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النشر الإلكتروني

A DICTIONARY

OF

GREEK AND ROMAN GEOGRAPHY.

IABADIUS.

LABA'DIUS ('labadíov vñσos, Ptol. vii. 2. § 29, viii. 27. § 10), an island off the lower half of the Golden Chersonesus. It is said by Ptolemy to mean the "Island of Barley," to have been very fertile in grain and gold, and to have had a metropolis called ARGYRE. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the present Java, which also signifies "barley." Humboldt, on the other hand, considers it to be Sumatra (Kritische Unters. i. p. 64); and Mannert, the small island of Banca, on the SE. side of Su

matra.

[V.]

JABBOK ('lobakкоя, Joseph.; 'Iaux, LXX.), a stream on the east of Jordan, mentioned first in the history of Jacob (Gen. xxxii. 22). It formed, according to Josephus, the northern border of the Amorites, whose country he describes as isolated by the Jordan on the west, the Arnon on the south, and the Jabbok on the north. (Ant. iv. 5. § 2.) He further describes it as the division between the dominions of Sihon, king of the Amorites, and Og, whom he calls king of Galadene and Gaulonitis (§ 3)-the Bashan of Scripture. In the division of the land among the tribes, the river Jabbok was assigned as the northern limit of Gad and Reuben. (Deut. iii. 16.) To the north of the river, in the country of Bashan, the half tribe of Manasseh had their possession (13,14.) [AMMONITAE; AMORITES.] It is correctly placed by Eusebius (Onomast. s. v.) between Ammon, or Philadelphia, and Gerasa (Gerash); to which S. Jerome adds, with equal truth, that it is 4 miles from the latter. It flows into the Jordan. It is now called El-Zerka, and "divides the district of Moerad from the country called ElBelka." (Burckhardt's Syria, p. 347.) It was crossed in its upper part by Irby and Mangles, an hour and twenty minutes (exactly 4 miles) SW. of Gerash, on their way to Es-Szalt. (Travels, p. 319, comp. p. 475.)

[G. W.]

JABESH ('Iábeis, LXX.; 'lábns, 'Iasiσá, 'IaEtoós, Joseph.), a city of Gilead, the inhabitants of which were exterminated, during the early times of the Judges (see xx. 28), for not having joined in the national league against the men of Gibeah (xxi. 9, &c.). Three centuries later, it was besieged by the Ammonite king, Nahash, when the hard terms offered to the inhabitants by the invaders roused the indignation of Saul, and resulted in the relief of the town and the rout of the Ammonites. (1 Sam. xi.) It was probably in requital for this deliverance that the inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead, having heard of the indignity offered to the bodies of Saul and his sons

VOL. IL

JACCETANI.

after the battle of Gilboa," arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons, from the wall of Beth-shan, and came to Jabesh and burnt them there; and they took their bones and buried them under a tree at Jabesh, and fasted seven days." (1 Sam. xxxi. 11—13; 2 Sam. ii. 4-7.) It was situated, according to Eusebius, in the hills, 6 miles from Pella, on the road to Gerash; and its site was marked in his time by a large village (s.vv. 'Apiowe and 'Iábis). The writer was unsuccessful in his endeavours to recover its site in 1842; but a tradition of the city is still retained in the name of the valley that runs into the plain of the Jordan, one hour and a quarter south of Wady Mus, in which Pella is situated. This valley is still called Wady Yabes, and the ruins of the city doubtless exist, and will probably be recovered in the mountains in the vicinity of this valley. [G. W.]

JABNEH. [IAMNIA.]

JACCA. [JACCETANI; VASCONES.]

JACCETA'NI ('lakkeтavol), the most important of the small tribes at the S. foot of the Pyrenees, in Hispania Tarraconensis, E. of the VASCONES, and N. of the ILERGETES. Their country, JACCETANIA ('lakkeтavía), lay in the N. of Arragon, below the central portion of the Pyrenaean chain, whence it extended towards the Iberus as far as the neighbourhood of Ilerda and Osca; and it formed a part of the theatre of war in the contests between Sertorius and Pompey, and between Julius Caesar and Pompey's legates, Afranius and Petreius. (Strab. iii. p. 161; Caes. B. C. i. 60: concerning the reading, see LACETANI; Ptol. ii. 6. § 72.) None of their cities were of any consequence. The capital, JACCA (Jaca, in Biscaya), from which they derived their name, belonged, in the time of Ptolemy, to the VASCONES, among whom indeed Pliny appears to include the Jaccetani altogether (iii. 3. s. 4). Their other cities, as enumerated by Ptolemy, and identified, though with no great certainty, by Ukert (vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 425), are the following: - IESPUS ('Ieσrós, Igualeda); CERESUS (Kepeσós, S. Columba de Ceralto); ANABIS ('Avábis, Tarrega); BACASIS (Bakaois, Manresa, the district round which is still called Bages); TELOBIS (Tnλobis, Martorell); ASCERRIS ('Aøkeppis, Sagarra); UDURA (Odoupa, Cardona); LISSA or LESA (Ahoa, near Manresa); SETELSIS (Zereλois Zeλevois, Solsona); CINNA (Kivva, near Guisona), perhaps the same place as the SCISSUM of Livy (xxi. 60, where the MSS. have Scissis, Stissum, Sisa), and the CISSA of

B

Polybius (iii. 76: coins, ap. Sestini, pp. 132, 163;
Num. Goth.).

[P.S.] IA'DERA ('Iádepa, Ptol. iii. 16. § 10; 'Iádapa, Nicet. p. 348; Iadera, Plin. iii. 26; Iader, Pomp. Mela, ii. 3. § 13; Peut. Tab.; Geog. Rav.; on the orthography of the name see Tzchucke, ad Melam, 1. c. vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 275: Eth. Iadertinus, Hirt. B. A. 42: Zara), the capital of Liburnia in Illyricum. Under Augustus it was made a Roman colony. ("Parens coloniae," Inser. ap. Farlati, Illyr. Sacr., vol. v. p. 3; comp. Ptol. I. c.) Afterwards it bore the name of DIODORA. and paid a tribute of 110 pieces of gold to the Eastern emperors (Const. Porph. de Adm. Imp. 30), until it was handed over, in the reign of Basil the Macedonian, to the Slavonic princes. Zara, the modern capital of Dalmatia, and well known for the famous siege it stood against the combined French and Venetians, at the beginning of the Fourth Crusade (Gibbon, c. lx.; Wilken, die Kreuzz. vol. v. p. 167), stands upon the site of ladera. Little remains of the ancient city; the sea-gate called Porta di San Chrysogono is Roman, but it seems likely that it has been brought from Aenona. The gate is a single arch with a Corinthian pilaster at each side supporting an entablature.

Eckhel (vol. ii. p. 152) doubts the evidence of any coins of Iadera, though some have been attributed to it by other writers on numismatics. (Sir G. Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro, vol. i. p. 78; J. F. Neigebaur, Die Sudslaven, pp. 181191.) [E. B. J.]

Fazello assures us that there was a mediaeval fortress called Iato on the summit of a lofty mountain, about 15 miles from Palermo, and 12 N. of Entella, which was destroyed by Frederic II. at the same time with the latter city; and this he supposes, probably enough, to be the site of Iaeta. He says the mountain was still called Monte di Iato, though more commonly known as Monte di S. Cosmano, from a church on its summit. (Fazell. x. p. 471; Amic. Lex. Top. Sic. vol. ii. p. 291.) The spot is not marked on any modern map, and does not appear to have been visited by any recent travellers. The position thus assigned to Iaeta agrees well with the statements of Diodorus, but is wholly irreconcilable with the admission of 'Ierás into the text of Thucydides (vii. 2): this reading, however, is a mere conjecture (see Arnold's note), and must probably be discarded as untenable. [E. H. B.]

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JAEZER (Ἰαζήρ, LXX. ; Ἰαζήρ and 'Ασών, Euseb.), a city of Gilead, assigned to the tribe of Gad by Moses. In Numbers (xxxii. 1), "the land IADO'NI, a people in the extreme NW. of His- of Jazer" is mentioned as contiguous to "the land pania Tarraconensis, mentioned only by Pliny, who of Gilead, and suited to cattle." In Jeremiah (xlviii. places them next to the Arrotrebae. (Plin. iv. 20. 32), "the sea of Jazer" occurs in some versions, as s. 34.) [P. S.] in the English; but Reland (s. v. p. 825) justly IAÉTA or IETAE ('Ieraí, Steph. B.: Eth. 'Ieraios, remarks, that this is not certain, as the passage may Id.; but Diodorus has 'Iaurivos, and this is confirmed be pointed after the word "sea," and " Jazer," as a by coins, the legend of which is uniformly 'IaTivwv, vocative, commence the following clause. But as Eckhel, vol. i. p. 216: in Latin, Cicero has Ietini," the land of Jazer" is used for the country south of but Pliny Ietenses), a town of the interior of Sicily, in the NW. of the island, not very far from Panormus. It was mentioned by Philistus (ap. Steph. B. s. v.) as a fortress, and it is called by Thucydides also (if the reading 'Ierás be admitted, in vii. 2) a fortress of the Siculians (Teixos TWV ZIKEλWV), which was taken by Gylippus on his march from Himera through the interior of the island towards Syracuse. It first appears as an independent city in the time of Pyrrhus, and was attacked by that monarch on account of its strong position and the advantages it offered for operations against Panormus; but the inhabitants readily capitulated. (Diod. xxii. 10, p. 498.) In the First Punic War it was occupied by a Carthaginian garrison, but after the fall of Panormus drove out these troops and opened its gates to the Romans. (Id. xxiii. 18, p. 505.) Under the Roman government it appears as a municipal town, but not one of much importance. The Ietini are only noticed in passing by Cicero among the towns whose lands had been utterly ruined by the exactions of Verres; and the Ietenses are enumerated by Pliny among the "populi stipendiarii" of the interior of Sicily. (Cic. Verr. iii. 43; Plin. iii. 8. s..14.) Many MSS. of Cicero read Letini, and it is probable that the AnTov of Ptolemy (iii. 4. § 15) is only a corruption of the same name.

The position of Iaeta is very obscurely intimated, but it appears from Diodorus that it was not very remote from Panormus, and that its site was one of great natural strength. Silius Italicus also alludes to its elevated situation ("celsus Ietas," xiv. 271).

Gilead, so the Dead Sea may be designated "the sea of Jazer." Eusebius (Onomast. s. v. 'Aoúp) places it 8 miles west of Philadelphia or Ammon; and elsewhere (s. v. 'Iaohp), 10 miles west of Philadelphia, and 15 from Esbon (Heshbon). He adds, that a large river takes its rise there, which runs into the Jordan. In a situation nearly corresponding with this, between Szalt and Esbus, Burckhardt passed some ruins named Szyr, where a valley named Wady Szyr takes its rise and runs into the Jordan. This is doubtless the modern representative of the ancient Jazer. "In two hours and a half (from Szalt) we passed, on our right, the Wady Szyr, which has its source near the road, and falls into the Jordan. Above the source, on the declivity of the valley, are the ruins called Szyr." (Syria, p. 364.) It is probably identical with the rá(wpos of Ptolemy which he reckons among the cities of Palestine on the east of the Jordan (v. 16). [G. W.]

IALYSUS (Ιάλυσος, Ἰάλυσσος, οι Ἰήλυσσος: Eth. 'Iaλúooios), one of the three ancient Doric cities in the island of Rhodes, and one of the six towns constituting the Doric hexapolis. It was situated only six stadia to the south-west of the city of Rhodes, and it would seem that the rise of the latter city was the cause of the decay of Ialysus; for in the time of Strabo (xiv. p. 655) it existed only as a village. Pliny (v. 36) did not consider it as an independent place at all, but imagined that Ialysus was the ancient name of Rhodes. Orychoma, the citadel, was situated above Ialysus, and still existed in the time of Strabo. It is supposed by some that

Orychoma was the same as the fort Achaia, which
is said to have been the first settlement of the He-
liadae in the island (Diod. Sic. v. 57; Athen. viii.
p. 360); at any rate, Achaia was situated in the
territory of Ialysus, which bore the name Ialysia.
(Comp. Hom. Il. ii. 656; Pind. Ol. vii. 106; Herod.
ii. 182; Thucyd. viii. 44; Ptol. v. 2. § 34; Steph.
B. s. v.; Scylax, Peripl. p. 81; Dionys. Perieg. 504;
Ov. Met. vii. 365; Pomp. Mela, ii. 7.) The site of
ancient Ialysus is still occupied by a village bearing
the name Ïaliso, about which a few ancient remains
are found. (Ross, Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln,
vol. iii. p. 98.)
[L. S.]

IAMISSA. [THAMESIS.]
IAMNA, IAMNO. [BALEARES, p. 374, b.]
ΙΑΜΝΙΑ (Ἰαβνής, LXX. ; Ἰάμνια, Ἰαμνεία
'Teuvad), a city of the Philistines, assigned to
the tribe of Judah in the LXX. of Joshua xv. 45
(réuva); but omitted in the Hebrew, which only
mentions it in 2 Chron. xxvi. 6 (JABNEH in the
English version), as one of the cities of the Philis-
tines taken and destroyed by king Uzziah. It is
celebrated by Philo Judaeus as the place where the
first occasion was given to the Jewish revolt under
Caligula, and to his impious attempt to profane the
temple at Jerusalem. His account is as follows:
In the city of Iamnia, one of the most populous of
Judaea, a small Gentile population had established
itself among the more numerous Jews, to whom they
occasioned no little annoyance by the wanton vio-
lation of their cherished customs.
government officer, named Capito, who had been
An unprincipled
sent to Palestine to collect the tribute, anxious to
pre-occupy the emperor with accusations against the
Jews before their well-grounded complaints of his
boundless extortion could reach the capital, ordered
an altar of mud to be raised in the town for the dei-
fication of the emperor. The Jews, as he had antici-
pated, indignant at the profanation of the Holy Land,
assembled in a body, and demolished the altar. On
hearing this, the emperor, incensed already at what
had lately occurred in Egypt, resolved to resent this
insult by the erection of an equestrian statue of
himself in the Holy of Holies. (Philo, de Legat. ad
Caium, Op. vol. ii. p. 573.) With respect to its site,
it is assigned by Josephus to that part of the tribe
of Judah occupied by the children of Dan (Ant. v. 1.
§ 22); and he reckons it as an inland city. (Ant.
xiv. 4. § 4, B. J. i. 7. § 7.) Thus, likewise, in
the 1st book of Maccabees (x. 69, 71), it is spoken
of as situated in the plain country; but the author
of the 2nd book speaks of the harbour and fleet
of the Iamnites, which were fired by Judas Mac-
cabaeus; when the light of the conflagration was
seen at Jerusalem, 240 stadia distant. The appa-
rent discrepancy may, however, be reconciled by the
notices of the classical geographers, who make fre-
quent mention of this town.
says, “Iamnes duae: altera intus," and places them
Thus Pliny expressly
between Azotus and Joppa (v. 12); and Ptolemy,
having mentioned 'lauvnTwv, "the port of the lam-
nites," as a maritime town between Joppa and
Azotus, afterwards enumerates Iamnia among the
cities of Judaea. From all which it is evident that
Jamnia had its Majuma, or naval arsenal, as Gaza,
Azotus, and Ascalon also had. (Le Quien, Oriens
Christ. vol. iii. col. 587, and 622.) The Itinerary
of Antoninus places it 36 M. P. from Gaza, and
12 M. P. frota Diospolis (or Lydda); and Eusebius
(Onom. s. v. 'Iáuveia) places it between Diospolis
and Azotus. Its site is still marked by ruins which

LAPODES.

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retain the ancient name Yebna, situated on a small eminence on the west side of Wady Rúbín, an hour distant from the sea. (Irby and Mangles, Travels, p. 182.) they noticed, spanning the Nahr-el-Rúbîn between "The ruins of a Roman bridge," which Yebna and the sea, was doubtless built for the purpose of facilitating traffic between the town and its sea-port. cedonia, which was taken B. c. 211 by Philip, son of IAMPHORINA, the capital of the Maedi, in Ma[G. W.] Demetrius. (Liv. xxvi. 25.) It is probably represented by Vrania or Ivorina, in the upper valley of the Moráva. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 473.) IANGACAUCA'NI [MAURETANIA.] [E. B. J.] the coast of Cilicia, near Serrepolis, between Mallus JANUA'RIA ('lavovaρía ăкpa), a promontory on and Aegaea. (Stadiasm. §§ 149, 150.) It is now called Karadash. [L. S.]

boundary between Megaris and the territory of EleuIA'PIS ('lanis), a small stream which formed the sis. [ATTICA, p. 323, a.]

p. 207, vii. p. 313; 'lámudes, Ptol. ii. 16. § 8; IA'PODES, IA'PYDES ('Iάmodes, Strab. iii. Liv. xliii. 5; Virg. Georg. iii. 475; Tibull. iv. 1. E. of Liburnia, who occupied IAPYDIA (Plin. iii. 19), 108), an Illyrian people to the N. of Dalmatia, and prised between the rivers Kulpa and Korana to the or the present military frontier of Croatia, comN. and E., and the Velebich range to the S.

MONS ALBIUS (Velika), which forms the extremity In the interior, their territory was spread along of the great Alpine chain, and rises to a great elevation; on the other side of the mountain they reached towards the Danube, and the confines of Pannonia. They followed the custom of the wild Thracian tribes in tattooing themselves, and were armed in the Keltic fashion, living in their poor country (like the Morlacchi of the present day) chiefly on zea and millet. (Strab. vii. p. 315.)

carried on war against this people, at first unsucIn B. C. 129, the consul C. Sempronius Tuditanus cessfully, but afterwards gained a victory over them, chiefly by the military skill of his legate, D. Junius Brutus, for which he was allowed to celebrate a triumph at Rome (Appian, B. C. i. 19, Illyr. 10; Liv. Epit. lix.; Fasti Capit.) They had a "foedus" with Rome (Cic. pro Balb. 14), but were in B. C. 34 finally subdued by Octavianus, after an obstinate defence, in which Metulum, their principal town, was taken (Strab. l. c.; Appian, Illyr. l. c.).

METULUM (METOûλov), their capital, was situated
frontier of Pannonia (Appian, l. c), and has been
on the river COLAPIS (Kulpa) to the N., on the
identified with Möttling or Metlika on the Kulpa.
The Antonine Itinerary has the following places on
the road from Senia (Zeugg) to Siscia (Sissek) :—
Rav.; Averdeάrai, Appian, Illyr. l. c.; Overdos,
AVENDONE (comp. Peut. Tab.; Abendo, Geog.
Strab. iv. p. 207, vii. p. 314.); ARUPIUM (Arypium,
Peut. Tab.; Parupium, Geog. Rav.; 'ApovnivoL,
App. Illyr. 16., perhaps the same as the 'Аpovкkia
of Ptolemy, ii. 16. § 9), now Ottochatz. At BIBIUM,
which should be read BIVIUM (Wesseling, ad loc.),
the road divided, taking a direction towards Panno-
nia, which the Itinerary follows, and also towards
Dalinatia, which is given in the Peutinger Table.

identified from a local antiquary the following sites
Neigebaur (Die Sudslaven, pp. 224-235) has
of the Table :

EPIDOTIUM (Uselle); Avcus (Chauke); Au

the national affinities of the different tribes in this part of Italy, as well as for a description of its physical geography, see the articles APULIA and CALA[E. H. B.]

BRIA.

IAPYGIUM PROMONTORIUM ( ̓́Ακρα Ιαπυyía: Capo Sta. Maria di Leuca), a headland which forms the extreme SE. point of Italy, as well as the extremity of the long peninsula or promontory that divides the gulf of Tarentum from the Adriatic sea. It is this long projecting strip of land, commonly termed the heel of Italy, and designated by the Romans as Calabria, that was usually termed by the Greeks Iapygia, whence the name of the promontory in question. The latter is well described by Strabo as a rocky point extending far out to sea towards the SE., but inclining a little towards the Lacinian promontory, which rises opposite to it, and together with it encloses the gulf of Tarentum. He states the interval between these two headlands, and consequently the width of the Tarentine gulf, at its entrance, at about 700 stadia (70 G. miles), which slightly exceeds the truth. Pliny calls the same distance 100 M. P. or 800 stadia; but the real distance does not exceed 66 G. miles or 660 stadia. (Strab. vi. pp. 258, 281; Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Ptol. iii. 1. § 13; Polyb. x. 1.)

SANCALIO (Vissuch, near Udbina); CLUMBETAE (Grachatz). [E. B. J.] IAPY'GIA ('lanyía), was the name given by the Greeks to the SE. portion of Italy, bordering on the Adriatic Sea, but the term was used with considerable vagueness, being sometimes restricted to the extreme SE. point or peninsula, called also Messapia, and by the Romans Calabria; at other times extended so as to include the whole of what the Romans termed Apulia. Thus Scylax describes the whole coast from Lucania to the promontory of Drion (Mt. Garganus) as comprised in Iapygia, and even includes under that appellation the cities of Metapontum and Heraclea on the gulf of Tarentum, which are usually assigned to Lucania. Hence he states that their coast-line extended for a space of six days and nights' voyage. (Scyl. § 14. p. 5.) | Polybius at a later period used the name in an equally extended sense, so as to include the whole of Apulia (iii. 88), as well as the Messapian peninsula; but he elsewhere appears to use the name of Iapygians as equivalent to the Roman term Apulians, and distinguishes them from the Messapians (ii. 24). This is, however, certainly contrary to the usage of earlier Greek writers. Herodotus distinctly applies the term of Iapygia to the peninsula, and calls the Messapians an Iapygian tribe; though he evidently did not limit it to this portion of Italy, and must have extended it, at all events, to the land of the Peucetians, if not of the Daunians also. (Herod. iv. 99, vii. 170.) Aristotle also clearly identifies the Iapygians with the Messapians (Pol. v. 3), though the limits within which he applies the name of Iapygia (Ib. vii. 10) cannot be defined. Indeed, the name of the Iapygian promontory (Leuca, situated close to the headland, and which has ǎκра ǹ'lanʊyía), universally given to the headland which formed the extreme point of the peninsula, sufficiently proves that this was considered to belong to Iapygia. Strabo confines the term of Iapygia to the peninsula, and says that it was called by some Japygia, by others Messapia or Calabria. (Strab. vi. pp. 281, 282.) Appian and Dionysius Periegetes, on the contrary, follow Polybius in applying the name of Iapygia to the Roman Apulia, and the latter expressly says that the lapygian tribes extended as far as Hyrium on the N. side of Mt. Garganus. (Appian, Ann. 45; Dionys. Per. 379.) Ptolemy, as usual, follows the Roman writers, and adopts the names then in use for the divisions of this part of Italy: hence he ignores altogether the name of Iapygia, which is not found in any Roman writer as a geographical appellation; though the Latin poets, as usual, adopted it from the Greeks. (Virg. Aen. xi. 247; Ovid, Met. xv. 703.)

We have no clue to the origin or meaning of the name of Iapygians, which was undoubtedly given to the people (IApyges, 'Iάnʊyes) before it was applied to the country which they inhabited. Niebuhr (vol. i. p. 146) considers it as etymologically connected with the Latin Apulus, but this is very doubtful. The name appears to have been a general one, including several tribes or nations, among which were the Messapians, Sallentini, and Peucetians: hence Herodotus calls the Messapians, Iapygians ('Invyes Meσσάnio, vii. 170); and the two are frequently interchanged. The Greek mythographers, as usual, derived the name from a hero, Iapyx, whom they represented as a son of Lycaon, a descent probably intended to indicate the Pelasgic origin of the lapygians. (Anton. Liberal. 31; Plin. iii. 11 s. 16.) For a further account of

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The same point was also not unfrequently termed the Salentine promontory (PROMONTORIUM SALENTINUM, Mel. ii. 4. § 8; Ptol. l. c.), from the people of that name who inhabited the country immediately adjoining. Sallust applies the same name to the whole of the Calabrian or Messapian peninsula. (Sall. ap. Serv. ad Aen. iii. 400.) Its modern name is derived from the ancient church of Sta. Maria di

preserved the name of the ancient town and port of
Leuca; the latter was situated immediately on the
W. of the promontory, and afforded tolerable shelter
for vessels. [LEUCA.] Hence we find the Athenian
fleet, in B. c. 415, on its way to Sicily, touching at
the Iapygian promontory after crossing from Cor-
cyra (Thuc. vi. 30, 44); and there can be no doubt
that this was the customary course in proceeding
from Greece to Sicily.
[E. H. B.]

IA'RDANUS ('Iápdavos), a river on the N. coast
of Crete, near the banks of which the Cydonians
dwelt. (Hom. Od. iii. 292.) It is identified with
the rapid stream of the Platania, which rises in the
White Mountains, and, after flowing between the
Rhizite villages of Thériso and Láki or Lákus, runs
through a valley formed by low hills, and filled with
lofty platanes; from which it obtains its name. The
river of Plataniá falls into the sea, nearly opposite
the islet of Haghios Theodhoros, where there is good
anchorage. (Pashley, Trav. vol. ii. p. 22: Höck,
Kreta, vol. i. pp. 23, 384.)
[E. B. J.]
IARDANUS, a river of Elis. [PHEIA.]
JARZETHA. [LIBYA.]
IASI. [IASSIL.]

JASO'NIUM ('Iaróviov Ptol. vi. 10. § 3), a town in Margiana, at the junction of the Margus (Murghdb) and some small streams which flow into it. (Cf. also Ammian. xxiii. 6.) [V.]

JASO'NIUM (Tò 'Iaróviov, Ptol. vi. 2. § 4; Strab. xi. p. 526), a mountain in Media, which extended in a NW. direction from the M. Parachoatras (M. Elwend), forming the connecting link between the Taurus and the outlying spurs of the Antitaurus. It is placed by Ptolemy between the Orontes and the Coronus. [V.]

JASO'NIUM ('laσúviov), a promontory on the

coast of Pentus, 130 stadia to the north-east of Polemonium; it is the most projecting cape on that coast, and forms the terminating point of the chain of Mount Paryadres. It was believed to have received its name from the fact that Jason had landed there. (Strab. xii. p. 548; Arrian, Peripl. p. 17; Anonym. Peripl. p. 11; Ptol. v. 6. § 4; Xenoph. Anab. vi. 2. § 1, who calls it 'Iacovia akтn.) It still bears the name Jasoon, though it is more commonly called Cape Bona or Vona, from a town of the same name. (Hamilton, Researches, vol. i. p. 269.) The Asineia, called a Greek acropolis by Scylax (p. 33), is probably no other than the Jaso[L. S.]

nium.

IASPIS. [CONTESTANIA.]

IASSII ('Iáσσ101), mentioned by Ptolemy as a population of Upper Pannonia (ii. 14. § 2). Pliny's form of the name (iii. 25) is Iasi. He places them on the Drave. [R. G. L.]

IASSUS, or IASUS (laσoos, or 'lagos: Eth. 'larσeus), a town of Caria, situated on a small island close to the north coast of the Iasian bay, which derives its name from Iassus. The town is said to have been founded at an unknown period by Argive colonists; but as they had sustained severe losses in a war with the native Carians, they invited the son of Neleus, who had previously founded Miletus, to come to their assistance. The town appears on that occasion to have received additional settlers. (Polyb. xvi. 12.) The town, which appears to have occupied the whole of the little island, had only ten stadia in circumference; but it nevertheless acquired great wealth (Thucyd. viii. 28), from its fisheries and trade in fish (Strab. xiv. p. 658). After the Sicilian expedition of the Athenians, during the Peloponnesian war, Iassus was attacked by the Lacedaemonians and their allies; it was governed at the time by Amorges, a Persian chief, who had revolted from Darius. It was taken by the Lacedaemonians, who captured Amorges, and delivered him up to Tissaphernes. The town itself was destroyed on that occasion; but must have been rebuilt, for we afterwards find it besieged by the last Philip of Macedonia, who, however, was compelled by the Romans to restore it to Ptolemy of Egypt. (Polyb. xvii. 2; Liv. xxxii. 33; comp. Ptol. v. 2. § 9; Plin. v. 29; Stad. Mar. Magn. §§ 274, 275; Hierocl. p. 689.) The mountains in the neighbourhood of Iassus furnished a beautiful kind of marble, of a blood-red and livid white colour, which was used by the ancients for ornamental purposes. (Paul. Silent. Ecphr. S. Soph. ii. 213.) Near the town was a sanctuary of Hestias, with a statue of the goddess, which, though standing in the open air, was believed never to be touched by the rain. (Polyb. xvi. 12.) The same story is related, by Strabo, of a temple of Artemis in the same neighbourhood. Iassus, as a celebrated fishing place, is alluded to by Athenaeus (iii. p. 105, xiii. p. 606). The place is still existing, under the name of Askem or Asýn Kalessi. Chandler (Travels in As. Min. p. 226) relates that the island on which the town was built is now united to the main

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land by a small isthmus. Part of the city walls still exist, and are of a regular, solid, and handsome structure. In the side of the rock a theatre with many rows of seats still remains, and several inscriptions and coins have been found there. (Comp. Spon and Wheler, Voyages, vol. i. p. 361.)

A second town of the name of Iassus existed in Cappadocia or Armenia Minor (Ptol. v. 7. § 6), on the north-east of Zoropassus. [L. S.] IASTAE ('Iãoтal, Ptol. vi. 12), a Scythian tribe, whose position must be sought for in the neighbourhood of the river lastus. [E. B. J.]

IASTUS (laσTOS), a river which, according to Ptolemy (vi. 12), was, like the Polytimetus (Kohik), an affluent of the Caspian basin, and should in fact be considered as such in the sense given to a denomination which at that time embraced a vast and com. plicated hydraulic system. [JAXARTES.] Von Humboldt (Asie Centrale, vol. ii. p. 263) has identified it with the Kizil-Deria, the dry bed of which may be traced on the barren wastes of Kizil Koum in W. Turkistan. It is no unusual circumstance in the sandy steppes of N. Asia for rivers to change their course, or even entirely to disappear. Thus the Kizil-Deria, which was known to geographers till the commencement of this century, no longer exists. (Comp. Levchine, Hordes et Steppes des Kirghiz Kazaks, p. 456.) [E. B. J.]

IASTUS, a river mentioned by Ptolemy (vi. 14. §2) as falling into the Caspian between the Jaik and the Oxus. It is only safe to call it one of the numerous rivers of Independent Tartary. [R. G. L.] IASUS. [OEUM.]

IATII ('IάTiol, Ptol. vi. 12. § 4), a people in the northern part of Sogdiana. They are also mentioned by Pliny (vi. 16. s. 18); but nothing certain is known of their real position. [V.]

IATINUM (IάTivov), according to Ptolemy (ii. 8. § 15) the city of the Meldi, a people of Gallia Lugdunensis. It is supposed to be the same place as the Fixtuinum of the Table [FIXTUINUM], and to be represented by the town of Meaux on the Marne. Walckenaer, who trusts more to the accuracy of the distances in the Table than we safely can do, says that the place Fixtuinum has not in the Table the usual mark which designates a capital town, and that the measures do not carry the position of Fixtuinum as far as Meaux, but only as far as Montbout. He conjectures that the word Fixtuinum may be a corruption of Fines Iatinorum, and accordingly must be a place on the boundary of the little community of the Meldi. This conjecture might be good, if the name of the people was Iatini, and not Meldi. [G. L.]

JATRIPPA. [LATHRIPPA.]

IATRA or IATRUM ('Iaтpóv), a town in Moesia, situated at the point where the river Iatrus or Iantrus empties itself into the Danube, a few miles to the east of Ad Novas. (Procop. de Aed. iv. 7; Theophylact. vii. 2; Notit. Imp. 29, where it is erroneously called Latra; Geogr. Rav.. iv. 7, where, as in the Peut. Tab., it bears the name Laton.) [L. S.]

IATRUS (in the Peut. Tab. IANTRUS), a river traversing the central part of Moesia. It has its sources in Mount Haemus, and, having in its course to the north received the waters of several tributaries, falls into the Danube close by the town of latra. (Plin. iii. 29, where the common reading is Ieterus ; Jornand. Get. 18; Geogr. Rav. iv. 7.) It is probably the same as the Athrys (A@pus) mentioned by Herodotus (iv.49). Its modern name is Iantra. [L.S.]

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