parts of Palestine (§§ 21, 22). Its plain was 70 stadia long by 20 wide, irrigated by the waters of the fountain of Elisha, which possessed almost miraculous properties. (Ant. iv. 8. §§ 2, 3.) It was one of the eleven toparchies of Judaea. (B. J. iii. 2.) Its palm grove was granted by Antony to Cleopatra (i. 18. § 5), and the subsequent possession of this envied district by Herod the Great, who first farmed the revenues for Cleopatra, and then redeemed them (Ant. xiv. 4. §§ 1, 2), probably gave occasion to the proverbial use of his name in Horace (Ep. ii. 2. 184):

cessare et ludere et ungi, Praeferat Herodis palmetis pinguibus."

It is mentioned by Strabo (xvi. p. 763) and Pliny (v. 14) in connection with its palm-trees and fountains. The former also alludes to the palace and its garden of balsam, the cultivation and collecting of which is more fully described by Pliny (xii. 25). The palace was built by Herod the Great, as his

IERNE, is a better form for the ancient name of Ireland than HIBERNIA, IBERNIA, IVERNIA, &c., both as being nearer the present Gaelic name Eri, and as being the oldest form which occurs. It is the form found in Aristotle. It is also the form found in the poem attributed to Orpheus on the Argonautic expedition, which, spurious as it is, may nevertheless be as old as the time of Onomacritus (i. e. the reign of the first Darius):

— νήσοισιν Ιέρνισιν ἆσσον ἴκωμαι.

(Orpheus, 1164, ed. Leipzig, 1764.)

The

Aristotle (de Mundo, c. 3) writes, that in the ocean
beyond the Pillars of Hercules "are two islands,
called Britannic, very large, Albion and Ierne, be-
yond the Celtae." In Diodorus Siculus (v. 32) the
form is Iris; the island Iris being occupied by Britons,
who were cannibals. Strabo (ii. p. 107) makes
Ierne the farthest voyage northwards from Celtica.
It was too cold to be other than barely habitable, the
parts beyond it being absolutely uninhabited. The
reported distance from Celtica is 500 stadia.
same writer attributes cannibalism to the Irish;
adding, however, that his authority, which was pro-
bably the same as that of Diodorus, was insufficient.
The form in Pomponius Mela is Iverna. In Iverna
the luxuriance of the herbage is so great as to cause
the cattle who feed on it to burst, unless occasionally
taken off. Pliny's form is Hybernia (iv. 30). So-
linus, whose form is Hibernia, repeats the statement
of Mela as to the pasture, and adds that no snakes
are found there. Warlike beyond the rest of her sex,
the Hibernian mother, on the birth of a male child,
places the first morsel of food in his mouth with the
point of a sword (c. 22). Avienus, probably from
the similarity of the name to lepa, writes:-

"Ast in duobus in Sacram, sic insulam
Dixere prisci, solibus cursus rata est.
Haec inter undas multa cespitem jacit
Eamque late gens Hibernorum colit."

(Ora Mart. 109-113.)

own residence, and there it was that he died; Avienus's authorities were Carthaginian. More im

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