The earliest inhabitants of the part of Italy afterwards known as Lucania, were the Oenotrians and Chones, tribes whom there is good reason to refer to a Pelasgic stock. [ITALIA, p. 84. The few particulars transmitted to us concerning them are given under OENOTRIA.] These races appear to have been unwarlike, or at least incapable of offering any material opposition to the arms of the Greeks; so that when the latter established a line of colonies along the shores of the Tyrrhenian sea and the gulf of Tarentum, they seem to have reduced the barbarians of the interior to a state of at least nominal subjection with but little difficulty. Thus Sybaris extended her power from sea to sea, and founded the colonies of Posidonia, Laüs, and Scidrus on the western coast of Oenotria; while further to the S. Crotona and Locri followed her example. It is probable, however, that other means were employed by the Greeks as well as arms. The Pelasgic races of Oenotria were probably assimilated without much difficulty with their Hellenic rulers; and there seems reason to believe that the native races were to a considerable extent admitted to the privileges of citizens, and formed no unimportant element in the population of the cities of Magna Graecia. (Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 60.) The history of the foundation and rise of the numerous Greek colonies, which gradually formed as it were a belt, encircling the whole southern peninsula of Italy, Lucania is evidently "the land of the Lu-mological fiction of late days to deserve attention. canians" but though no territorial designation in Nor have we any distinct information as to the period Italy became more clearly marked or generally of their first appearance and establishment. Strabo adopted than this appellation, it was not till a com- describes them, without doubt, correctly, as first paratively late period that it came into use. The expelling (or more properly subduing) the Oenoname of the Lucanians was wholly unknown to the trians and Chones, and then turning their arms Greeks in the days of Thucydides; and the tract against the Greek cities on the coast. But it is not subsequently known as Lucania was up to that till they come into contact with these last that we time generally comprised under the vague appellation have any account of their proceedings; and we have, of Oenotria, while its coasts were included in the therefore, no information as to the commencement of name of Magna Graecia. Seylax is the earliest their career. Even their wars with the Greeks are author in whom the name of Lucania and the Lu- known to us only in a very imperfect and fragmencanians is found; and he describes them as extending tary manner, so that we can scarcely trace the steps from the frontiers of the Samnites and Iapygians to of their progress. But it is probable that it was not the southern extremity of the Bruttian peninsula. till after the conquest of Campania (about B. C. 420) (Scyl. pp. 3, 4, 5. §§ 12, 13.) We are fortunately that the Samnites began to extend their conquests able to trace with certainty the historical causes of to the southward. Niebuhr has justly observed this change of designation. that the tranquil foundation of the Athenian colony at Thurii, in B. C. 442, and the period of prosperity which allowed it at first to rise rapidly to power, sufficiently prove that the Lucanians had not as yet become formidable neighbours to the Gauls, at least on that side of the peninsula (Nieb. vol. i. p. 96). But they seemed to have first turned their arms against the Greek cities on the W. coast, and established a permanent footing in that quarter, before they came into collision with the more powerful cities on the Tarentine gulf. (Strab. i. p. 254.) Posidonia was apparently the first of the Greek cities which yielded to their arms, though the date of its conquest is uncertain. [PAESTUM.] It was probably soon after this that the Thurians, under the command of Cleandridas, were engaged in war with the Lucanians, in which they appeared to have obtained some considerable successes. (Polyaen, ii. 10.) But the progress of the latter was still unchecked; and the increasing danger from their power led to the formation, in B. c. 393, of a defensive league among all the principal cities of Magna Graecia, with a view of resisting the Lucanians on the N., and the power of Dionysius on the S. (Diod. xiv. 91.) They might reasonably suppose that their combined arms would easily effect this; but only three years later, B. C. 390, the forces of the confederates, among whom the Thurians took the lead, sustained a great defeat near Laiis, in which it is said that 10,000 of the Greeks perished. (Diod. xiv. 101, 102; Strab. vi p. 253.) After this success, the Lucanians seem to have spread themselves with but little opposition through the southern peninsula of Italy. The wars of the elder Dionysius in that region must have indirectly favoured their progress by weakening the Greek cities; and though he did not openly support the Lucanians, it is evident that he looked upon their successes with no unfavourable eyes. (Diod. xiv. 102.) Their continued advance towards the south, however, would soon render them in their turn a source of umbrage to the Syracusan despots, who had established a permanent footing in the Italian peninsula; hence we find the younger Dionysius engaged in hostilities with the Lucanians, but apparently with little success; and after a vain attempt to exclude them from the southernmost peninsula of Bruttium, by fortifying the isthmus between the Hipponian and Scyllacian gulfs, he was obliged to conclude a treaty of peace with them in B. C. 358. (Diod. xvi. 5; Strab. vi. p. 261.) are more appropriately reserved for the article MAGNA GRAECIA. It may here suffice to mention that the period immediately preceding the fall of Sybaris (B.C. 510) may be taken as that during which the Greek cities were at the height of their power, and when their dominion was most widely extended. But though many of those cities suffered severely from domestic dissensions, we find no trace of any material change in their relations with the neighbouring barbarians, till the appearance of the Lucanians at once produced an entire change in the aspect of affairs. The Lucanians were, according to the general testimony of ancient writers, a Sabellian race,-an offshoot or branch of the Samnite nation, which, separating from the main body of that people, in the same manner as the Campanians, the Hirpini, and the Frentani had severally done, pressed on still further to the south, and established themselves in the country subsequently known as Lucania. (Strab. vi. p. 254; Plin. iii. 5. s. 10.) The origin of their name is unknown; for the derivation of it from a leader of the name of Lucius (Plin. xxx. l. c.; Etym. Magn. s. v. Aeuкavoí) is too obviously a mere ety This was about the period during which the Lucanians had attained their greatest power, and extended their dominion to the limits which we find assigned to them by Seylax (pp. 3, 4). They had not, however, subdued the Greek cities on the | Meantime the Lucanians had become involved in relations with a more formidable power. Already, in B.C. 326, immediately after the death of Alexander king of Epirus, the Lucanians are mentioned as voluntarily concluding a treaty of peace and alliance with Rome, which was then just entering on the Second Samnite War. (Liv. viii. 25.) We have no explanation of the causes which led to this change of policy; just before, we find them in alliance with the Samnites, and very shortly after they returned once more to their old allies. (Ib. 27.) But though they were thus brought into a state of direct hostility with Rome, it was not till B. C. 317, that the course of events allowed the Romans to punish their defection. In that year the consuls for the first time entered Lucania, and took the town of Nerulum by assault. (Liv. ix. 20.) The Lucanians were evidently included in the peace which put an end to the Second Samnite War (B. C. 304), and from this time continued steadfast in the Roman alliance; so that it was the attack made on them by the Samnites which led to the Third Samnite War, B. C. 298. (Liv. x. 11.) Throughout that struggle the Lucanians seem to have been faithful to Rome; and were probably admitted to an alliance on favourable conditions at its close. But in B. c. 286, they having turned their arms against Thurii, the Romans took up the cause of the besieged city, and declared war against the Lucanians, over whom M'. Curius is said to have celebrated an ovation. (Aur. Vict. de Vir Illust. 33); and four years afterwards (B. C. 282) the allied forces of the Lucanians and Samnites, which had again beleaguered Thurii, were defeated in a great battle by C. Fabricius. (Val. Max. i. 8. § 6.) On the arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy (B. C. 281) the Lucanians were among the first to declare in favour of that monarch, though it was not till after his victory at Heraclea that they actually sent their contingent to his support. (Plut. Pyrr. 13, 17; Zonar. viii. 3.) The Lucanian auxiliaries are especially mentioned in the service of that prince at the battle of Asculum (Dionys. xx., Fr. Didot): but when Pyrrhus withdrew from Italy, he left his allies at the mercy of the Roman arms, and the Lucanians in particular, were exposed to the full brunt of their resentment. After they had seen their armies defeated, and their territory ravaged in several successive compaigns, by C. Fabricius, Cornelius Rufinus, and M'. Curius, they were at length reduced to submission by Sp. Carvilius and L. Papirius Cursor in B. C. 272. (Zonar. viii. 6; Eutrop. ii. 14; Liv. Epit. xiii., xiv.; Fast. Capit.) From this time the Lucanians continued in undisturbed subjection to Rome till the Second Punic War. In the celebrated register of the Roman forces in B.C. 225, the Lucanians (including, probably, the Bruttians, who are not separately noticed) are reckoned as capable of bringing into the field 30,000 foot and 3000 horse, so that they must have been still a numerous and powerful people. (Pol. ii. 24.) But they suffered severely in the Second Punic War. Having declared in favour of Hannibal after the battle of Cannae (B. C. 216), their territory became during many successive campaigns the theatre of war, and was ravaged, in turn, by both contending armies. Thus, in B. C. 214, it was the scene of the contest between Sempronius Gracchus and Hanno ; in the following year Gracchus employed the whole campaign within its limits, and it was in Lucania that that general met with his untimely death in the summer of B. C. 212. (Liv. xxii. 61, xxiv. 20, xxv. 1, 16.) At length, in B. C. 209, the Lucanians, in conjunction with the Hirpini, abandoned the alliance of Hannibal, and betrayed the garrisons which he had left in their towns into the hands of the Romans; in consideration of which service they were admitted to favourable terms. (Id. xxvii. 15.) They did not, however, yet escape the evils of war; for in the next year their territory was the scene of the campaign of Marcellus and Crispinus against Hannibal, in which both consuls perished; and it was not till after the battle of the Metaurus, in B. C. 207, that Hannibal withdrew his forces into Bruttium, and abandoned the attempt to maintain his footing in Lucania. (Liv. xxvii. 51, xxviii. 11.) Strabo tells us that the Lucanians were punished by the Romans for their defection to Hannibal, by being reduced to the same degraded condition as the Bruttians. (Strab. v. p. 251.) But this can only be true of those among them who had refused to join in the general submission of the people in B. C. 209, and clung to Hannibal to the last: the others were restored to a somewhat favourable condition, and continued to form a considerable nation; though, if we may trust to the statement of Strabo, they never recovered from the ravages of this war. But it was the Social War (B. c. 90-88) that gave the final blow to the prosperity of Lucania. The Lucanians on that occasion were among the first to take up arms; and, after bearing an important part throughout the contest, they still, in conjunction with the Samnites, preserved a hostile attitude when all the other nations of Italy had already submitted and received the Roman franchise. (Appian, B. C. i. 39, 51, 53.) In the civil war between Marius and Sulla, which immediately followed, the Lucanians, as well as the Samnites, actively espoused the cause of the Marian party, and a Lucanian legion fought in the great battle at the Colline Gate. They in consequence were exposed to the full vengeance of the conqueror; and Lucania, as well as Samnium, was laid waste by Sulla in a manner that it never recovered. The remaining inhabitants were admitted to the Roman citizenship, and from this time the Lucanians ceased to be a people, and soon lost all traces of distinct nationality. (Appian, B. C. i. 90 -93, 96; Strab. vi. pp. 253, 254.) Of Lucania under the Roman government we hear but little; but it is certain that it had fallen into a state of complete decay. The Greek cities on its coasts, once so powerful and flourishing, had sunk into utter insignificance, and the smaller towns of the interior were poor and obscure places. (Strab. Z. c.) Nor is there any appearance that it ever recovered from this state of depression under the Roman Empire. The Liber Coloniarum mentions only eight towns in the whole province, and all of these were in the subordinate condition of "praefecturae." (Lib. Colon. p. 209.) The malaria which now desolates its coasts, must have begun to act as soon as the population had disappeared; and the mountain region of the interior was apparently then, as at the present day, one of the wildest regions of Italy. Large tracts were given up to pasture, while extensive forests afforded subsistence to vast herds of swine, the flesh of which formed an important part of the supplies of the Imperial City. The mountain forests were also favourite resorts of wild boars, and contained abundance of bears, which were sent from thence to the amphitheatres at Rome. (Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 234, 8. 6; Martial, de Spect. 8; Varr. L. L. v. § 100.) Lucania was comprised together with Bruttium in the third region of Augustus, and the two provinces continued to be united for administrative purposes throughout the period of the Roman Empire. Even after the fall of the Western Empire, we meet with mention of the "Corrector Lucaniae et Bruttiorum." Lucania long continued to acknowledge the supremacy of the Eastern Emperors; and the modern province of the Basilicata is supposed to have derived its name from the emperor Basilius II. in the 10th century. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 10; Not. Dign. ii. p. 64; Orell. Inscr. 1074; Treb. Poll. Tetr. 24; P. Diac. ii. 17; Cassiod. Var. iii. 8, 46.) The physical characters of Lucania are almost wholly determined by the chain of the Apennines, which enters at its northern frontier, and from thence traverses the province in its whole extent. mountains form a lofty group or knot immediately These on the frontiers of Samnium, and from thence the main chain is continued nearly due S. to the confines of Bruttium; a little before reaching which, it rises again into the very lofty group of Monte Pollino, the highest summit of which attains an elevation of above 7000 feet. Throughout its course this chain approaches considerably nearer to the western than the eastern coast; but it is not till after passing the frontier of Bruttium that it becomes a complete littoral chain, as it continues for a censiderable distance. In the more northern part of Lucania the space between the central chain and VOL. II. LUCANIA. 209 the Tyrrhenian sea is almost filled of lofty and rugged mountains, leaving only here and there a small strip of plain on the sea-coast: up with ranges but towards the eastward, the mountains sink much tum, constituting long ranges of hills, which gradually more gradually as they approach the gulf of Tarensubside into the broad strip of plain that borders the gulf the whole way from the mouth of the Siris (Sinno) to that of the Bradanus. It is this tract of plain, in many places marshy, and now desolate and unhealthy, that was celebrated in ancient times for its almost matchless fertility. (Archiloch. ap. Athen. xii. 25.) South of the river Siris, the offshoots of the Apennines, descending from the lofty group of Monte Pollino as a centre, again approach close to the shore, filling up the greater part of the space Crathis; but once more receding as they approach between the mouth of the Siris and that of the fertile plain bordering its banks on both sides. the latter river, so as to leave a considerable tract of ated on the frontiers of Lucania and Samnium, sends The lofty group of mountains just noticed as situof the most considerable rivers of Lucania. Of these down its waters towards both seas, and is the source the SILARUS (Sele) flows to the gulf of Paestum, receiving in its course the waters of the TANAGER (Tanagro) and CALOR (Calore), both considerable streams, which join it from the S. On the other side, the BRADANUS (Bradano), which rises to the N. of Potentia, and the CASUENTUS (Basiento), which has its source in the Monti della Maddalena, a little to the S. of the same town, flow to the SE., and pursue a nearly parallel course the whole way to the gulf of Tarentum. The ACIRIS (Agri) and the SIRIS (Sinno), which rise in the central chain further to the S., have also a general SE. direction, and flow to the gulf of Tarentum. The CRATHIS, mouth the limit between Lucania and Bruttium, further down the same coast, which forms near its belongs in the greater part of its course exclusively to the latter country. But the SYBARIS, now the Coscile, a much less considerable stream, immediately to the N. of the Crathis, belongs wholly to Lucania. The ACALANDRUS (Calandro), which falls into the trifling stream. On the W. coast of Lucania, the only sea between the Sybaris and the Siris, is a very river, besides the Silarus and its tributaries, worthy of notice, is the Laüs, or Lao, which forms the southern boundary of Lucania on this side. The Pyxus (Busento), flowing by the town of the same Melphes (Molpa), which enters the sea by the proname (Buxentum), is but a trifling stream; and the montory of Palinurus, though noticed by Pliny (iii. 5. ELEES, which gave name to Elea or Velia, is somes. 10), is not more considerable. The HELES or what more important, but by no means a large stream. [VELIA.] bold and prominent headlands, formed by the ridges The western coast of Lucania is marked by several of the Apennines, which, as already stated, here descend quite to the sea, and end abruptly on the coast. The most northern of these, forming the southern limit of the extensive gulf of Paestum, is called by Lycophron Enipeus, but was more commonly known S. of this was the more celebrated promontory of as the Posidium or Posidonium Promontorium. PALINURUS, still called Capo di Palinuro, with a port of the same name; and beyond this, again, the which bounds the Gulf of Policastro on the W. promontory of Pyxus (now Capo degli Infreschi), Viewed on a larger scale, these three headlands may P be regarded as only the salient points of one large projecting mass which separates the gulf of Paestum from that of Policastro. The latter seems to have been known in ancient times as the gulf of Laüs. Opposite to the headland called Posidium was the small islet named by the Greeks LEUCOSIA, from which the promontory now derives the name of Punta di Licosa; and a little further S., off the coast of Velia, were the two islands (also mere rocks) called by the Greeks the OENOTRIDES. (Strab. vi. p. 252; Plin. iii. 7. s. 13.) The towns of Lucania may be conveniently enumerated in two classes :-the first comprising those along the coasts, which were almost without exception of Greek origin; the other containing the towns of the interior, which were for the most part either native Lucanian settlements, or Roman colonies of a later date. On the W. coast, proceeding along the shore of the Tyrrhenian sea, from N. to S., were:POSIDONIA, afterwards called PAESTUM, a very little way from the mouth of the Silarus; ELEA or VELIA, at the mouth of the Heles (Alento); PYXUS, called by the Romans BUXENTUM, now Policastro; SCIDRUS, supposed to have occupied the site of Sapri; BLANDA, now Maratea; and LAUS, which was at the mouth of the river of that name, on its right bank. On the E. coast, bordering on the gulf of Tarentum, and beginning from the Crathis, stood THURII, replacing the ancient city of SYBARIS, but not occupying precisely the same site; HERACLEA, which had in like manner succeeded to the more ancient settlement of SIRIS, a few miles further N.; and, lastly, METAPONTUM, on the southern bank of the river Bradanus. The principal towns in the interior were:- PoTENTIA, still called Potenza, and the capital of the province known as the Basilicata; ATINA, still called Atina, in the upper valley of the Tanager; VOLCEIUM or VOLCENTUM, now Buccino; NuMISTRO, of uncertain site, but apparently in the same neighbourhood; EBURI (Eboli), which is expressly called by Pliny a Lucanian town, though situated to the N. of the Silarus ; BANTIA, Banzi, a few miles from Venusia, on the very frontiers of Apulia, so that it was sometimes referred to that country; GRUMENTUM (near Saponara), one of the most considerable towns in Lucania; NERULUM, probably at La Rotonda, and MURANUM, still called Morano, almost adjoining the frontier of Bruttium. CONSILINUM or COSILINUM may probably be placed at Padula, in the upper valley of the Tanager, and TEGIANUM at Diano, in the same neighbourhood; while La Polla, in the same valley, occupies the site of FORUM POPILLII; SONTIA, noticed only by Pliny, is probably the place now called Sanza; while the Tergilani and Ursentini of the same author are wholly unknown, unless the former name be corrupted from that of Tegianum, already noticed. (Plin. iii. 11. s. 15; Lib. Colon. p. 209.) Of the few names inentioned by Strabo (vi. p. 254), those of Vertinae and Calasarna are wholly unknown. The existence of a Lucanian PETELIA and PANDOSIA, in addition to the Bruttian cities, of those names, is a subject of great doubt. The principal line of highroad through Lucania was the Via Popillia (regarded by the Itineraries as a branch of the Via Appia), which, in its course from Capua to Rhegium, traversed the whole province from N. to S. The stations on it given in the Antonine Itinerary, p. 109, are (proceeding from Nuceria): The Tabula gives a place which it calls Vicus Mendicolus (?) as the intermediate station between Marciliana and Nerulum. All these stations are very doubtful, the exact line of the ancient road through this mountain country having never been traced with accuracy. Another road, given in the Tabula, led from Potentia by Anxia (Anzi) and Grumentum to Nerulum, where it joined the Via Popillia. The other roads in the interior, given in the Itinerary and the Tabula, are very corrupt; we may, however, ascertain that there was a line of road proceeding from Venusia through Potentia to Heraclea and Thurii, and another from Potentia to join the Via Popillia at Marciliana, being probably the direct line of communication between Potentia and Rome. Lastly, there was always a line of road along the coast, following its level shores from Tarentum by Metapontum and Heraclea to Thurii. [E. H. B.] LUCE'RIA (Aovкepía, Pol., Strab.: Eth. Aoukepivos, Steph. B.; Lucerinus: Lucera), an ancient and important city of Apulia situated in the interior of that country, about 12 miles W. of Arpi, and 9 N. of Aecae (Troja). It is called by ancient writers a city of the Daunians, and the tradition current among the Greeks ascribed its foundation, in common with that of Arpi and Canusium, to Diomed; in proof of which an ancient statue of Minerva, in the temple of that goddess, was alleged to be the true Palladium brought by Diomed himself from Troy. (Strab. vi. pp. 264, 284; Plin. iii. 11. s. 16.) Yet all the accounts of the city from the time that its name appears in history would seem to point to its being an Oscan town, and connected rather with the Oscan branch of the Apulians than with the Daunians. Nothing is known of the history of Luceria till the Second Samnite War, when the Lucerians, who had apparently joined with the other Apulians, in their alliance with Rome in B. c. 326, but had refused to partake in their subsequent defection to the Samnites, were besieged by the latter people; and the Roman legions were on their way to relieve and succour them, when they sustained the great disaster at the Caudine Forks. (Liv. ix. 2; Drakenborch, ad loc.; Aur. Vict. de Vir. Illust. 30.) It is clear that in consequence of that blow to the Roman power, Luceria fell into the hands of the Samnites, as we are told shortly after that the hostages given up by the Romans by the treaty at Caudium were deposited for safety in that city. (Id. ix. 12.) For this reason its recovery was a great object with the Romans; and in B. C. 320, Papirius Curso laid siege to Luceria with a large army, and after an obstinate resistance, made himself master of the city, which was defended by a garrison of above 7000 Samnites. (Id. ix. 12-15.) Besides recovering the hostages, he obtained an immense booty, so that Luceria was evidently at this period a flourishing city, and Diodorus (xix. 72) calls it the most important place in Apulia. A few years after (B. C. 314), the city was again betrayed into the hands of the Samnites; but was quickly recovered by the Romans, who put the greater part of the inhabitants to the sword, and sent thither a body of 2500 colonists to supply their place. (Id. ix. 26; Vell. Pat. i. 14; Diod xix. 72.) The possession of so important a stronghold in this part of the country became of material service to the Romans in the subsequent operations of the war (Diod. 7. c.); and in B. C. 294, the Samnites having laid siege to it, the Roman consul Atilius advanced to its relief, and defeated the Samnites in a great battle. According to another account, Luceria afforded shelter to the shattered remnants of the consul's army after he had sustained a severe defeat. (Liv. x. 35, 37.) Not less important was the part which Luceria bore in the Second Punic War. The establishment of this powerful colony in a military position of the utmost importance, was of signal advantage to the Romans during all their operations in Apulia; and it was repeatedly chosen as the place where their armies took up their winter-quarters, or their generals established their head-quarters during successive campaigns in Apulia. (Liv. xxii. 9, xxiii. 37, xxiv. 3, 14, 20; Pol. iii. 88, 100.) But though it was thus exposed to a more than ordinary share of the sufferings of the war, Luceria was nevertheless one of the eighteen Latin colonies which in B. C. 209 expressed their readiness to continue their contributions, both of men and money, and which in consequence received the thanks of the senate for their fidelity. (Liv. xxvii. 10.) From this time we meet with no notice of Luceria till near the close of the Roman Republic; but it ap pears from the manner in which Cicero speaks of it (pro Cluent. 69) that it was in his time still one of the most considerable towns in this part of Italy; and in the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey, it is evident that much importance was attached to its possession by the latter, who for some time made it his head-quarters before he retired to Brundusium. (Caes. B. C. i. 24; Cic. ad Att. vii. 12, viii. 1; Appian, B. C. ii. 38.) Strabo speaks of Luceria as having fallen into decay, like Canusium and Arpi (vi. p. 284): but this can only be understood in comparison with its former presumed greatness; for it seems certain that it was still a considerabie town, and one of the few in this part of Italy that retained their prosperity under the Roman Empire. Pliny terms it a Colonia, and it had therefore probably received a fresh colony under Augustus (Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Lib. Colon. p. 210; Zumpt, de Colon. p. 349). Its colonial rank is also attested by inscriptions (Mommsen, Inscr. R. N. pp. 50, 51); and from the Tabula it would appear to have been in the 4th century one of the most considerable cities of Apulia (Tab. Peut., where the indication of a great building with the name "Praetorium Laverianum" evidently points to the residence of some provincial magistrate). Even after the fall of the Roman Empire Luceria long retained its prosperity, and is enumerated in the 7th century by P. Diaconus among the " urbes satis opulentas" which still remained in Apulia. (P. Diac. ii. 21.) But in A.D. 663 it was taken by LUCRETILIS MONS. 211 the emperor Constans II. from the Lombards, and utterly destroyed (Id. v. 7). Nor does it appear to have recovered this blow till it was restored by the emperor Frederic II. in 1227. The modern city of Lucera still retains its episcopal see and about 12,000 inhabitants. It occupies the ancient site, on a hill of considerable elevation (one of the last underfalls of the Apennines) overlooking the extensive and fertile plains of Apulia. Livy speaks of it as situated in the plain ("urbs sita in plano," ix. 26); but if this was the case with the Apulian city, the Roman colony must have been removed to the heights above, as existing remains leave no doubt that the ancient city occupied the same site with the modern one. portance, but numerous inscriptions, fragments of The remains of buildings are not of much imsculpture, &c. have been found there. The inscrip tions are collected by Mommsen (Inscr. Regn. Neap. pp. 50-54). The neighbourhood of Luceria was celebrated in ancient, as it still is in modern, times for the abundance and excellence of its wool (Hor. common to all the neighbouring district of Apulia. Carm. iii. 15. 14), an advantage which was indeed (Strab. vi. p. 284; Plin. viii. 48; K. Craven, Southern Tour, p. 45.) not merely an error of the MSS. in our existing Ptolemy writes the name Nuceria; and that this is copies is shown by the circumstance that the epithet Apula is added to it (Novкepía 'Arouλ@v, Ptol. iii. 1. § 72), as if to distinguish it from other towns of the name. Appian also writes the name Novкepía (B. C. ii. 38): and the same confusion between Nocera and Lucera occurs perpetually in the middle ages. Luceria is well established by inscriptions and coins. But the correctness of the orthography of The latter, which have the name LOVCERI in Roman characters, are certainly not earlier than the establishment of the Roman colony. COIN OF LUCERIA. LUCEIUM. [BLUCIUM.] [E. H. B.] LUCENSES, CALLAÏCI. [GALLAECIA.] mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3) as one of the towns of |