[See below, under LEPTIS MAGNA.] Its ruins, | been left out of the system of external works, although interesting, are of no great extent. (Shaw, though no part of the city was built upon it. AcTravels, p. 109; Barth, Wanderungen, &c. p. cordingly we find here, besides the quays along the 161.) [P.S.] river side, and vaults in them, which served for warehouses, a remarkable building, which seems to have been a fort. Its superstructure is of brick, and certainly not of Phoenician work; but it probably stood on foundations coeval with the city. This is the only example of the use of brick in the ruins of Leptis, with the exception of the walls which surmount the sea-defences already described. From this eastern, as well as from the western point of land, an artificial mole was built out, to give additional shelter to the port on either side; but, through not permitting a free egress to the sand which is washed up on that coast in vast quantities with every tide, these moles have been the chief cause of the destruction, first of the port, and afterwards of the city. The former event had already happened at the date of the Stadiasmus, which describes Leptis as having no harbour (àλíμevos). The harbour still existed, however, at the time of the restoration of the city by Septimius Severus, and small vessels could even ascend to some distance above the city, as is proved by a quay of Roman work on the W. bank, at a spot where the river is still deep, though its mouth is now lost in the sand- hills.

LÉPTIS MAGNA († Aéttis ueɣáλn, Aeπтiμáyva, Procop. B. V. ii. 21; also Aétis, simply; aft. Neάros; Leptimagnensis Civitas, Cod. Just. i. 27. 2: Eth. and Adj. Aentitavós, Leptitanus: Lebda, large Ru.), the chief of the three cities which formed the African Tripolis, in the district between the Syrtes (Regio Syrtica, aft. Tripolitana), on the N. coast of Africa; the other two being Oea and Sabrata. Leptis was one of the most ancient Phoenician colonies on this coast, having been founded by the Sidonians (Sall. Jug. 19, 78); and its site was one of the most favourable that can be imagined for a city of the first class. It stood at one of those parts of the coast where the table-land of the Great Desert falls off to the sea by a succession of mountain ridges, enclosing valleys which are thus sheltered from those encroachments of sand that cover the shore where no such protection exists, while they lie open to the breezes of the Mediterranean. The country, in fact, resembles, on a small scale, the terraces of the Cyrenaic coast; and its great beauty and fertility have excited the admiration alike of ancient and modern writers. (Ammian. Marc. xxviii. 6; Della Cella; Beechy; Barth, &c.) Each of these valleys is watered by its streamlet, generally very insignificant and even intermittent, but sometimes worthy of being styled a river, as in the case of the CINYPS, and of the smaller stream, further to the west, upon which Leptis stood. The excellence of the site was much enhanced by the shelter afforded by the promontory HERMAEUM (Ras-al Ashan), W. of the city, to the roadstead in its front. The ruins of Leptis are of vast extent, of which a great portion is buried under the sand which has drifted over them from the sea. From what can be traced, however, it is clear that these remains contain the ruins of three different cities.

2. The Old City (wóλis) thus described became gradually, like the Byrsa of Carthage, the citadel of a much more extensive New City (Neάñoλis), which grew up beyond its limits, on the W. bank of the river, where its magnificent buildings now lie hidden beneath the sand. This NEW CITY, as in the case of Carthage and several other Phoenician cities of like growth, gave its name to the place, which was hence called NEAPOLIS, not, however, as at Carthage [comp. CARTHAGO, Vol. I. p. 529. § i.], to the disuse of the old name, LEPTIS, which was never entirely lost, and which became the prevailing name in the later times of the ancient world, and is the name which the ruins still retain (Lebda). (1.) The original city, or Old Leptis, still exhibits Under the early emperors both names are found in its ruins the characteristics of an ancient Phoenician almost indifferently; but with a slight indication of settlement; and, in its site, its sea-walls and quays, the preference given to NEAPOLIS, and it seems its harbour, and its defences on the land side, it bears probable that the name Leptis, with the epithet a striking general resemblance to Carthage. It was Magna to distinguish it from LEPTIS PARVA, prebuilt on an elevated tongue of land, jutting out from vailed at last for the sake of avoiding any confusion the W. bank of the little river, the mouth of which with NEAPOLIS in Zeugitana. (Strab. xvii. p. 835, formed its port, having been artificially enlarged for Neάñoλis, hv kal Aéπtiv kaλoûσw: Mela, however, that purpose. The banks of the river, as well as the i. 7. § 5, has Leptis only, with the epithet altera : seaward face of the promontory, are lined with walls Pliny, v. 4. s. 4, misled, as usual, by the abundance of massive masonry, serving as sea-walls as well as of his authorities, makes Leptis and Neapolis different quays, and containing some curious vaulted cham-cities, and he distinguishes this from the other bers, which are supposed to have been docks for ships which were kept (as at Carthage) for a last resource, in case the citadel should be taken by an enemy. These structures are of a harder stone than the other buildings of the city; the latter being of a light sandstone, which gave the place a glittering whiteness to the voyager approaching it from the sea. (Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. p. 453, G., p. 297, H.) On the land side the isthmus was defended by three lines of massive stone walls, the position of each being admirably adapted to the nature of the ground; and, in a depression of the ground between the outmost and middle line, there seems to have been a canal, connecting the harbour in the mouth of the river with the roadstead W. of the city. Opposite to this tongue of land, on the E. side of the river, is a much lower, less projecting, and more rounded promontory, which could not have

Leptis as Leptis altera, quae cognominatur magna: Ptolemy, iv. 3. § 13, has Neάoλis ý kaì AéntiS ueyáλn: Itin. Ant. p. 63, and Tab. Peut. Lepti Magna Colonia; Scyl. pp. 111, 112, 113, Gronov. Nea Пóλis; Stadiasm. p. 435, Aéntis, vulg. Aéntns, the coins all have the name LEPTIS simply, with the addition, on some of them, of the epithet COLONIA VICTRIX JULIA; but it is very uncertain to which of the two cities of the name these coins belong; Eckhel, vol. iv. pp. 130, 131; Rasche, s. v.) We learn from Sallust that the commercial intercourse of Leptis with the native tribes had led to a sharing of the connubium, and hence to an admixture of the language of the city with the Libyan dialects (Jug. 78). In fact, Leptis, like the neighbouring Tripoly, which, with a vastly inferior site, has succeeded to its position, was the great emporium for the trade with the Garamantes and Phazania and the eastern part of

Inner Libya. But the remains of the New City seen to belong almost entirely to the period of the Roman Empire, and especially to the reign of Septimius Severus, who restored and beautified this his native city. (Spart. Sev. 1; Aurel. Vict. Ep. 20.) It had already before acquired considerable importance under the Romans, whose cause it espoused in the war with Jugurtha (Sall. Jug. 77-79: as to its later condition see Tac. Hist. iv. 50); and if, as Eckhel inclines to believe, the coins with the epigraph COL VIC. IUL. LEP. belong mostly, if not entirely, to Leptis Magna, it must have been made a colony in the earliest period of the empire. It was still a flourishing and populous fortified city in the 4th century, when it was greatly injured by an assault of a Libyan tribe, called the AURUSIANI (Ammian. xxviii. 6); and it never recovered from the blow.

3. Justinian is said to have enclosed a portion of it with a new wall; but the city itself was already too far buried in the sand to be restored; and, as far as we can make out, the little that Justinian attempted seems to have amounted only to the enclosure of a suburb, or old Libyan camp, some distance to the E. of the river, on the W. bank of which the city itself had stood. vi. 4; comp. Barth.) Its ruin was completed (Procop. de Aed. during the Arab conquest (Leo, Afr. p. 435); and, though we find it, in the middle ages, the seat of populous Arab camps, no attempt has been made to make use of the splendid site, which is now occupied by the insignificant village of Legâtah, and the hamlet of El-Hush, which consists of only four houses. (For particulars of the ruins, see Lucas, Proceedings of the Association, fc. vol. ii. p. 66, Lond. 1810; Della Cella, Viaggio, &c. p. 40; Beechey, Proceedings, c. chap. vi. pp. 50, foll.; Russell's Barbary; Barth, Wanderungen, fc. PP. 305-315.)

[P.S.]

PROVIN

MFVLCOTA

COIN OF LEPTIS.

LERINA and LERON. Strabo (p. 185) says: "After the Stoechades are Planasia and Leron (Пavaria kal Anpwv), which are inhabited; and in Leron there is also a Leroum of Leron, and Leron is in front of Antipolis." (Antibes.) Pliny (iii. 5) has "Lero, et Lerina adversus Antipolim." Ptolemy (ii. 10. § 21) places Lerone (Anpúvn) before the mouth of the Var. Lerina once had a town named Vergoanum (Pliny). Itin. places "Lero et Lerinas insulae" 11 M. P. The Maritime from Antipolis.

These two islands are the Lérins, off the coast of the French department of Var. Strabo's Planasia is supposed to be Lerina, because it is flat; Leron must then be the larger island, called Sainte Marguerite; and D'Anville conjectures that the monastery dedicated to Sainte Marguerite took the place of the Leroum of Lero, which is mentioned by Strabo. The position of these two small islands is

LERNA.

163

fixed more accurately by the Itin. than by the
geographers. Lerina, from which the modern name
Lérins comes, is very small; it is called St. Honorat,
from a bishop of Arles in the fifth century, who was
also a saint.
[G.L.]

of a marshy district at the south-western extremity
LERNA or LERNE (Λέρνα, Λέρνη), the name
of the Argive plain, near the sea, and celebrated as
Hydra, or water-snake. [See Dict. of Biogr. Vol. II.
the spot where Hercules slew the many-headed
p. 394.] In this part of the plain, there is a
number of copious springs, which overflow the district
and turn it into a marsh; and there can be little
doubt that the victory of Hercules over the Hydra, is
ancient lords of the Argive plain to bring its marshy
to be understood of a successful attempt of the
extremity into cultivation, by draining its sources
usually given to the whole district (Paus. ii. 15. § 5,
and embanking its streams. The name of Lerna is
ii. 24. § 3, ii. 36. § 6, ii. 38. § 1; Plut. Cleom.
15), but other writers apply it more particularly to
the river and the lake. (Strab. viii. p. 368.) The
district was thoroughly drained in antiquity, and
covered with sacred buildings, of which Pausanias
has left us an account (ii. 36, 37). A road led
of the city to the sea-coast of Lerna was 40 stadia.
from Argos to Lerna, and the distance from the gate
Above Lerna is the Mountain PONTINUS (Пovivos),
which according to Pausanias absorbs the rain
water, and thus prevents it from running off. On
its summit, on which there are now the ruins of a
mediaeval castle, Pausanias saw the remains of a
temple of Athena Saitis, and the foundations of the
house of Hippomedon, one of the seven Argive chiefs
who marched against Thebes. (Aepraia d' oikei
váμаe' 'ITπоμédwv avak, Eurip. Phoen. 126.)
The grove of Lerna, which consisted for the most
part of plane trees, extended from Mount Pontinus
to the sea, and was bounded on one side by a river
called Pontinus, and on the other by a river named
Amymone. The grove of Lerna contained two
temples, in one of which Demeter Prosymna and
Dionysus were worshipped, and in the other Dionysus
Saotes. In this grove a festival, called the Lernaea,
was celebrated in honour of Demeter and Dionysus.
Pausanias also mentions the fountain of Amphiaraus,
and the Alcyonian pool ('Aλkvovía Aluvn), through
which the Argives say that Dionysus descended into
Hades in order to recover Semele. The Alcyonian
pool was said to be unfathomable, and the emperor
Nero in vain attempted to reach its bottom with a
circumference of the pool is estimated by Pausanias
sounding line of several fathoms in length. The
as only one-third of a stadium: its margin was
covered with grass and rushes. Pausanias was told
that, though the lake appeared so still and quiet,
yet, if any one attempted to swim over it, he was
dragged down to the bottom. Here Prosymnus is
said to have pointed out to Dionysus the entrance in
the lower world. A nocturnal ceremony was con-
formed by the side of the pool, and, in consequence of
nected with this legend; expiatory rites were per-
the proverb arose of a Lerna of ills. (Aéрvn kakŵv;
the impurities which were then thrown into the pool,
see Preller, Demeter, p. 212.)

the foot of the hill, and joins the sea north of some
The river Pontinus issues from three sources at
mills, after a course of only a few hundred yards.
The Amymone is formed by seven or eight copious
sources, which issue from under the rocks, and
which are evidently the subterraneous outlet of one of

the katavothra of the Arcadian vallies. The river soon after enters a small lake, a few hundred yards in circumference, and surrounded with a great variety of aquatic plants; and it then forms a marsh extending to the sea-shore. The lake is now walled in, and the water is diverted into a small stream which turns some mills standing close to the seashore. This lake is evidently the Alcyonian pool of Pausanias; for although he does not say that it is formed by the river Amymone, there can be no doubt of the fact. The lake answers exactly to the description of Pausanias, with the exception of being larger; and the tale of its being unfathomable is still related by the millers in the neighbourhood. Pausanias is the only writer who calls this lake the Alcyonian pool; other writers gave it the name of Lernaean; and the river Amymone, by which it is formed, is likewise named Lerna. The fountain of Amphiaraus can no longer be identified, probably in consequence of the enlargement of the lake. The station of the hydra was under a palm-tree at the source of the Amymone; and the numerous heads of the water-snake may perhaps have been suggested by the numerous sources of this river. Amymone is frequently mentioned by the poets. It is said to have derived its name from one of the daughters of Danaus, who was beloved by Poseidon; and the river gushed forth when the nymph drew out of the rock the trident of the god. (Hygin. Fab. 169.) Hence Euripides (Phoen. 188) speaks of Ποσειδώνια 'Αμυμώνια ὕδατα. (Comp. Propert. ii. 26, 47; Ov. Met. ii. 240.)

(Dodwell, Classical Tour, vol. ii. p. 225; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 472, seq; Boblaye, Récherches, fc. p. 47; Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. ii. p. 194; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, p. 150; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 368, seq.)

LEROS (Aépos: Eth. Aépios: Leros), a small island of the Aegean, and belonging to the scattered islands called Sporades. It is situated opposite the Sinus Iassius, on the north of Calymna, and on the south of Lepsia, at a distance of 320 stadia from Cos and 350 from Myndus. (Stadiasm. Mar. Magni, §§ 246, 250, 252.) According to a statement of Anaximenes of Lampsacus, Leros was, like Icaros, colonised by Milesians. (Strab. xiv. p. 635.) This was probably done in consequence of a suggestion of Hecataeus; for on the breaking out of the revolt of the Ionians against Persia, he advised his countrymen to erect a fortress in the island, and make it the centre of their operations, if they should be driven from Miletus. (Herod. v. 125; comp. Thucyd. viii. 27.) Before its occupation by the Milesians, it was probably inhabited by Dorians. The inhabitants of Leros were notorious in antiquity for their ill nature, whence Phocylides sang of them :

in which, according to mythology, the sisters of
Meleager were transformed into guinea fowls (ue-
λeaypides; Anton. Lib. 2; comp. Ov. Met. viii. 533,
&c.), whence these birds were always kept in the
sanctuary of the goddess. (Athen. xiv. p. 655.)
In a valley, about ten minutes' walk from the sea, a
small convent still bears the name of Partheni, and
at a little distance from it there are the ruins of an
ancient Christian church, evidently built upon some
ancient foundation, which seems to have been that of
the temple of Artemis Parthenos. "This small island,"
says Ross, "though envied on account of its fertility,
its smiling valleys, and its excellent harbours, is
nevertheless scorned by its neighbours, who charge
its inhabitants with niggardliness" (l. c. p. 122;
comp. Böckh, Corp. Inscript. n. 2263; Ross,
Inscript. ined. ii. 188.)
[L. S.]

LESBOS (Λέσβος: Eth. and Adj. Λέσβιος, Aéσbikós, Aeσbiakós, Lesbius, Lesbicus, Lesbiacus: fem. Aeobis, Aeobias, Lesbis, Lesbias: in the middle ages it was named Mitylene, from its principal city: Geog. Rav. v. 21: Suidas. 8. v.; Hierocl. p. 686; Eustath. ad I. ix. 129, Od. iii. 170: hence it is called by the modern Greeks Mitylen or Metelino, and by the Turks Medilli or Medellu-Adassi.) Like several other islands of the Aegean, Lesbos is said by Strabo, Pliny and others to have had various other names, Issa, Himerte, Lasia, Pelasgia, Aegira, Aethiope, and Macaria. (Strab. i. p. 160, v. p. 128; Plin. v. 31 (39); Diod. iii. 55, ν. 81.)

Lesbos is situated off the coast of Mysia, exactly opposite the opening of the gulf of Adramyttium. Its northern part is separated from the mainland near Assos [Assos] by a channel about 7 miles broad; and the distance between the south-eastern extremity and the islands of Arginusae [ARGINUSAE] is about the same. Strabo reckons the breadth of the former strait at 60 stadia, and Pliny at 7 miles: for the latter strait see Strab. xiii. pp. 616, 617, and Xen. Hell. i. 6. §§ 15-28. The island lies between the parallels of 38° 58′ and 39° 24'. Pliny states the circumference as 168 miles, Strabo as 1100 stadia. According to Choiseul-Gouffier, the latter estimate is rather too great. Scylax (p. 56) assigns to Lesbos the seventh rank in size among the islands of the Mediterranean sea

In shape Lesbos may be roughly described as a triangle, the sides of which face respectively the NW., the NE., and the SW. The northern point is the promontory of Argennum, the western is that of Sigrium (still called Cape Sigri), the south-eastern is that of Malea (now called Zeitoun Bouroun or Cape St. Mary). But though this description of the island as triangular generally correct, it must be noticed that it is penetrated far into the interior by two gulfs, or sea-lochs as they may properly be Λέριοι κακοί, οὐχ ὁ μὲν, ὃς δ' οὔ, One of these is Πάντες, πλὴν Προκλέους· καὶ Προκλέης Λέριος. called, on the south-western side. Port Hiero or Port Olivier, “one of the best har(Strab. x. p. 487, &c.) The town of Leros was bours of the Archipelago," opening from the sea situated on the west of the modern town, on the about 4 miles to the westward of Cape Malea, and south side of the bay, and on the slope of a hill; in extending about 8 miles inland among the mountains. this locality, at least, distinct traces of a town have It inay be reasonably conjectured that its ancient been discovered by Ross. (Reisen auf d. Griech. name was Portus Hieraeus; since Pliny mentions a Inseln, ii. p. 119.) The plan of Hecataeus to fortify Lesbian city called Hiera, which was extinct before Leros does not seem to have been carried into effect. his time. The other arm of the sea, to which we Leros never was an independent community, but was have alluded, is about half-way between the former governed by Miletus, as we must infer from inscrip- and Cape Sigrium. It is the "beautiful and extions, which also show that Milesians continued to tensive basin, named Port Caloni," and anciently inhabit the island as late as the time of the Romans. called Euripus Pyrrhaeus. From the extreme narLeros contained a sanctuary of Artemis Parthenos,rowness of the entrance, it is less adapted for the

portant (Thucyd. viii. 5, 22, 23, 32, 100). It was near the coast of this island that the last great naval victory of the Athenians during the war was won, that of Conon over Callicratidas at Arginusae. On the destruction of the Athenian force by Lysander at Aegospotami, it fell under the power of Sparta; but it was recovered for a time by Thrasybulus (Xen. Hell. iv. 8. §§ 28-30). At the peace of Antalcidas it was declared independent. From this time to the establishment of the Macedonian empire it is extremely difficult to fix the fluctuations of the history of Lesbos in the midst of the varying influences of Athens, Sparta, and Persia.

After the battle of the Granicus, Alexander made a treaty with the Lesbians. Memnon the Rhodian took Mytilene and fortified it, and died there. Afterwards Hegelochus reduced the various cities of the island under the Macedonian power. (For the history of these transactions see Arrian, Exped. Alex. iii. 2; Curt. Hist. Alex. iv. 5.) In the war of the Romans with Perseus, Labeo destroyed Antissa for aiding the Macedonians, and incorporated its inhabitants with those of Methymna (Liv. xlv. 31. Hence perhaps the true explanation of Pliny's remark, 1. c.). In the course of the Mithridatic War, Mytilene incurred the displeasure of the Romans by delivering up M'. Aquillius (Vell. Pat. ii 18; Appian, Mithr. 21). It was also the last city which held out after the close of the war, and was reduced by M. Minucius Thermus,-an occasion on which Julius Caesar distinguished himself, and earned a civic crown by saving the life of a soldier (Liv. Epit. 89; Suet. Caes. 2; see Cic. contra Rull. ii. 16). Pompey, however, was induced by Theophanes to make My- | tilene a free city (Vell. Pat. I. c.; Strab. xiii. p. 617), and he left there his wife and son during the campaign which ended at Pharsalia. (Appian, B. C. ii. 83; Plut. Pomp. 74, 75.) From this time we are to regard Lesbos as a part of the Roman province of Asia, with Mytilene distinguished as its chief city, and in the enjoyment of privileges more particularly described elsewhere. We may mention here that a few imperial coins of Lesbos, as distinguished from those of the cities, are extant, of the reigns of M. Aurelius and Commodus, and with the legend KOINON AECBION (Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 501; Mionnet, vol. iii. pp. 34, 35).

appears, however, that these princes were tributary to the Turks (Ib. p. 328). In 1457, Mahomet II. made an unsuccessful assault on Methymna, in consequence of a suspicion that the Lesbians had aided the Catalan buccaneers (Ib. p. 338; see also Vertot, Hist. de l'Ordre de Malte, ii. 258). He did not actually take the island till 1462. The history of the annalist Ducas himself is closely connected with Lesbos: he resided there after the fall of Constantinople; he conveyed the tribute from the reigning Gateluzzio to the sultan at Adrianople; and the last paragraph of his history is an unfinished account of the final catastrophe of the island.

This notice of Lesbos would be very incomplete, unless something were said of its intellectual eminence. In reference to poetry, and especially poetry in connection with music, no island of the Greeks is so celebrated as Lesbos. Whatever other explanation we may give of the legend concerning the head and lyre of Orpheus being carried by the waves to its shores, we may take it as an expression of the fact that here was the primitive seat of the music of the lyre. Lesches, the cyclic minstrel, a native of Pyrrha, was the first of its series of poets. Terpander, though his later life was chiefly connected with the Peloponnesus, was almost certainly a native of Lesbos, and probably of Antissa: Arion, of Methymna, appears to have belonged to his school; and no two men were so closely connected with the early history of Greek music. The names of Alcaeus and Sappho are the most imperishable elements in the renown of Mytilene. The latter was sometimes called the tenth Muse (as in Plato's epigram, ZanpÙ Aeσbódev ʼn dekáтn); and a school of poetesses (Lesbiadum turba, Ovid, Her. xv.) seems to have been formed by her. Here, without entering into the discussions, by Welcker and others, concerning the character of Sappho herself, we must state that the women of Lesbos were as famous for their profligacy as their beauty. Their beauty is celebrated by Homer (Il. ix. 129, 271), and, as regards their profligacy, the proverbial expression Aeσbiάe affixes a worse stain to their island than кρnríew does to Crete.

Lesbos seems never to have produced any distinguished painter or sculptor, but Hellanicus and Theophanes the friend of Pompey are worthy of being mentioned among historians; and Pittacus, Theophrastus, and Cratippus are known in the annals of philosophy and science. Pittacus was famous also as a legislator. These eminent men were all natives of Mytilene, with the exception of Theophrastus, who was born at Eresus.

In

In the new division of provinces under Constantine, Lesbos was placed in the Provincia Insularum (Hierocl. p. 686, ed. Wesseling). A few detached notices of its fortunes during the middle ages are all that can be given here. On the 15th of August, A.D. 802, the empress Irene ended her extraordinary The fullest account of Lesbos is the treatise of life here in exile. (See Le Beau, Hist. du Bas Empire, S. L. Plehn, Lesbiacorum Liber, Berlin, 1826. vol. xii. p. 400.) In the thirteenth century, con- this work is a map of the island; but the English temporaneously with the first crusade, Lesbos began Admiralty charts should be consulted, especially to be affected by the Turkish conquests: Tzachas, Nos. 1654 and 1665. Forbiger refers to reviews of Emir of Smyrna, succeeded in taking Mytilene, but Plehn's work by Meier in the Hall. Allg. Lit. Zeit. failed in his attempt on Methymna. (Anna Comn. for 1827, and by O. Müller in the Goett. Gel. Anz. Alex. lib. vii. p. 362, ed. Bonn.) Alexis, however, for 1828; also to Lander's Beiträge zur Kunde sent an expedition to retake Mytilene, and was suc- der Insel Lesbos, Hamb. 1827. Information regardcessful (Ib. ix. p. 425). In the thirteenth centurying the modern condition of the island will be obLesbos was in the power of the Latin emperors of tained from Pococke, Tournefort, Richter, and ProConstantinople, but it was recovered to the Greeks kesch. [J. S. H.] by Joannes Ducas Vatatzes, emperor of Nicaea (see his life in the Dict. of Biography). In the fourteenth century Joannes Palaeologus gave his sister in marriage to Francisco Gateluzzio, and the island of Lesbos as a dowry; and it continued in the possession of this family till its final absorption in the Turkish empire (Ducas, Hist. Byzant. p. 46, ed. Bonn). It

LE'SORA MONS (Mont Lozère), a summit of the Cévennes, above 4800 feet high, is mentioned by Sidonius Apollinaris (Carm. 24, 44) as containing the source of the Tarnis (Tarn):—

"Hinc te Lesora Caucasum Scytharum
Vincens aspiciet citusque Tarnis."