have disappeared; but nowhere has this taken place more completely than at Thebes. Not a single trace of an ancient building remains; and with the exception of a few scattered remains of architecture and sculpture, and some fragments of the ancient walls, there is nothing but the site to indicate where the ancient city stood. In the absence of all ancient monuments, there must necessarily be great uncer

yet at a great distance from it. But as Boeotia lies between two seas, the founders of Thebes chose a spot in the centre of the country, where water was very plentiful, and where the nature of the ground was admirably adapted for defence. The hill, upon which the town stands, rises about 150 feet above the plain, and lies about 2 miles northward of the highest part of the ridge. It is bounded on the east and west by two small rivers, distant from each othertainty; and the three writers who have investigated about 6 or 7 stadia, and which run in such deep the subject upon the spot, differ so widely, that ravines as to form a natural defence on either side Leake places the ancient city to the south of the Cadof the city. These rivers, which rise a little south meia, and Ulrichs to the north of it, while Forchof the city, and flow northward into the plain of hammer supposes both the western heights between Thebes, are the celebrated streams of Ismenus and the Strophia and the Dirce to have been in a certain Dirce. Between them flows a smaller stream, which sense the Cadmeia, and the lower city to have stood divided the city into two parts, the western division eastward, between the Strophia and the Ismenus. containing the Cadmeia*, and the southern the hill In the great difficulty of arriving at any independIsmenius and the Ampheion. This middle torrent ent judgment upon the subject without a personal is called Cnopus by Leake, but more correctly Stro-inspection of the site, we have adopted the hypophia (Callim. Hymn. in Del. 76) by Forchhammer. The Cnopus is a torrent flowing from the town Cnopia, and contributing to form the Ismenus, whence it is correctly described by the Scholiast on Nicander as the same as the Ismenus. (Strab. ix. p. 404; Nicand. Theriac. 889, with Schol.) The three streams of Ismenus, Dirce, and Strophia unite in the plain below the city, to which Callimachus (c.) appears to allude:

Δίρκη το Στροφίη τε μελαμψηφῖδος ἔχουσαι
Ἰσμηνοῦ χέρα πατρός.

thesis of Forchhammer, which seems consistent with the statements of the ancient writers.

The most interesting point in Theban topography is the position of the seven celebrated Theban gates. They are alluded to by Homer (Ońбns édos éπτaжÚAolo, Od. xi. 263) and Hesiod (éπтáπυλos Ońén, Op. 161); and their names are given by seven diffe rent authors, whose statements will be more easily compared by consulting the following table. The numeral represents the order in which the gates are mentioned by each writer. The first line gives the names of the gates, the second the names of the Argive chiefs, the third the emblems upon their shields, and the fourth the names of the Theban chiefs.

Nonnus designates five of the gates by the names of the gods and the planets, and to the other two, to which he gives the names of Electrae and Oncaea, he also adds their position. Hyginus calls the gates by the names of the daughters of Amphion; and that of Ogygia alone agrees with those in the other writers. But, dismissing the statements of Nonnus and Hyginus, whose authority is of no value upon such a question, we find that the remaining five

The middle torrent is rarely mentioned by the ancient writers; and the Ismenus and Dirce are the streams alluded to when Thebes is called diπóтaμos wóλis. (Eurip. Suppl. 622; comp. Phoen. 825. Bacch. 5, Herc. Fur. 572.) Both the Ismenus and Dirce, though so celebrated in antiquity, are nothing but torrents, which are only full of water in the winter after heavy rains. The Ismenus is the eastern stream, now called Ai Iúnni, which rises from a clear and copious fountain, where the small church of St. John stands, from which the river derives its name. This fountain was called in anti-writers agree as to the names of all the seven gates, quity Melia, who was represented as the mother of Ismenus and Tenerus, the hero of the plain which the Ismenus inundates. It was sacred to Ares, who was said to have stationed a dragon to guard it. (Callimach. Hymn. in Del. 80; Spanheim, ad loc.; Pind. Pyth. xi. 6; Paus. ix. 10. § 5; Forchhammer, Hellenica, p. 113.) The Dirce is the western stream, now called Platziótissa, which rises from several fountains, and not from a single one, like the Ismenus. A considerable quantity of the water of the Platziótissa is now diverted to supply the fountains of the town, and it is represented as the purest of the Theban streams; and it appears to have been so regarded in antiquity likewise, judging from the epithets bestowed upon by the poets. ('Ayvòv bowp, Pind. Isthm. vi. 109, κaλλíppoos, Isthm. viii. 43; dæр ▲ipкaîov EÚTрAQÉσTATOV TWμáтwv, Aesch. Sept. c. Theb. 307; каλλiñóтаμos, Eurip. Phoen. 647 ; Δίρκης νάμα λευκόν, Herc. Fur. 578.)

with two or three exceptions, which will be pointed out presently. The position of three of the gates is quite clear from the description of Pausanias alone. These are the ELECTRAE, PROETIDES, and NEITAE. Pausanias says that Electrae is the gate by which a traveller from Plataea enters Thebes (ix. 8. § 6); that there is a hill, on the right hand of the gate, sacred to Apollo, called the Ismenian, since the river Ismenus runs in this direction (ix. 10. § 2); and that on the left hand of the gate are the ruins of a house, where it was said that Amphitryon lived, which is followed by an account of other ancient monuments on the Cadmeia (ix. 11. § 1). Hence it is evident that the gate Electrae was in the south of the city, between the hills Ismenius and Cadmeia. The gate Proetides was on the north-eastern side of the city, since it led to Chalcis (ix. 18. § 1). The gate Neitae was on the north-western side of the city, since it led to Onchestus and Delphi; and the river which Though the position of Thebes and of its cele- Pausanias crossed, could have been no other than brated streams is certain, almost every point con- the Dirce (ix. 25. §§ 1, 3, ix. 26. § 5). The names nected with its topography is more or less doubtful. of these three gates are the same in all the five In the other cities of Greece, which have been inha-writers: the manuscripts of Apollodorus have the bited continuously, most of the ancient buildings

The western division contains two eminences, and the question as to which of them was the Cadmeia will be discussed below.

corrupt word 'Oxvnidas, which has been altered by the editors into 'Oyxatdas, instead of Nýirai, which was the reading suggested by Porson (ad. Eurip. Phoen. 1150), and adopted by Valckenaer. (See Unger, Thebana Paradoxa, vol. i. p. 313.)

TABLE OF THE SEVEN GATES OF THEBES ACCORDING TO SEVEN WRITERS.

Astycratia.

Μελάνιππος.

Τυδεύς.
Μελάνιππος.

̓Αμφιάραος. cf. III. 6, 8, 6.

ef. Schol. Lycoph. 1204.

Hypseus.

Cleodora.

1. Προιτίδες. 2. Προιτίδες. 2. Προιτίδες. 3. Προιτίδες. 4. Proetides. 6. Ζηνός (?).
Τυδεύς.
Αμφιάραος.
πανσέληνος. ἄσημα ὅπλα.

2. Ηλέκτραι. 6. Ηλέκτραι. 1. Ηλέκτραι, 6. Ηλέκτραι. 5. Electrae. 4. Ηλέκτραι. Καπανεύς.

ἄνδρα πυρφόρον. Πολυφόντης.

3. Νή ϊται. Ετέοκλος. ἀνὴρ ὁπλίτης κλίμακ.

Μεγαρεύς.

Καπανεύς.

Παρθενοπαῖος.

Καπανεύς. γίγας γηγενής.

Dryas.

15. Βοῤῥαίαι. 3. Ωγύγιαι. 17. Ωγύγιαι, 2. Ωγύγιαι. 1. Ogygiae. 7. Κρόνου. Παρθενοπαῖος. Ιππομέδων. (Παρθενοπαῖος.) Καπανεύς.

Σφίγξ. Ακτωρ.

πανοπτης.

Creon.
Echion, x. 494.

Ogygia.

β. Ομολω ΐδες. ̓Αμφιάραος. σῆμα δ ̓ οὐκ ἐπῆν.

Λασθένης.

7 Εβδομαι.
Πολυνείκης.
Δίκη.
Ετεοκλής.

1. Ομολωΐδες. 6. Ομολωΐδες. 1. Ομολωΐδες. 3. Homoloides. 3. 'Αφροδίτης,

Of the other four gates, the Homoloides is also the same in all the five writers. Of the remaining | three Aeschylus does not mention their proper names, but specifies two by their locality, one as near the temple of Athena Ouca, and the other as the Northern gate (Βοῤῥαῖαι πύλαι), and describes the last simply as the Seventh gate. The names of these three gates are nearly the same in the other four writers, the one near the temple of Athena Onca being called Crenaeae, and in Statius Culmina Dircaea, the Northern gate Ogygiae, and the Seventh gate Hypsistae,-Euripides, however, also giving the name of Seventh to the last mentioned gate.

Eurymedon.

hammer, brings the statement of Hesychius into accordance with the other writers. (Ογκας 'Αθηνᾶς τὰς Ογκαίας [instead of 'Ωγυγίας] πύλας λέγει, i. e. Aesch. Sept. c. Theb. 486.)

The fifth gate was called Ogygian from Ogygus, the most ancient king of Thebes, in whose time the deluge is said to have taken place. Now there is no part of Thebes more exposed to inundation than the north of the city between the gates Neitae and Proetides, where the torrent Strophia descends into the plain. Here we may probably place the Ogygian gate, which Aeschylus calls the Northern, from its position.

Having described the position of the Electrae, The exact position of the sixth gate, called HomoProetides, and Neitae, it remains to speak of the loides, and of the seventh, designated by its number position of the other four, which we shall take in in Aeschylus and Euripides, but by the name of the order of Aeschylus. The fourth gate was pro- Hypsistae in the other writers, is doubtful. Forchbably situated on the western side of the city, and hammer maintains that these gates were in the was called Crenaeae, because it was near one of the southern part of the city, one on either side of the fountains of Dirce, now called Παραπόρτι, situated gate Electrae; but none of his arguments are conupon the right bank of the river. Near that foun- clusive; and the position of these gates must be left tain was a hill, called by the Greeks ὄγκος, whence uncertain. Pausanias relates that, after the victory Athena derived the name of Onca. Accordingly of the Epigoni at Glisas, some of the Thebans fled Statius, in calling the fourth gate Culmina Dir- to Homole in Thessaly; and that the gate, through caea, connects both the fountain and the hill. Non- which the exiles re-entered the city, when they were nus, who calls this gate Oncaea, describes it at the recalled by Thersander, was named the Homoloides, same time as situated towards the west. It is from Homole in Thessaly (ix. 8. §§ 6, 7). Forchusually stated, on the authority of Hesychius, that hammer thinks that it would have been supposed the Oucaean gate is the same as the Ogygian; but that the exiles entered the city by the same gate by this identification throws everything into confusion, which they quitted it; and as the gate leading to while the change of three letters, proposed by Forch-Glisas must have been either in the southern or

name from a village named Onca or Oncae. (Aesch, Sept. c. Theb. 163, 487, 501, with Schol.; Schol. in Euripid. Phoen. 1069; Steph. B. s. v. 'Oyкaîai; Hesych. s. v. "Oykas; Schol. ad Pind. Ol. ii. 39, 48; Tzetzes, ad Lycophron. 1225; Phavorinus, s. v. Оуkaι.) Sophocles also speaks of two temples of Athena at Thebes (πρὸς Παλλάδος διπλοῖς ναοῖς, Oed. Tyr. 20), in one of which, according to the Scholiast, she was surnamed Oncaea, and in the other Ismenia. In the valley between the two hills, there are still the remains of an aqueduct, partly under and partly above ground, to which Dicaearchus refers φέρεται δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Καδμείας ὕδωρ ἀφανὲς διὰ σωλήνων ἀγόμενον, Ι. c.)

In the agora of the Cadmeia the house of Cadmus is said to have stood; and in this place were shown ruins of the bedchamber of Harmonia and Semele; statues of Dionysus, of Pronomus, the celebrated musician, and of Epaminondas; a temple of Ammon; the place where Teiresias observed the flight of birds; a temple of Fortune; three wooden statues of Aphrodite, with the surnames of Urania, Pandemus, and Apostrophia; and a temple of Demeter Thesmophorus. (Paus. ix. 12. §§ 3—5, ix. 16. §§ 1-5.)

was the lower city (ʼn káτw wóλis), said to have been added by Amphion and Zethus. (Paus. ix. 5. §§ 2, 6.) The Cadmeia is again divided by a slight depression near the fountain of Dirce and the Crenaean gate into two hills, of which the larger and the higher one to the south was the acropolis proper, and was called the Cadmeia κατ' ἐξοχήν, while the northern hill formed the agora of the acropolis (Ts àкроñóλews ȧyopá, Paus. ix. 12. § 3). The eastern half of the city was also divided between the Strophia and the Ismenus into two parts, of which the southern consisted of the hill Ismenius, and the northern of several minor eminences, known under the general name of Ampheion. ('Αμφεῖον, Arrian, Anab. i. 8.) Aeschylus describes the tomb of Amphion as standing near the northern gate. (Βοῤῥαίαις πύλαις τύμβον κατ ̓ αὐτὸν Διογενοῦς 'Audiovos, Sept. c. Theb. 528.) Hence Thebes consisted of four parts, two belonging to the acropolis, and two to the lower city, the former being the acropolis proper and the agora of the acropolis, and the latter being the hill Ismenius and the Ampheion. Pausanias, leaving Potniae, entered Thebes on the south by the gate Electrae, before which he noticed the Polyandrium, or tomb of the Thebans who fell fighting against Alexander. (Paus. ix. 8. §§ 3, 4, 7, ix. 10. §1.) The explanation of Forchhammer that Alexander laid siege to the city on the south, and that he did not return from the gate Electrae to the Proetides, as Leake supposes, seems the most probable. Accordingly the double lines of circumvallation, which the Thebans erected against the Macedonian garrison in the Cadmeia, must have been to the south of the city around the chief gates of the Cadmeia. (See Arrian, i. 7, 8.) Upon enter-dromius and of Hermes Agoraeus; the funeral pile ing the city through the gate Electrae, Pausanias notices the hill Ismenius sacred to Apollo, named from the river Ismenus flowing by it (ix. 10. § 2). Upon the hill was a temple of Apollo, containing several monuments enumerated by Pausanias. This temple is likewise mentioned by Pindar and Herodotus, both of whom speak of the tripods situated in its treasury. (Pind. Pyth. xi. 7, seq.; Herod. v. 59.) Above the Ismenium, Pausanias noticed the fountain of the Ismenus, sacred to Ares, and guarded by a dragon, the name of which fountain was Melia, as we have already seen (ix. 10. § 5).

Next Pausanias, beginning again from the gate Electrae, turns to the left and enters the Cadmeia (ix. 11. § 1, seq.). He does not mention the acropolis by name, but it is evident from the list of the monuments which he gives that he was in the Cadmeia. He enumerates the house of Amphitryon, containing the bedchamber of Alcmena, said to have been the work of Trophonius and Agamedes; a monument of the children of Hercules by Megara; the stone called Sophronister; the temple of Hercules ('Hрákλelov, Arrian, Anab. i. 8); and, near it, a gymnasium and stadium, both bearing the name of this God; and above the Sophronister an altar of Apollo Spodius.

Pausanias next came to the depression between the acropolis and the agora of the Cadmeia, where he noticed an altar and statue of Athena, bearing the Phoenician surname of Onga (Oyya), or Onca ("Oyka) according to other authorities, and said to have been dedicated by Cadmus (ix. 12. § 2). We know from Aeschylus that there was originally a temple of Athena Onca in this locality, which stood outside the city near one of the gates, whence the goddess was called dyxínroxis. Some derived the

Crossing the torrent Strophia, Pausanias saw near the gate Proetides the theatre with the temple of Dionysus (ix. 16. § 6). In this part of the city, to which Forchhammer gives the name of Ampheion, the following monuments are mentioned by Pausanias (ix. 16. § 7, ix. 17. §§ 1-4): ruins of the house of Lycus and a monument of Semele; monuments of the children of Amphion; a temple of Artemis Eucleia, and, near it, statues of Apollo Boe

(Tupά) of the children of Amphion, distant half a stadium from their tombs; two statues of Athena Zosteria; and the monument of Zethus and Amphion, being a mound of earth. As the lower city was deserted in the time of Pausanias, he does not mention the agora; but there is no doubt that it contained one, if not more, since Sophocles speaks of several agorae (Oed. Tyr. 20).

Outside the gate Proetides, on the road to Chalcis, Pausanias names the monuments of Melanippus, Tydeus, and the sons of Oedipus, and 15 stadia beyond the latter the monument of Teiresias. Pausanias also mentions a tomb of Hector and one of Asphodicus, at the fountain Oedipodeia, which is perhaps the modern fountain of St. Theodore. On the same road was the village Teumessus. (Paus. ix. 18, ix. 19. § 1.) After describing the road to Chalcis, Pausanias returns to the gate Proetides, outside which, towards the N., was the gymnasium of Iolaus, a

stadiuin, the heroum of Iolaus, and, beyond the stadium, the hippodrome, containing the monument of Pindar (ix. 23. §§ 1, 2). Pausanias then comes to the road leading from the Ogygian or Northern gate, to Acraephnium, after following which he returns to the city, and enumerates the objects outside the gate Neitae. Here, between the gate and the river Dirce, were the tomb of Menoeceus, the son of Creon, and a monument marking the spot where the two sons of Oedipus slew each other. The whole of this locality was called the Syrma (Zúpua) of Antigone, because, being unable to carry the dead body of her brother Polynices, she dragged it to the funenal pile of Eteocles. On the opposite side of the Dirce were the ruins of the house of Pindar, and a temple of Dindymene (ix. 25. §§ 1—3). Pausanias then appears to have returned to the gate Neitae and

followed the road which ran from this gate to On- | chestus. He first mentions a temple of Themis, then temples of the Fates and of Zeus Agoraeus, and, a little further, a statue of Hercules, surnamed Rhinocolustes, because he here cut off the noses of the heralds of Orchomenus. Twenty-five stadia beyond was the grove of Demeter Cabeiria and Persephone, and 7 stadia further a temple of the Cabeiri, to the

R

COIN OF THEBES.

right of which was the Teneric plain, and to the left a road which at the end of 50 stadia conducted to Thespiae (ix. 25. § 5, ix. 26. §§ 1, 6).

(Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 218, seq., vol. iv. p. 573, seq.; Ulrichs, Topographie von Theben, in Abhandl. der Bayer. Akad. p. 413, seq. 1841; Unger, Thebana Paradoxa, 1839; Forchhammer, Topographia Thebarum Heptapylarum, Kiliae, 1854.)

centre of the city, looking towards the sea. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 358.)

THEBAIS. [THEBAE AEGYPTI.]

THEBE (Onen), a famous ancient town in Mysia, at the southern foot of Mount Placius, which is often mentioned by Homer as governed by Eetion, the father of Andromache (Il. i. 366, vi. 397. xxii. 479). The town is said to have been destroyed during the Trojan War by Achilles (Il. ii. 691; Strab. xiii. pp. 584, 585, 612, foll.) It must have been restored after its first destruction, but it was decayed in the time of Strabo, and when Pliny (v. 32) wrote it had entirely disappeared. The belief of some of the ancient grammarians (Etym. M. s. v.; Didym. ad Hom. Il. i. 336; Diac. ad Hesiod. Scut. 49; and Eustath. ad Hom. Il. ii. 691) that Thebe was only another name for Adramyttium, is contradicted by the most express testimony of the best writers. Xenophon (Anab. vii. 8. § 7) places it between Antandrus and Adramyttium, and Strabo, perhaps more correctly, between Adramyttium and Carina, about 80 stadia to the north-east of the former. (Comp. Pomp. Mela, i. 18; Steph. B. s. v.) Although this town perished at an early period, its namne remained celebrated throughout antiquity, being attached to the neighbouring plain (Onens mediov, Campus Thebanus), which was famed for its fertility, and was often ravaged and plundered by the different armies, whom the events of war brought into this part of Asia. (Herod. vii. 42; Xenoph.

phanus B. (s. v.) mentions another town of this
name as belonging to the territory of Miletus in
Asia Minor.
[L. S.]

THECHES (Onxns), one of the highest points of
Mount Paryadres in Pontus, south-east of Trapezus,
on the borders of the country inhabited by the Ma-
crones. From it the Ten Thousand Greeks under
Xenophon for the first time descried the distant
Euxine. (Xenoph. Anab. iv. 7. § 21.) Diodorus
Sicnlus (xiv. 29) calls the mountain Xnviov pos;
but it still bears its ancient name Tekich. (Ritter,
Erdkunde, ii. p. 768.)
[L. S.]

THECOA. [TEKOAH.]
THEGANUSSA. [MESSENIA, p. 342, b.]

THEBAE CORSICAE. [CORSEIA, No. 2.] THEBAE PHTHIO'TIDES or PHTHIAE (On-. c.; Strab. xiii. p. 588; Liv. xxxvii. 19.) SteGai ai 40úrides, Polyb. v. 99; Strab. ix. p. 433; Thebae Phthiae, Liv. xxxii. 33), an important town of Phthiotis in Thessaly, was situated in the northeastern corner of this district, near the sea, and at the distance of 300 stadia from Larissa. (Polyb. 1. c.) It is not mentioned in the Iliad, but it was at a later time the most important maritime city in Thessaly, till the foundation of Demetrias, by Demetrius Poliorcetes, about B. c. 290. ("Thebas Phthias unum maritimum emporium fuisse quondam Thessalis quaestuosum et fugiferum," Liv. xxxix. 25.) It is first mentioned in B. C. 282, as the only Thessalian city, except Pelinnaeum, that did not take part in the Lamiac war. (Diod. xviii. 11.) In the war between Demetrius Poliorcetes and Cassander, in B. C 302, Thebes was one of the strongholds of Cassander. (Diod. xx. 110.) It became at a later time the chief possession of the Aetolians in northern Greece; but it was wrested from them, after an obstinate siege, by Philip, the son of Demetrius, who changed its name into Philippopolis. (Polyb. v. 99, 100; Diod. xxvi. p. 513, ed. Wesseling.) It was attacked by the consul Flamininus, previous to the battle of Cynoscephalae, B. c. 197, but without success. (Liv. xxxiii. 5; Polyb. xviii. 2.) After the defeat of Philip, the name of Philippopolis was gradually dropped, though both names are used by Livy in narrating the transactions of the year B. c. 185. (Liv. xxxix. 25.) It continued to exist under the name of Thebes in the time of the Roman Empire, and is mentioned by Hierocles in the sixth century. ("Thebae Thessalae," Plin. v. 8. s. 15; Oñbai Tidos, Ptol. iii. 13. § 17; Steph. B. s. v.; Hierocl. p. 642, ed. Wess.) The ruins of Thebes are situated upon a height half a mile to the north-east of AkKetjel. The entire circuit of the walls and towers, both of the town and citadel, still exist; and the circumference is between 2 and 3 miles. The theatre, of which only a small part of the exterior circular wall of the cavea remains, stood about the

THEI'SOA (@eloóa: Eth. Oelooάrns). 1. A town of Arcadia, in the district Cynuria or Parrhasia, on the northern slope of Mt. Lycaeus, called after the nymph Theisoa, one of the nurses of Zeus. Its inhabitants were removed to Megalopolis upon the foundation of the latter city. Leake places it at the castle of St. Helen above Lavdha. Ross discovered some ancient remains N. of Andritzäna, which he conjectures may be those of Theisoa. (Paus. viii. 38. §§ 3, 9, viii. 27. § 4; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 315, Peloponnesiaca, p. 154; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, vol. i. p. 101; Boblaye, Recherches, p. 151.)

2. A town of Arcadia, in the territory of Orchomenus, the inhabitants of which also removed to Megalopolis. It is mentioned along with Methydrium and Teuthis as belonging to the confederation (σUvTéλeia) of Orchomenos. It is probably represented by the ruins near Dimitzana. (Paus. viii. 27. §§ 4, 7, viii. 28. § 3; Ross, p. 115.)

THEIUM, a town of Athamania in Epeirus, of uncertain site. (Liv. xxxviii. 2.)

THELINE. [ARELATE.]

THELPU'SA (éλTovσa, Paus. and Coins; Texpovoa, Polyb., Diod., and Steph. B. s. v.: Eth. €λmovσios, Teλpovotos), a town in the west of Arcadia,