the W., to the S. shores of Crete, and the frontier | as the place containing the tomb of the great Hanof Egypt, on the E., where it joined the Mare Aegyptium: the two Syrtes belonged to it. (Strab. ii. pp. 122, 123, x. pp. 475, 488; Agathem. i. 3, ii. 14; Dion. Per. 104; Mela, i. 4, ii. 7; Plin. v. 1; Florus, iii. 6. § 10.) [P.S.]

nibal. (Plut. Flam. 20; Steph. B. 8. v. ; Plin. H.N v. 43; Amm. Marc. xxii. 9; Eutrop. iv. 11; Itin. Ant. p. 139; Itin. Hier. p. 572.) In Pliny's time the town no longer existed, but the spot was noticed only because of the tumulus of Hannibal. According to Appian (Syr. 11), who evidently did not know the town of Libyssa, a river of Phrygia was called Libyssus, and he states that from it the surrounding country received the name of Libyssa. The slight resemblance between the name Libyssa and the modern Ghebse has led some geographers to regard the latter as the site of the ancient town; but Leake (Asia Minor, p. 9), from an accurate computation of distances, has shown that the modern Maldysem is much more likely to be the site of [L. S.]

LICATII, or LICATTII (Λικάτιοι, οι Λικάττιοι), a tribe of the Vindelici, dwelling on the banks of the river Licias or Licus, from which they derived their name. (Ptol. ii. 13. § 1.) Strabo (iv. p. 206) mentions them among the most audacious of the Vindelician tribes. Pliny (iii. 24), who calls them Licates, enumerates them among the Alpine tribes subdued by Augustus. [L. S.]

LI'CHADES (ai Aixddes), a group of three small islands between the promontory of Cenaeumn in Euboea and that of Cnemides in Locris. They are said to have derived their name from Lichas, who was here thrown into the sea by Hercules, when he was suffering from the poisoned garment. (Strab. i. p. 60, ix. p. 426; Plin. iv. 12. s. 20; Leake, Northern Greece, vol, ii. p. 177.)

LI'BYCUS NO'MOS. [MARMARICA.] LIBYPHOENICES (Ai6upoívices, sometimes spelt Aibopoívices), a portion of the population of N. Africa, who are defined by Livy, in accordance with the signification of their name, as "mixtum Punicum Afris genus" (Liv. xxi. 22). Diodorus gives a somewhat fuller account of them, as one of the four races who inhabited the Carthaginian territory in N. Africa, namely, the Punic inhabitants of Carthage, the Libyphoenicians, the Libyans, and the Numidians; and he says that the Libyphoe-Libyssa. nicians possessed many of the cities on the seashore, and had the tie of intermarriage with the Carthaginians (Diod. xx. 55). Pliny restricts them to the S. part of the ancient territory of Carthage. (Plin. v. 4. s. 3: Libyphoenices vocantur qui Byzacium incolunt); and there can be no doubt, from the nature of the case, that the original seat of the race was in the country around Carthage. It is not, however, equally clear whether the Libyphoenicians of the Carthaginian colonies along the coast of Africa are to be regarded as a race arising out of the intermarriage of the original Punic settlers with the natives of the surrounding country, or as the descendants of Liby phoenicians from the country round Carthage, who had been sent out as colonists. The latter is the more probable, both from indications which we find in the ancient writers, and from the well-known fact that, in all such cases, it is the half-breed which multiplies rapidly, so as to make it a matter of importance for the members of the pure and dominant caste to find a vent for the in- | creasing numbers of the race below them. That such was the policy of Carthage with regard to the Libyphoenicians, and moreover that they were marked by the energy and success which usually distinguishes such half-bred races, we have some interesting proofs. The defence of Agrigentum against the Romans, during the Second Punic War, was signalised by the skill and energy of Mutines, a Liby phoenician of Hipponium, whom Livy describes as "vir impiger, et sub Hannibale magistro omnes belli artes edoctus" (Liv. xxv. 40). The mention of his native place, Hipponium, on the Bruttian coast, a city which had been for some time in the hands of the Carthaginians, is a proof of the tendency to make use of the race in their foreign settlements; while the advantage taken by Hannibal of his talents agrees with the fact that he employed Liby phoenician cavalry in his armies. (Polyb. iii. 33; Liv. xxi. 22.) Niebuhr has traced the presence of Liby phoenicians in the Punic settlements in Sardinia, and their further mixture with the Sardinians, as attested by Cicero in an interesting fragment of his speech for Scaurus. (Lectures on Anc. Geog. vol. ii. p. 275.) Avienus mentions the "wild Libyphoenicians" on the S. coast of Spain, E. of Calpe. (Or. Mar. 419.) Perhaps the halfbred races of the Spanish colonies in America furnish the closest analogy that can be found to the Libyphoenician subjects of Carthage. [P.S.]

LIBYSSA (Ai6vo oa or Aíbioσa, Ptol. v. 1. § 13: Eth. Aibvoσaîos), a town on the north coast of the Sinus Atacenus in Bithynia, on the road from Nicaea to Chalcedon. It was celebrated in antiquity |

LICIAS, LICUS (Auxías: Lech), a small river in Vindelicia. (Ptol. ii. 12. § 2, 13. § 1; Ven. Fort. Vit. S. Mart. iv. 641.) It assumed the modern form of its name as early as the time of the Lombards (Paul. Diac. Longob. ii. 13.) Its only tributary of any note was the Virdo or Vindo. It has its sources in the Alps, and, flowing in a northern direction, empties itself into the Danube, not far from Drusomagus. [L.S.]

LICINIA'NA. [LUSITANIA.]

LIDE (Aion), a mountain in Caria, in the neighbourhood of Pedasus. In the war of Cyrus against the Carians, the Pedasaeans alone of all the Carians maintained themselves against Harpalus, the Persian commander, by fortifying themselves on Mount Lide; but in the end they were also reduced. (Herod. i. 175, viii. 104.) [L. S.]

LIGAUNI, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, mentioned by Pliny (iii. 4): “Regio Oxubiorum Ligannorumque: super quos Suetri, &c." The next Regio to the east that he mentions is "Regio Deciatium." If we can make a safe conclusion from Pliny's text, the Ligauni must have been close to the Oxybii, with the Deciates to the east, and somewhere between the Argenteus river and Antipolis. Walckenaer (Géog. &c. vol. ii. p. 42) places the Ligauni in the parts about Saint-Vallier, Callian, and Fayen. [G. L.]

LIGER, LIGERIS (Aelynp, Aryeip: Loire), a river of Gallia, which has the largest basin of all the French rivers. The orthography seems to be Liger or Acíynp (Caes. iii. 9, ed. Schneider), though the Romans made both syllables short. In Caesar (vii. 55), the nominative "Liger" occurs, and the genitive

Ligeris." In B. G. vii. 5, 11, the accusative "Ligerem," or according to some editions "Ligerim occurs; and "Ligerim," if it is right, must have a nominative "Ligeris." The forms "Ligere," "Li

LIGURIA.

183

geri," for the ablative also occur in Caesar's text. | the source of the Loire, and on the north-west side The form Aiyeip occurs in Ptolemy (ii. 7. § 2), and of the Cévennes. It flows north through the fertile in Stephanus Byz. (8. v. Béxep), who has also Limagne d'Auvergne, and after a course of about Aiyupos (8. v. Alyupes), with a remark that the 200 miles joins the Loire at Noviodunum or NeLigures, who border on the Tyrrheni, derive their virnum (Nevers). The Loire rises in Mont Mezene, name from the river Ligyrus. Dion Cassius (xxxix. and flows north to its junction with the Allier in a 40, xliv. 42; and the notes of Reimarus), has the valley between the valley of the Allier and the basin shorter form Atypos. Lucan (i. 438) is generally of the Rhone. From Nevers the course of the Loire cited as authority for the Roman quantity of the word: is north-west to Genabum (Orléans); and from "In nebulis Meduana tuis marcere perosus Orléans it has a general west course to the ocean, Andus jam placida Ligeris recreatur ab unda." which it enters below Nantes. The whole length of But these verses are spurious. (See the Notes in flow into it on the left side below Orleans; and the the river is above 500 miles. Several large rivers Oudendorp's edition.) According to Strabo, the Mayenne on the right side below Tours. The area Loire rises in the Cévennes (тà Kéμueva), and of this river-basin is 50,000 square miles, or as flows into the ocean. But he is mistaken as to the much as the area of England. The drainage from course of the Loire, for he makes both the Garumna this large surface passes through one channel into and the Liger flow parallel to the Pyrenees; and he the sea, and when the volume of water is increased was further mistaken in supposing the axis of the by great rains it causes inundations, and does great Pyrenees to be south and north. [GALLIA TRANS- damage ALPINA, vol. i. p. 949.] He estimates the navigable part of each river at 2000 stadia; but the Loire is [G. L.] a much longer river than the Garonne. He says that the Loire flows past Genabum (Orléans), and that Genabum is situated about half way between the commencement of the navigable part of the river and its outlet, which lies between the territory of the Pictones on the south, and the territory of the Namnetes on the north; all which is correct enough. (Strab. iv. pp. 189, 190, 191.) He adds that there was a trading place (europeiov), named Corbilo [CORBILO], on the river, which Polybius speaks of. It appears that Strabo did not distinguish the Elaver (Allier) from the Loire, for he says: "the Arverni are situated on the Liger, and their chief city is Nemossus, which lies on the river; and this river, flowing past Genabum, the trading town of the Carnutes, which is situated about the middle of the navigable part, discharges itself into the ocean" (p. 191). But Nemossus is near the Allier.

Caesar was acquainted both with the Elaver (vii. 34, 35) and the river properly called the Loire. He crossed the Elaver on his march to Gergovia. [GERGOVIA.] He remarks that the Allier was not generally fordable before the autumn; and in another place (B. G. vii. 55) he describes his passage over the Loire at a season when it was swollen by the melted snow. When Caesar was preparing for his naval warfare with the Veneti, he had ships built on the Loire. (B. G. iii. 9.) He does not tell us where he built them, but it may have been in the country of the Andes or Andecavi, which he held at that time.

Of the four passages which were made in Strabo's time from Gallia to Britannia, one was from the mouth of the Loire; and this river was one line of commercial communication between the Provincia and Britannia. Goods were taken by land from the Provincia to the Loire, and then carried down the Loire. (Strab. iv. p. 189.) Pliny (iv. 18) calls the Loire "flumen clarum," which Forbiger explains by the words "clear stream;" but this does not seem to be what Pliny means. says, Tibullus (i. 7,11)

"Testis Arar Rhodanusque celer magnusque Ga

rumna,

Carnuti et flavi caerula lympha Liger.” This seems to be all that the ancient geographers have said of the Loire. The Elaver (Allier) rises in Mons Lesura (Mont Lozère), not very far from

LIGURES. [LIGURIA.]

LI'GURES BAEBIA'NI ET CORNELIA'NI

[HIRPINI.]

:

writers always AyuσTIKh the people were LIGURIA (Aryoupía, Ptol.; but in earlier Greek called by the Greeks Aiyves, but by later writers Aryvorivo: by the Romans Ligures; but the adjective form is Ligustinus), one of the provinces or regions of Northern Italy, extending along the N. coast of the Tyrrhenian sea, from the frontiers of Gaul to those of Etruria. In the more precise and definite sense in which the name was employed from the time of Augustus, and in which it is used by the geographers (Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy, &c.), Liguria was bounded by the river Varus on the W., and by the Macra on the E., while towards the N. it extended across the chain of the Maritime Alps and Apennines as far as the river Padus. The Trebia, one of the confluents of the Padus on its right bank, appears to Gallia Cispadana. In this sense, Liguria constituted have formed the limit which separated Liguria from the ninth region of Italy, according to the division of Augustus, and its boundaries were fixed by that monarch. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 7; Strab. v. p. 218; Mel. ii. 4. § 9; Ptol. iii. 1. § 3.)

of the Ligurians," comprised a much more extenBut Liguria, in its original sense, as "the land sive tract. All the earliest anthors are agreed in representing the tribes that occupied the western slopes of the Maritime Alps and the region which extends from thence to the sea at Massilia, and as far as the mouths of the Rhone, as of Ligurian, sents Hercules as contending with the Ligurians and not Gaulish origin. Thus Aeschylus repreon the stony plains near the mouths of the Rhone, Herodotus speaks of Ligurians inhabiting the country above Massilia, and Hecataeus distinctly calls Massilia itself a city of Liguria, while he terms Narbo a city of Gaul. Scylax also assigns to the Ligurians the coast of the Mediterranean sea as far as the mouths of the Rhone; while from that river to Emporium in Spain, he tells us that the Ligurians and Iberians were intermingled. The Helisyci, who, of the country around Narbo, were, according to according to Avienus, were the earliest inhabitants Hecataeus, a Ligurian tribe. (Aeschyl. ap. Strab. iv. p. 183; Hecat. Fr. 19, 20, 22, ed. Klausen; 584; Strab. iv. p. 203.) Thucydides also speaks Herod. v. 9; Scyl. p. 2. §§ 3, 4; Avien. Or. Marit. of the Ligurians having expelled the Sicanians, an Iberian tribe from the banks of the river Sicanus, in

served to us, we find perpetually recurring notices of campaigns against the Ligurians; and while the Roman arms were overthrowing the powerful empires of Macedonia and Syria in the East, one, and sometirnes both, of the consnls were engaged in petty and inglorious hostilities with the hardy mountaineers of Liguria. But the annual records of these campaigns for the most part throw little light on the true state of the case or the progress of the Roman arms. It is evident, indeed, that, notwithstanding the often repeated tales of victories, frequently celebrated at Rome by triumphs, and often said to have been followed by the submission of the whole Ligurian nation, the struggle was really an arduous one, and it was long before the Romans made any real progress in the reduction of their territory.

LIGURIA.

and Deciates, who dwelt W. of the Varus, and were 185 therefore not included in Italy, according to its later limits. (Liv. Epit. xlvii.; Polyb. xxxiii. 7.) It (B. c. 123-122) that two successive triumphs cewas not till more than thirty years afterwards lebrated the reduction of the more powerful tribes of the Vocontii and Salluvii, both of them in the same neighbourhood. But while the Ligurian tribes W. of the Maritime Alps were thus brought gradually under the Roman yoke, it appears that the subjection of those in Italy was still incomplete; and in B. C. 117, Q. Marcius for the last time earned a triumph" de Liguribus." (Fast. Capit.) Even after this, M. Aemilius Scaurus is said to have distinguished himself by fresh successes over them; and Aemilia, which extended along the coast from Luna the construction by him (B. c. 109) of the Via to Vada Sabbata, and from thence inland across the Apennines to Dertona, may be considered as marking the period of the final subjugation of Liguria. (Strab. v. p. 217; Aur. Vict. de Vir. Illustr. 72.) But a remarkable expression of Strabo, who says that, after eighty years of warfare, the Romans only succeeded in securing a space of 12 stadia in breadth for the free passage of public officers, shows that even at this time the subjection of the mountain tribes was but imperfect. (Strab. iv. p. 203.) Those which inhabited the Maritime Alps, indeed, were not finally reduced to obedience till the reign of Augustus, B. C. 14. (Dion Cass. liv. 24.) This had, however, been completely effected at the time that the same system of administration with the rest of Strabo wrote, and Liguria had been brought under Italy. (Strab. I. c.) The period at which the Ligu

perhaps probable that the towns obtained this privilege at the same time with those of Cisalpine Gaul (B. c. 89); but the mountain tribes, even in the days of Pliny, only enjoyed the Latin franchise. (Plin. iii. 20. s. 24.)

One of the most formidable and powerful of the Ligurian tribes was that of the APUANI, who inhabited the lofty group of mountains bordering on Etruria, and appear to have occupied the valleys of the Macra and Ausar (Magra and Serchio), while they extended eastwards along the chain of the Apennines to the frontiers of the Arretines and the territory of Mutina and Bononia. To oppose their inroads, the Romans generally made Pisae the head-quarters of one of their armies, and from thence carried their arms into the heart of the mountains: but their successes seldom effected more than to compel the enemy to disperse and take refuge in their villages and castles, of which the latter were mountain fastnesses in which they were generally able to defy the Roman arms. 180 that the first effectual step was taken for their It was not till B. C. reduction, by the consuls Cornelius and Baebius, who, after having compelled them to a nominal sub-rians obtained the Roman franchise is unknown: it is mission, adopted the expedient of transporting the whole nation (to the number of 40,000, including women and children) to a distance from their own country, and settled them in the heart of Samnium, where they continued to exist, under the name of "Ligures Corneliani et Baebiani," for centuries afterwards. (Liv. xl. 38, 41.) The establishment of (in the more limited sense, as already defined) conIn the division of Italy under Augustus, Liguria Roman colonies at Pisae and Luca a few years after-stituted the ninth region (Plin. iii. 5. s. 7), and its wards tended to consolidate the conquest thus obtained, and established the Roman dominion permanently as far as the Macra and the port of Luna. (Id. xl. 43, xli. 13.) The FRINIATES, a tribe on the N. of the Apennines, near the sources of the Scultenna (Panaro), had been reduced to subjection by C. Flaminius in B. C. 187, and the obscure tribes of the Briniates, Garuli, Hercates, and Lapicini appear to have been finally subdued in B. c. 175. (Id. xxxix. 2, xli. 19.) The INGAUNI, one of the most powerful tribes on the coast to the W. of Genua, had been reduced to nominal submission as early as B.C. 181. but appear to have been still very imperfectly subdued; and they, as well as their neighbours the Intemelii, continued to harass the territory of the Romans, as well as of their allies the Massilians, by piratical expeditions. (Liv. xl. 18, 25-28, 41.) In B. c. 173 the STATIELLI Were reduced to subjection (Id. xlii. 8, 9); and the name of this people, which here appears for the first time, shows that the Romans were gradually, though slowly, making good their advance towards the W. From the year 167 B.C., when we lose the guidance of Livy, we are unable to trace the Ligurian wars in any detail, but we find triumphs over them still repeatedly recorded, and it is evident that they were still unsubdued. In B.C. 154 the Romans for the first time attacked the Ligurian tribes of the Oxybii

boundaries on the E. and W. appear to have continued unchanged throughout the period of the Roman Empire: but the Cottian Alps, which in the time of Augustus still constituted a separate district under their own native chieftain, though dependent upon Rome, and, from the reign of Nero to that of Constantine, still formed a separate province, were incorporated by Constantine with Liguria; and from this period the whole of the region thus constituted came to be known as the ALPES COTTIAE, while the name of Liguria was transferred (on what account we know not) to the eleventh region, or Gallia Transpadana [ITALIA, p. 93]. Hence we find late writers uniformly speaking of Mediolanum and Ticinum as cities of Liguria, while the real land of the Ligurians had altogether lost that appellation, and was known only as "the province of the Cottian Alps." (Lib. Provinc.; P. Diac. Hist. Lang. ii. 15, 16; Jornand. Dign. ii. pp. 442, 443.) It is evident that long Get. 30, 42; Procop. B. G. i. 14; Böcking, ad Not. before this change took place the Ligurians must have lost all traces of their distinct nationality, and become blended into one common mass with the other Italian subjects of Rome.

Liguria is throughout the greater part of its exwhich formed the western boundary, descend comtent a mountainous country. The Maritime Alps, pletely to the sea in the neighbourhood of Nice and