in his map, identifies it with Polyaegus. (Strab. x.
p. 484 Steph. B. s. v.; Eustath. ad I. ii. 625,
p. 306.)

LAGU'SA (Adyovaa), one of a group of small islands in the bay of Telmissus in Lycia, 5 stadia from Telmissus, and 80 from Cissidae. (Plin. v. 35; Steph. B. 8. r.; Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. § 226, foll.) This island is generally considered to be the same as the modern Panagia di Cordialissa. [L. S.]

LAGUSSAE, a group of small islands off the coast of Troy, to the north of Tenedos (Plin. v. 38; comp. Eustath. ad Hom. Il. ii. p. 306). Their modern name is Taochan Adassi.

[L. S.]

LAISH, the more ancient name of Dan. [DAN.] LALASIS (Aaλaois, Ptol. v. 8. § 6, where some MSS. have ▲aλarís), a district in Cilicia, extending along Mount Taurus, above the district called Selentis. Pliny (v. 23) also mentions a town Lalasis in Isauria, and this town accordingly seems to have been the capital of the district Lalasis, which may have extended to the north of Mount Taurus. It is probable, moreover, that the Isaurian town of Lalisanda, mentioned by Stephanus B., and which, he says, was in his day called Dalisanda, is the same as Lalasis; and if so, it is identical with the Dalisanda of Hierocles (p. 710). Basilius of Seleucia informs us that the town stood on a lofty height, but was well provided with water, and not destitute of other advantages. (Wesseling, ad Hierocl. 1. c.). From all these circumstances, we might be inclined to consider the reading Aaλarís in Ptolemy the correct one, were it not that the coins of the place all bear the inscription Aaλaσoéwv. (Sestini, p. 96.) [L. S.]

LALENESIS (Aaλnveols or Aadowepis, Ptol. v. 7. § 6), a small town in the district of Melitene in Armenia Minor, on the east of Zoropassus. Its site is unknown, and no ancient writer besides Ptolemy mentions it.

[L. S.]

LALETA'NI. [LAEËTANI.] LAMA. [VETTONES.] LAMASBA (Itin. Ant. pp. 35, ter, 40: Lamasbua, Tab. Peut.), a city of the Massylii, in the interior of Numidia, near the confines of Mauretania, 62 M. P. from SITIFI, and 62 from TAMUGADI. Lapie and D'Avezac identify it with Ain-Hazel, at the N. foot of the mountains of the Welled-Abd-enNour; but its site seems to agree better with the considerable ruins at Baitna, on the S. of those mountains, and W. of the M. Aurasius (JebelAuress: Shaw, Travels, &c. p. 52; Pellissier, Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie, vol. vi. p. 389).

[P.S.]

117

LAMIA. Peut.; Aáμbaîoa, Ptol. iv. 3. § 29; LAMBAKSA, LAMBE'SE (Itin. Ant. pp. 32, 33, 34, 40: Tab. Lambesitana Colonia, Cyprian. Epist. 55: Lemba Inscr.; Lambaese, Augustin. adv. Donat. vi. 13; or Tezzout. large Ru.), one of the most important cities in the interior of Numidia, belonging to the Massylii. It lay near the confines of Mauretania, at the W. foot of M. Aurasius (Jebel Auress), 102 from CIRTA. It was the station of an entire legion, M. P. from SITIFI, 118 from THEVESTE, and 84 the Legio III. Augusta (Aeyeiwv τpitη σebaoth, Ptol. I. c.; and Inscr.). Its importance is attested by mains of an amphitheatre, a temple of Aesculapius, a its magnificent ruins, among which are seen the retriumphal arch, and other buildings, enclosed by a wall, in the circuit of which 40 gates have been traced, 15 of them still in a good state of preservation. The silence of Procopius respecting such a city seems to imply that it had been destroyed before the age of Justinian. (Shaw, Travels, p. 57; Bruce; Peysonnel; Pellissier, Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie, vol. vi. pp. 388, 389.) [P.S.]

Callaïci Lucenses in Gallaecia, near the confluence LAMBRI'ACA or LAMBRI'CA, a town of the of the rivers Laeron and Ulla, not far from ElPadron. (Mela, iii. 1. § 8; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 439.) mentioned only by Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.), LAMETI'NI (Aаunrîvoi), a city of Bruttium, [P.S.] on the authority of Hecataeus, who added that there was a river also of the name of LAMETUS (Aάμntos). We find this again alluded to by Lycophron. (Alex. 1085.) There can be no doubt that this is the gulf of Sta. Eufemia: and this is confirmed by the stream still called Lamato, which flows into the authority of Aristotle, who gives to that gulf, otherwise known as the SINUS TERINAEUS or HIPPONIATES, the name of the LAMETINE GULF (å Aaμntivos Kóλmos, Arist. Pol. vii. 10). Hence there can be little doubt that the city of Lametini though Stephanus vaguely calls it "near Crotona." also was situated on the shores of the same bay, (Steph. B. l. c.) No other writer mentions the name (which is evidently an ethnic form like Leontini), and it is probable that the town was destroyed or sunk into a dependent condition at an early period. An inscription, which records it as an existing municipal town in the time of Trajan, is almost certainly spurious. (Mominsen, Inscr. Regn. Neap. App. No. 936.) It is generally supposed to have been situated either at or near the modern village of Sta. Eufemia, but this is mere conjecture. [E.H.B.]

LAMBER or LAMBRUS, a river of Northern of the Malienses, though afterwards separated from LA'MIA (Aauía: Eth. Aapieús: Zitúni), a town Italy, in Gallia Transpadana, noticed by Pliny them, situated in the district Phthiotis in Thessaly. among the affluents of the Padus which join that river Strabo describes Lamia as situated above the plain on its left or northern bank. (Plin. iii. 19. s. 23.) which lies at the foot of the Maliac gulf, at the It is still called the Lambro, and rises in a small distance of 30 stadia from the Spercheins, and lake called the Lago di Pusiano (the Eupilis Lacus 50 stadia from the sea (ix. pp. 433, 435). Livy of Pliny), from whence it flows within 3 miles of says that it was placed on Milan, and enters the Po about midway between the seven miles from Heracleia, of which it coma height distant Ticino and the Adda. Sidonius Apollinaris con-manded the prospect (xxxvi. 25), and on the route trasts its stagnant and weedy stream (ulvosum Lambrum) with the blue waters of the Addua. (Ep. i. 5.) The Tabula as well as the Geographer of Ravenna give a town of the name of Lambrum, of which no trace is found elsewhere. It is probably a corruption of a station, Ad Lambrum, at the passage of the river of that name, though the Tabula erroneously transfers it to the S. side of the Padus. (Tab. Peut.; Geogr. Rav. iv. 30.) [E. H. B.]

which led from Thermopylae through the passes of
Phthiotis to Thaumaci (xxxii. 4). Strabo further
relates that it was subject to earthquakes (i. p. 60).
Lamia is celebrated in history on account of the war
which the Athenians and the confederate Greeks
carried on against Antipater in B. C. 323. Antipater
was at first unsuccessful, and took refuge in Lamia,
where he was besieged for some time by the allies.
From this circumstance this contest is usually called

LANGOBARDI.

119

Cape Heraclium, on the coast of Pontus, not far
LAMYRON (Aauvpúr), a great harbour near
from Themiscyra. (Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux.
p. 10.)
[L. S.]

xía, Dion Cass. liii. 25, 29; Flor. iv. 12; Oros. LANCE (Itin. Ant. p. 395), or LA'NCIA (Aayvi. 21), or LANCIATUM (Aаykiaтov, Ptol. ii. 6. § 29), the chief city of the LANCEATI (AayкíaTOL, Ptol. I. c.) or LANCIENSES (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4), a tribe strongly fortified, and was the most important city of the Astures, in Hispania Tarraconensis. It was of that region, even more so than LEGIO VII. GEMINA, at least before the settlement of the latter by the Romans, by whom Lancia was destroyed, though it was again restored. It lay on the high road from Caesaraugusta to Legio VII. (Leon), only 9 M. P. from the latter, where its name is still to be traced in that of Sollanco or Sollancia. (Florez, Esp. S. vol. xvi. p. 16; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 441.) [P. S.] LA'NCIA, LANCIATI, LANCIA TUM.

[LANCE.]

LA'NCIA OPPIDA'NA. [VETTONES.]
LANCIENSES. [LANCE.]

Euagon to seize the citadel, and thereby to make himself tyrant, seems to belong to the same period. (Athen. xi. p. 508.) After the battle of Mycale, in B. C. 479, Lampsacus joined Athens, but revolted after the failure of the great Athenian expedition to Sicily; being, however, unfortified, it was easily reconquered by a fleet under Strombichides. (Thuc. viii. 62.) After the time of Alexander the Great, the Lampsaceni had to defend their city against the attacks of Antiochus of Syria; they voted a crown of gold to the Romans, and were received by them as allies. (Liv. xxxiii. 38, xxxv. 42, xliii. 6; Polyb. xxi. 10.) In the time of Strabo, Lampsacus was still a flourishing city. It was the birthplace of many distinguished authors and philosophers, such as Charon the historian, Anaximenes the orator, and Metrodorus the disciple of Epicurus, who himself resided there for many years, and reckoned some of its citizens among his intimate friends. (Strab. I. c.; Diog. Laërt. x. 11.) Lampsacus possessed a fine statue by Lysippus, representing a prostrate lion, but it was removed by Agrippa to Rome to adorn the Campus Martius. (Strab. I. c.) Lampsacus, as is well known, was the chief seat of the obscene worship of Priapus, who was believed to have been born there of Aphrodite. (Athen. i. p. 30; Paus. ix. 31. §2; Apollon. Rhod. i. 983; Ov. Fast. vi. Aoyyosápdo, also Aayyo6ápdai and Aoyyobάpdai), LANGOBARDI, LONGOBARDI (Aavyobadi, 345; Virg. Georg. iv. 110.) From this circum- a tribe of Germans whom we first meet with in the stance the whole district was believed to have de- plain, south of the lower Elbe, and who belonged to rived the name of Abarnis or Aparnis (anapveiobai), the Suevi (Strab. vii. p. 290, where Kramer reads because Aphrodite denied that she had given birth Aаykóbapdo; Ptol. ii. 11. §§ 9, 17). According to to him. (Theophr. Hist. Plant. i. 6, 13.) The ancient name of the district had been Bebrycia, pro- (Hist. Longob. i. 3, 8; comp. Isidor. Orig. ix. 2; Paulus Diaconus, himself a Langobard, or Lombard bably from the Thracian Bebryces, who had settled Etym. M. s. v. yévelov), the tribe derived its name there. (Comp. Hecat. Fragm. 207; Charon, Fragm. from the long beards, by which they distinguished 115, 119; Xenoph. Anab. vii. 8. § 1; Polyb. v. 77; themselves from the other Germans, who generally Plin. iv. 18, v. 40; Ptol. v. 2. § 2; Steph. B. s. v.) shaved their beards. But it seems to be more proThe name of Lamsaki is still attached to a small bable that they derived the name from the country town, near which Lampsacus probably stood, as they inhabited on the banks of the Elbe, where Lamsaki itself contains no remains of antiquity. Börde (or Bord) still signifies "a fertile plain by the There are gold and silver staters of Lampsacus inside of a river;" and a district near Magdeburg is different collections; the imperial coins have been traced from Augustus to Gallienus. (Sestini, Mon. Vet. p. 73.)

[L.

COIN OF LAMPSACUS.

S.]

LAMPSUS, a town of Histiaeotis in Thessaly, on the borders of Athamania. (Liv. xxxii. 14.)

LAMPTRA. [ATTICA, p. 331, a.]

LAMUS (Aάuos), a village of Cilicia, at the mouth of the river Lamus, from which the whole district derived the name of Lamotis. The river is mentioned by Stephanus B. (from Alexander Polyhistor), and both the river and the village by Strabo (xiv. p. 671) and Ptolemy (v. 8. §§ 4, 6). The river, which is otherwise of no importance, formed the boundary between Cilicia Aspera and Cilicia Propria, and still bears the name of Lamas or Lamuzo. About the village of Lamus no particulars are known. (Comp. Nonnus, Dionys. xxiv. 50; Hieroci. p. 709.) [L S.]

DANI. [OCELUM.]
LANCIENSES OCELENSES or TRANSCU-

still called the lange Börde (Wilhelm, Germanien, p. 286). According to this, Langobardi would sig. nify inhabitants of the long bord of the river." The district in which we first meet with them, is the left bank of the Elbe, from the point where the Sala empties itself into it, to the frontiers of the Chauci Minores, so that they were bounded in the north by the Elbe, in the east by the Semnones, in the south by the Cherusci, and in the west by the Fosi and Angrivarii. Traces of the name of the Langobardi still occur in that country in such names as Bardengau, Bardewik. The earliest writer who mentions the Langobardi as inhabiting those parts, is Velleius Paterculus (ii. 106). But notwithstanding the unanimous testimony of the ancients that they were a branch of the Suevi, their own historian (Paul. Diac. & c.; comp. Euseb. Chron. ad an. 380) any part of Germany, but had migrated south from states that the Langobardi originally did not inhabit Scandinavia, where they had borne the name of Vinili, and that they assumed the name Langobardi after their arrival in Germany. It is impossible to say what value is to be attributed to this statement, which has found as many advocates as it has had opponents. From Strabo (l. c.) it is clear that they occupied the northern bank of the Elbe, and it is possible that they were among those Germans whom Tiberius, in the reign of Augustus drove across the Elbe (Suet. Aug. 21). In their new country they were soon reduced to submission by Maroboduus, but

66

accordingly crossed the Alps, and as the north of Italy was badly defended, he succeeded in a short time in establishing his kingdom, which continued to flourish until it was overpowered and destroyed by Charlemagne. (Paul. Diac. ii. 5; Eginhard, Vit. Carol. M. 6.) The history of this singular people whose name still survives, has been written in Latin by Paulus Diaconus (Warnefried), in the reign of Charlemagne, and by another Lombard of the 9th century, whose name is unknown. (Comp. Wilhelm, Germanien, p. 281, foll.; Zeuss, die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme, p. 109, foll.; F. Dufft, Quaestiones de Antiquissima Longobardorum. Historia, Berlin, 1830, 8vo.; Koch-Sternfeld, das Reich der Longobarden in Italien, Munich, 1839; Latham, Tac. Germ. p. 139, and Epileg. p. lxxxiv.) [L.S.] LANGOBRIGA. [LUSITANIA.]

LANU'VIUM (Λανούϊον, Strab. ; Λανούβιον, Ptol.: Eth. Aavovïos, Lanuvinus: Cività Lavinia), an ancient and important city of Latium, situated on a lofty hill forming a projecting spur or promontory of the Alban Hills towards the S. It was distant about 20 miles from Rome, on the right of the Appian

afterwards they shook off the yoke, and, in conjunction with the Semnones, joined the confederacy of the Cheruscans against the Marcomanni. (Tac. Ann. ii. 45.) When, in consequence of the murder of Arminius, the power of the Cheruscans was decaying more and more, the Langobardi not only supported and restored Italus, the king of the Cheruscans who had been expelled, but seem to have extended their own territory in the south, so as to occupy the country between Halle, Magdeburg, and Leipzig. (Tac. Ann. xi. 17.) They were not a numerous tribe, but their want of numbers was made up for by their natural bravery (Tac. Germ. 40), and Velleius describes them as a gens etiam Germana feritate ferocior." Shortly after these events the Langobardi disappear from history, until they are mentioned again by Ptolemy (1. c.), who places them in the extensive territory between the Rhine and Weser, and even beyond the latter river almost as far as the Elbe. They thus occupied the country which had formerly been inhabited by the tribes forming the Cheruscan confederacy. This great extension of their territory shows that their power must have been increasing ever since their liberation from the yoke of Maro-Way, rather more than a mile from the road. The boduus. After this time we again hear nothing of the Longobardi for a considerable period. They are indeed mentioned, in an excerpt from the history of Petrus Patricius (Exc. de Legat. p. 124), as allies of the Obii on the frontiers of Pannonia; but otherwise history is silent about them, until, in the second half of the 5th century, they appear on the north of the Danube in Upper Hungary as tributary to the Heruli (Procop. de Bell. Goth. ii. 15, who describes them as Christians). Whether these Langobardi, however, were the same people whom we last met with between the Rhine and the Elbe, or whether they were only a band of emigrants who had in the course of time become so numerous as to form a distinct tribe, is a question which cannot be answered with certainty, although the latter seems to be the more probable supposition. Their natural love of freedom could not bear to submit to the rule of the Heruli, and after having defeated the king of the latter in a great battle, they subdued the neighbouring Quadi, likewise a Suevian tribe, and henceforth they were for a long time the terror of their neighbours and the Roman province of Pannonia. (Paul. Diac. i. 22.) For, being the most powerful nation in those parts, they extended their dominion down the Danube, and occupied the extensive plains in the north of Dacia on the river Theiss, where they first came in conflict with the Gepidae, and entered Pannonia. (Paul. Diac. i. 20.) The emperor Justinian, wanting their support against the Gepidae, gave them lands and supplied them with money (Procop. Bell. Goth. iii. 33), and under their king Audoin they gained a great victory over the Gepidae. (Paul. Diac. i. 25; Procop. Bell. Goth. iii. 34, iv. 18, 25.) Alboin, Audoin's successor, after having, in conjunction with the Avari, completely overthrown the empire of the Gepidae, led the Langobardi, in A. D. 568, into Italy, where they permanently established themselves, and founded the kingdom from which down to this day the north-east of Italy bears the name of Lombardy (Exc. de Legat. pp. 303, 304; Marius Episc. Chron. Ronc. ii. 412.) The occasion of their invading Italy is related as follows. When Alboin had concluded his alliance with the Avari, and had ceded to them his own dominions, Narses, to take revenge upon Justin, invited them to quit their poor country and take possession of the fertile plains of Italy. Alboin

name is often written in inscriptions, even of a good time, Lanivium; hence the confusion which has arisen in all our MSS. of ancient authors between it and Lavinium: the two names are so frequently interchanged as to leave constant doubt which of the two is really meant, and in the middle ages they appear to have been actually regarded as the same place; whence the name of "Civitas Lavinia" by which Lanuvium is still known, and which can be traced as far back as the fourteenth century. The foundation of Lanuvium was ascribed by a tradition recorded by Appian (B. C. ii. 20) to Diomed; a legend probably arising from some fancied connection with the worship of Juno at Argos. A tradition that has a more historical aspect, though perhaps little more historical worth, represented it as one of the colonies of Alba. (Diod. vii. ap. Euseb. Arm. p. 185.) The statement of Cato (ap. Priscian. iv. 4. § 21) that it was one of the cities which co-operated in the consecration of the celebrated temple of Diana at Aricia, is the first fact concerning it that can be looked upon as historical, and shows that Lanuvium was already a city of consideration and power. Its name appears also in the list given by Dionysius of the cities that formed the league against Rome in B. C. 496, and there is no doubt that it was in fact one of the thirty cities of the Latin League. (Dionys. v. 61; Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 17.) But from this time we hear little of it, except that it was the faithful ally of Rome during her long wars with the Volscians and Aequians (Liv. vi. 21): the position of Lanuvium would indeed cause it to be one of the cities most immediately interested in opposing the progress of the Volscians, and render it as it were the natural rival of Antium. We have no explanation of the causes which, in B. c. 383, led the Lanuvians suddenly to change their policy, and take up arms, to gether with some other Latin cities, in favour of the Volscians (Liv. vi. 21). They must have shared in the defeat of their allies near Satricum; but apparently were admitted to submission on favourable terms, and we hear no more of them till the great Latin War in B. C. 340, in which they took an active and important part. At first, indeed, they seem to have hesitated and delayed to take the field; but in the two last campaigns their forces are