7. s. 12) and Stephanus (s. v. 'Onóeis; from Leake vol. ii. p. 181). In the Persian War the Opuntian Locrians fought with Leonidas at Thermopylae, and also sent seven ships to the Grecian fleet. (Herod. vii. 203, viii. 1.) The Locrians fought on the side of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War. (Thuc. ii. 9.) The following is a list of the Locrian towns:1. Of the Epicnemidii: along the coast from N. to S., ALPENUS; NICAEA; SCARPHE or SCARPHEIA; THRONIUM: CNEMIS or CNEMIDES; more inland, TARPHE, afterwards PHARYGAE; AUGEIAE.-2. Of the Opuntii: along the coast from N. to S., ALOPE; CYNUS; OPUS; HALAE; LARYMNA, which at a later time belonged to Boeotia; more inland, CALLIARUS; NARYX; CORSEIA. Their northern frontier town was Alpeni, which | menos. COIN OF THE LOCRI OPUNTII. II. LOCRI OZOLAE ('OCóλa), inhabited a district upon the Corinthian gulf, bounded on the north by Doris and Aetolia, on the east by Phocis, and on the west by Aetolia. This district is mountainous, and for the most part unproductive. The declivities of Mount Parnassus from Phocis, and of Mount Corax from Aetolia, occupy the greater part of it. The only river, of which the name is mentioned, is the HYLAETHUS, now the Morno, which runs in a south-westerly direction, and falls into the Corinthian gulf near Naupactus. The frontier of the Locri Ozolae on the west was close to the promontory Antirrhium, opposite the promontory Rhium on the coast of Achaia. Antirrhium, which was in the territory of the Locri, is spoken of elsewhere. [Vol. I. p. 13.] The eastern frontier of Locris, on the coast, was close to the Phocian town of Crissa; and the Crissaean gulf washed on its western side the Locrian, and on its eastern the Phocian coast. The origin of the name of Ozolae is uncertain. Various etymologies were proposed by the ancients. (Paus. x. 38. § 1, seq.) Some derived it from the verb Cew, "to smell," either from the stench arising from a spring at the foot of Mount Taphiassus, beneath which the centaur Nessus is said to have been buried, and which still retains this property (cf. Strab. ix. p. 427), or from the abundance of asphodel which scented the air. (Cf. Archytas, ap. Plut. Quaest. Graec. 15.) Others derived it from the undressed skins which were worn by the ancient inhabitants; and the Locrians themselves from the branches (oo) of a vine which was produced in their country in a marvellous manner. The Locri Ozolae are said to have been a colony from the Opuntian Locrians. They first appear in history in the time of the Peloponnesian War, as has been mentioned above, when they are mentioned by Thucydides as a semi-barbarous nation, along with the Aetolians and Acarnanians, whom they resembled in their armour and mode of fighting. (Thuc. i. 5, iii. 94.) In B. c. 426 the Locrians promised to assist Demosthenes, the Athenian commander, in his invasion of Aetolia; but, after the defeat of Demosthenes, most of the Locrian tribes submitted The eastern Locrians, as we have already said, are mentioned by Homer, who describes them as following Ajax, the son of Oïleus, to the Trojan War in forty ships, and as inhabiting the towns of Cynus, Opus, Calliarus, Besa, Scarphe, Augeiae, Tarphe, and Thronium. (Il. ii. 527-535.) Neither Homer, Herodotus, Thucydides, nor Polybius, make any distinction between the Opuntii and Epicnemidii; and, during the flourishing period of Grecian history, Opus was regarded as the chief town of the eastern Locrians. Even Strabo, from whom the distinction is chiefly derived, in one place describes Opus as the metropolis of the Epicnemidii (ix. p. 416); and the same is confirmed by Pliny.(iv. without opposition to the Spartan Eurylochus, who marched through their territory from Delphi to Naupactus. (Thuc. iii. 95, seq.) They belonged at a later period to the Aetolian League. (Polyb. xviii. 30.) The chief and only important town of the Ozolae was AMPHISSA, situated on the borders of Phocis. The other towns, in the direction of W. to E., were: MOLYCREIA; NAUPACTUS; OENEON; ANTICIRRHA or ANTICYRA; EUPALIUM; ERYTHRAE; TOLOPHON; HESSUS; OEANTHEIA or OEANTHE; IPNUS; CHALAEUM; more inland, AEGITIUM; POTIDANIA; CROCYLEIUM; TEICHIUM; OLPAE; MESSAPIA; HYLE; TRITAEA; MYONIA. On the geography of the Locrian tribes, see Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. pp. 66, seq., 170, seq., 587, seq. LOGI or LUGI (Λόγοι or Λούγοι), a people in North Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. § 12) as a population to the south of the Mertae, and west of the Cornabii. This gives the part about the Dornoch, Cromarty, and Murray Firths. [R. G. L.] LOGIA, a river in Ireland, mentioned by Ptolemy as between the Vinderius and the Rhobogdian promontory. Probably [see VINDERIUS] the Lagan, falling into Belfast Lough, name for name, and place for place. [R. G. L.] LONCIUM (Lienz), a place in the south of Noricum, on the right bank of the river Dravus, at the point where it receives the Isel. (Itin. Ant. p. 279.) The whole district about Lienz abounds in Roman antiquities. (Gruter, Inscript. p. 267. 9; Muchar, Noricum, p. 254.) [L. S.] LONDI'NIUM (Aovdíviov, Ptol. ii. 3. § 27; AwSóvior, Steph. B. s. v.; Londinium, Tac. Ann. xiv. 33; Oppiduin Londiniense, Eumen. Paneg. Const. 17; Lundinium, Amm. Marc. xx. 1), the capital of Roman Britain. Ptolemy (l. c.) places Londinium in the district of the Cantii; but the correctness of this position has very naturally been questioned. Modern discoveries have, however, decided that the southern limits of the city, in the time of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, extended a considerable distance into the territory of the Cantii; and Ptolemy, therefore, was not altogether unwarranted in placing Londinium in this division of Britain. In earlier times the city was confined to the northern bank of the Thames. At this period we must infer that Londinium was without external walls; and this absence of mural defences appears to have been common also to Verulamium and to Camulodunum. The Britons passed by the fortified places and attacked at once the rich and populous cities inadequately defended. Camulodunum was the first to fall; Londinium and Verulamium speedily followed in a similar catastrophe. The Itinerary of Antoninus, which is probably not later than the time of Severus, affords direct evidence of the chief position which Londinium held among the towns and cities of Britain. It occurs in no less than seven of the itinera, and in six of these it stands either as the place of departure or as the terminus of the routes; no other town is introduced so conspicuously. The next historical mention of Londinium occurs in the panegyric of Eumenius addressed to Constantius Caesar (c. 17), in which it is termed "oppidum Londiniense." After the defeat of Allectus, the victorious Romans marched directly on Londinium, which was being plundered by the Franks and other foreign mercenaries, who made up the greater part of the usurper's forces. Ammianus Marcellinus, who wrote at a later period, states that, in his time, Londinium was called Augusta, an honourable appellation not unfrequently conferred on cities of distinction. In this writer we find the word written as it is pronounced at the present day:-"Egressus, tendensque ad Lundinium vetus oppidum, quod Augustam posteritas appellavit" (xxvii. 8, comp. xxviii. 3). In the Notitia Dignitatum we find mention of a "Praepositus Thesaurorum Augustensium in Britanniis;" and in the Chorography of Ravenna the complete form, Londinium Augusta, is given. Monumental remains show that Londinium contained buildings commensurate in grandeur and extent with its historical claims. The foundations of the wall which bordered the river, when laid open a few years since, was almost wholly composed of materials used in buildings which were anterior to the period when the wall was built; but it was impossible to decide the dates of either. The stones of which this wall was constructed were portions of columns, friezes, cornices, and also foundation stones. From their magnitude, character, and number, they gave an important and interesting insight into the obscure history of Roman London, in showing the architectual changes that had taken place in it. Similar discoveries have been made in various parts of the modern city which more fully developed the debris of an ancient city of importance: other architectural fragments have been found; walls of vast strength and thickness have been noticed; and within the last twenty years, at least thirty tessel The earliest mention of it is by Tacitus, in his well-known account of the insurrection of the Britons in the reign of Nero. As Britain was only fully subjugated by Claudius, Londinium must have rapidly advanced to the importance it assumes in the narrative of this historian. Although it is not mentioned by Julius Caesar or by other early writers, the peculiar natural advantages of the locality point it out as one of the chief places of resort of the merchants and traders who visited Britain from the Gaulish ports and from other parts of the continent.lated pavements have been laid open, of which some At the comparatively early period in the Roman domination referred to, Londinium is spoken of as a place of established mercantile reputation. The three chief cities of Britain at this period were Verulamium, Camulodunum, and Londinium. At Camulodunum a colony of veterans had been established; Verulamium had received the rights and privileges of a municipium;Londinium, without such distinctions, had attained by home and foreign trade that pre-eminence which ever marked her as the metropolis of Britain: :-"Londinium .... cognomento quidem coloniae non insigne, sed copia negotiatorum et commeatuum maxime celebre." (Tac. Ann. xiv. 33.) were of a very fine kind. (Archaeologia, vols. xxvii. xxviii. et seq.) Londinium, unenclosed at first, was subsequently in early times walled; but it occupied only part of the site it eventually covered (Archaeologia, vol. xxix.). The line of the wall of Roman London is well known, and can still, in parts, be traced. Where it has been excavated to the foundation, it appears based upon a bed of clay and flints; the wall itself, composed of rubble and hard mortar, is faced with small squared stones and bonding tiles; its thickness is about 12 feet; its original height was probably between 20 and 30 feet; it was flanked with towers, and had a least seven gates. By the sides of the chief roads stood the cemeteries, from which enormous quantities of sepulchral remains have been, and still are, procured. Among the inscriptions, are records of soldiers of the second, the sixth, and the twentieth legions. (Col. Ant. vol. i.) We have no evidence, however, to show that the legions themselves were ever quartered at Londinium. The only troops which may be considered to have been stationed in this city were a cohort of the native Britons (Col. Ant. vol. i.); but it is not known at what particular period they were here. It is, however, a rather remarkable fact, as it was somewhat contrary to the policy of the Romans to station the auxiliaries in their native countries. (Cluv. Sicil. [E. H. B.] | little more distant from that city. LONGOVICUS, a town in Britain, mentioned in the Notitia, and nowhere else. It was, probably, in the neighbourhood of the Cumberland and Westmoreland lakes; but beyond this it is not safe to go further in the way of identification; though the Monumenta Britannica makes it Lancaster. [R. G. L.] LO'NGULA (Aóyyoλa: Eth. Longulanus: Buon Traces of temples and portions of statues have Riposo), an ancient city of Latium, which seeins also been found in London. The most remarkable to have been included in the territory of the Volof the latter is, perhaps, the bronze head of Hadrian scians. It first appears as a Volscian city, which found in the Thames, and the large bronze hand found was taken by assault by the Roman consul, Postuin Thames Street. In reference to the statues in mus Cominius in B. c. 493. (Liv. ii. 33; Dionys. bronze which adorned Londinium and other cities of vi. 91.) But it was recovered by the Volscians Roman Britain, the reader may be directed to a under the command of Coriolanus, in B. C. 488 (Liv. curious passage in Geoffrey of Monmouth. That ii. 39; Dionys. viii. 36): in both cases it is described writer relates (xii. 13), that, after the death of Cad- as falling an easy prey to the invading army, and walla, the Britons embalmed his body and placed it was probably not a place of any great importance; in a bronze statue, which was set upon a bronze indeed Livy's expressions would lead us to infer that horse of wonderful beauty, and placed over the it was a dependency of Antinn. After this it is only western gate of London, as a trophy of victory and incidentally mentioned; once, as the place where the as a terror to the Saxons. All that we are called Roman army under L. Aemilius encamped in the war upon to consider in this statement is, whether it is against the Volscians, B. C. 482 (Dionys. viii. 85); and at all likely that the writer would have invented the again, at a much later period in the Samnite Wars, details about the works in bronze; and whether it is B. c. 309. (Liv. ix. 39.) Its name is after this not very probable that the story was made up to found only in Pliny's list of the cities of Latium account for some Roman works of art, which, for cen- which were in his time utterly decayed and deserted. turies after the Romans had left Britain, remained a (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) As he enumerates it among the wonder and a puzzle to their successors. Equestrian cities that shared in the sacrifices on the Alban statues in bronze were erected in Britain by the Mount, it would seem to have been originally a Latin Romans, as is proved by a fraginent found at Lin-city, though it had fallen into the hands of the Volcoln; but in the subsequent and middle ages such works of art were not fabricated. scians before its name appears in history. But All the above passages would lead us to place We have above referred to the "Praepositus The Longula in the neighbourhood of Antium, while the saurorum Augustensium." Numerous coins are two former connect it closely with Pollusca and extant of the mint of Londinium. Those which Corioli. These are all the data which we have for may be certainly thus attributed are of Carausius, determining its position, which must therefore be in Allectus, Constantinus, and the Constantine family. some degree matter of conjecture, especially as that (Akerman's Coins of the Romans relating to Bri- of Pollusca and Corioli equally uncertain. tain.) With respect to the precise position of the Nibby has pointed out a locality which has at all public buildings, and, indeed, of the general distri- events a plausible claim to be that of Longula, in bution of the Roman city, but little is known; it is, the casale, or farm-house, now called Buon Riposo, however, very certain, that, with some few exceptions, on the right of the road from Rome to Antium, the course of the modern streets is no guide to that about 27 miles from Rome, and 10 in a straight line of the ancient. This has also been remarked to be from Porto d'Anzo.* The farm, or tenuta, of Buon the case at Trèves and other ancient cities. [C.R.S.] Riposo lies between that of Carroceto on the one LONDOBRIS (Aovdo¤pís, Ptol. ii. 5. § 10; Ad-side, and Ardea on the other; while the site occuVOUкpis, Marc. Heracl. p. 43: Berlinguas), a small island, and the only one, belonging to the province of Lusitania, lay off the promontory LUNARIUM (C. Carvoeiro.) [P. S.] LONGANUS (Ayyavós), a river in the N. of Sicily, not far from Mylae (Milazzo), celebrated for the victory of Hieron, king of Syracuse, over the Mamertines in B. c. 270 (Pol. i. 9; Diod. xxii. 13; Exc. H. p. 499, where the name is written AoíTavos, but the same river is undoubtedly meant). Polybius describes it as "in the plain of Mylae (ev tw Muλaiw medie), but it is impossible to say, with certainty, which of the small rivers that flow into the sea near that town is the one meant. The Fiume di Santa Lucia, about three miles southwest of Milazzo, has perhaps the best claim; though Cluverius fixes on the Fiume di Castro Reale, a pied by the casale itself, and which was that of a *The position assigned to Buon Riposo on Gell's map does not accord with this description of the site given by Nibby; but this part of the map is very imperfect, and evidently not derived from personal observation. Gell's own account of the situation of Buon Riposo (p. 185), though less precise, agrees with that of Nibby. LONGUM PROMONTORIUM. [SICILIA.] LONGUS, in North Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3) as a river to the north of the Epidian Promontory (Mull of Cantyre). Identified in the Monumenta Britannica with Lynneloch, Innerlochy, and Loch Melfort. [R. G. L.] LOPADUSSA (Aowadovσσa, Strab. xvii. p. 834; Aоradovσa, Ptol. iv. 3. § 34: Lampedusa), a small island off the E. coast of Africa Propria, opposite to the town of Thapsus, at the distance of 80 stadia, according to an ancient Periplus (Iriarte, Bibl. Matrit. Cod. Graec. p. 488). Pliny places it about 50 M. P. N. of Cercina, and makes its length about 6 M. P. (Plin. iii. 8. s. 14, v. 7. s. 7.) It really lies about 80 English miles E. of Thapsus, and about 90 NE. of Cercina. [P.S.] LOPHIS. [BOEOTIA, p. 413, a.] LOPOSAGIUM, in Gallia, is placed by the Table between Vesontio (Besançon) and Epamanduodurum (Mandeure). It is xiii. leagues from Vesontio. D'Anville supposes that it may be a place called Baumesles-Nones: others guess Baumes-les-Dames, or a place near it named Luciol or Luxiol. [G. L.] LOPSICA (Aówka), a town of Liburnia, which Ptolemy (ii. 16. § 2; comp. Plin. iii. 25) places near the mouth of the river Tedanius (Zermagna): perhaps the same place as the OSPELA of the Geographer of Ravenna. [E. B. J.] LO'RIUM, or LAU’RIUM, a village in Southern Etruria and station on the Via Aurelia, 12 miles from Rome. (Itin. Ant. p. 290; Tab. Peut.) It is chiefly known from the circumstance that the family of Antoninus Pius had a villa there, in which that emperor was brought up, and where he afterwards constructed a palace or villa on a more magnificent scale, which was his place of residence at the time of his death. (Jul. Capit. Ant. P. 12; Vict. de Caes. 15, Epit. 15; Eutrop. viii. 8.) It was afterwards a favourite place of resort with his successor M. Aurelius, as we learn from his letters to Fronto (Fronto, Ep. ii. 18, iii. 20, vi. 3, &c.); but had already fallen into decay in the time of Capitolinus, who speaks only of its ruins No other mention of Laurium occurs except in the Itineraries, by which we are enabled to fix its position with certainty. The 12th mile from Rome coincides with a bridge over a small stream between a farm called Bottaccia and the Castel di Guido: here the remains of ancient buildings and sepulchres have been found; and on the high ground above are the ruins of an edifice of a more extensive and sumptuous character, which, from the style of construction, may probably have belonged to the villa of the Antonines. (Nibby, vol. ii. p. 271.) The name is variously written Lorium, Lorii, and Laurium, but the first form, which is that adopted in the epistles of Fronto and M. Aurelius, is the best warranted. The place appears to have continued to be inhabited during the early ages of Christianity, and we even meet with a bishop of Lorium in the 5th century. [E. H. B.] LO'RYMA (Tà Aópuμa), a small fortified place with a port, close to Cape Cynossema, on the westernmost point of the Rhodian Chersonesus, in Caria. Its harbour was about 20 Roman miles distant from Rhodes. (Liv. xxxvii. 17, xlv. 10; Steph. B. 8. v. ; Plin. v. 29; Ptol. v. 2. § 11; Thucyd. viii. 43; Senec. Quaest. Nat. iii. 19; Appian, Bell. Civ iv. 72.) Strabo (xiv. p. 652) applies the name Loryma to the whole of the rocky district, without mentioning the town. The Larumna of Mela (i. | 16) and the Lorimna of the Tab. Peut. perhaps refer to Loryma, although it is also possible that they may be identical with a place called Larymna mentioned by Pliny in the same district. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 223) regards the ruins in the west of Port Aplotheca as belonging to the ancient town of Loryma. These ruins are seen on the spur of a hill at the south-western entrance of the port; the town was long and narrow, running from west to east; on each of its long sides there are still visible six or seven square towers, and one large round one at each end: the round tower at the east end is completely demolished. The walls are preserved almost to their entire height, and built in the best style, of large square blocks of limestone. Towards the harbour, in the north, the town had no gate, and on the south side alone there appear three rather narrow entrances. In the interior no remains of buildings are discernible, the ground consisting of the bare rock, whence it is evident that the place was not a town, but only a fort. Sculptures and inscriptions have not been found either within or outside the fort, but several tombs with bare stelae, and some ruins, exist in the valley at the head of the harbour. (Ross, Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln, vol. iv. pp. 46, &c.) [L. S.] LORNE, a fortress in Mesopotamia, situated on the northern frontier, upon Mount Izala. (Amm. Marc. xix. 9.) LOSA, a station in Gallia Aquitania, placed by the Antonine Itin. on the road from Pompelo (Pampelona) in Spain to Burdigala (Bordeaux). From Segosa (Escoussé or Escourse) to Losa is xii. (leagues), from Losa to Boii [Bon] xii., and from Boii to Burdigala xvi. D'Anville conjectures La to be at a little canton, as he calls it, named Leche. Walckenaer fixes it at the Bois de Licogas. [G.L.] LOSO'RIUM (Aooópiov), a fortress in Lazica, built by Justinian (Procop. de Aed. iii. 7), which Dubois de Montpereux (Voyage Autour du Caucase, vol. ii. p. 360) identities with the modern village of Loussiatkhevi. [E. B. J.] LOSSONUS. [OLOOSOON.] LOTO'PHAGI (Awτopáyoi, i. e. lotus-eaters), a people on the N. coast of Africa, between the Syrtes, who first appear in mythical, but afterwards in historical geography. Homer (Od. ix. 84, et seqq.) represents Ulysses as coming, in his wanderings, to the coast of the Lotophagi, who compassed the destruction of his companions by giving them the lotus to eat. For whoever of them ate the sweet fruit of the lotus, lost all wish to return to his native country, but desired to remain there with the Lotophagi, feeding on the lotus, and forgetful of return. (The poetical idea is exquisitely wrought out by Tennyson in his Lotos-Eaters, works, vol. i. pp. 175-184.) The Greeks of the historical period identified the country of these Lotus-eaters with the coast between the Syrtes, where they found an indigenous tribe, who used to a great extent (Herodotus says, as their sole article of food) the fruit of a plant, which they therefore supposed to be the lotus of Homer. To this day, the aboriginal inhabitants who live in caves along the same coasts eat the fruit of the plant, which is doubtless the lotus of the ancients, and drink a wine made from its juice, as the ancient Lotophagi also did (Herod. iv. 177). This plant, the Zizyphus Lotus or Rhamnus Lotus (jujube tree) of the botanists (called by the Arabs Seedra), is a prickly branching shrub, bearing fruit of the size of a wild pluin, of a saffron colour and sweetish taste (Herodotus likens | between Luca and Luna; but there is no such disits taste to that of the date). It must not be confounded with the celebrated Egyptian lotus, or water-lily of the Nile, which was also used for food. (There were, in fact, several plants of the name, which are carefully distinguished by Liddell and and Scott, Gr. Lex. s. v.) The ancient geographers differ as to the extent of coast which they assign to the Lotophagi. Their chief seat was around the Lesser Syrtis, and eastward indefinitely towards the Great Syrtis; but Mela carries them into Cyrenaica. They are also placed in the large island of MENINX or Lotophagitis, E. of the Lesser Syrtis. (Hom. Herod. ll. cc.; Xen. Anab. iii. 2. § 25: Scylax. p. 47; Mela, i. 7. § 5; Plin. v. 4. s. 4: Sil. iii. 310; Hygin. Fab. 125; Shaw; Della Cella; Barth; Heeren, Ideen, vol. ii. p. 1. p. 54; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol i. p. 989.) [P.S.] LOTUM, in Gallia, is placed by the Antonine Itin. on a road from Juliobona (Lillebonne) to Rotomagus (Rouen). It is vi. leagues from Juliobona to Lotum, and xiii. from Lotum to Rotomagus. The actual distances seem to fix Lotum at or near Caudebec, which is on the north bank of the Seine between Lillebonne and Rouen. [G. L.] LOXA, in Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3) as a river on the western coast of Scotland, north of the Vara (Ovápa) aestuary, i. e. the Murray Firth. Identified in the Monumenta Britannica with the Loth in Sutherland; the Lossie, and Cromarty Firth. [R. G. L.] LUANCI. [GALLAECIA.] LUBAENI. [GALLAECIA.] LUCA (Aoûka, Strab., Ptol.: Eth. Lucensis: Lucca), a city of Etruria, situated in a plain at the foot of the Apennines, near the left bank of the Ausar (Serchio) about 12 miles from the sea, and 10 NE. of Pisae. Though Luca was included within the limits of Etruria, as these were established in the time of Augustus (Plin. iii. 5. s. 8; Ptol. iii. 1. §47), it is very doubtful whether it was ever an Etruscan town. No mention of it is found as such, and no Etruscan remains have been discovered in its neighbourhood. But it is probable that the Etruscans at one time extended their power over the level country at the foot of the Apennines, from the Arnus to the Macra, leaving the Ligurians in possession only of the mountains, and at this period, therefore, Luca was probably subject to them. At a later period, however, it had certainly fallen into the hands of the Ligurians, and being retaken from them by the Romans, seems to have been commonly considered (until the reign of Augustus) a Ligurian town. For this reason we find it comprised within the province assigned to Caesar, which included Liguria as well as Cisalpine Gaul. (Suet. Caes. 24.) The first mention of Luca in history is in B. C. 218, when Livy tells us that the consul Sempronius retired there after his unsuccessful contest with Hannibal. (Liv. xxi. 59.) It was, therefore, at this period certainly in the hands of the Romans, though it would seem to have subsequently fallen again into those of the Ligurians; but it is strange that during the long protracted wars of the Romans with that people, we meet with no mention of Luca, though it must have been of importance as a frontier town, especially in their wars with the Apuani. The next notice of it is that of the establishment there of a Roman colony in B. c. 177. (Vell. Pat. i. 15; Liv. xli. 13.) There is, indeed, some difficulty with regard to this; the MSS. and editions of Livy vary a crepancy in those of Velleius, and there seems at | LUCA'NIA (Aevкavía, Strab. The name of the people is written Aevkavol by Strabo and Polybius, but Ptolemy has Aovravol, and this is found also on coins), a province or district of Southern Italy, extending across from the Tyrrhenian sea to the gulf of Tarentum, and bounded by the Bruttians on the S., by Samnium and Apulia on the N., and by Campania, or the district of the Picentini, on the NW. Its more precise limits, which are fixed with upusual unanimity by the geographers, were, the river Silarus on the NW.; the Bradanus, which flows into the gulf of Tarentum, just beyond Metapontum, on the NE.; while the mouths of the Laus and the Crathis marked its frontiers towards the Bruttians on the two sides of the peninsula. (Strab. vi pp. 252, 253, 255; Plin. iii. 5. s. 10, 11. s. 15; Ptol. iii. 1. §§ 8, 9.) Its northern frontier, from the sources of the Silarus to those of the Bradanus, must have been an arbitrary line; but nearly following the main ridge of the Apennines in this part of its course. It thus comprised the modern province of the Basilicata, together with the greater part of the Principato Citeriore and the extreme northern portion of Calabria. |