This memorable siege has been thought worthy of special mention by Tacitus, and his lively abridgnent, as it would appear, of Josephus's detailed narrative, mast have served to raise his countrymen's ideas, both of the military prowess and of the powers of endurance of the Jews.

The city was wholly demolished except the three towers Hippicus, Phasaelus, and Mariamne, and so much of the western wall as would serve to protect the legion left there to garrison the place, and prevent any fresh insurrectionary movements among the Jews, who soon returned and occupied the ruins. The palace of Herod on Mount Sion was probably converted into a barrack for their accommodation, as it had been before used for the same purpose. (Bell. Jud. vii. 1. § 1, ii. 15. § 5, 17. §§ 8. 9.)

had already become a favourite place of pilgrimage to the Christians, was furnished with new attractions by that emperor and his mother, and the erection of the Martyry of the Resurrection inaugurated a new aera of the Holy City, which now recovered its ancient name, after it had apparently fallen into complete oblivion among the government officers in Palaestine itself. (Euseb. de Mart. Palaest. cap. ii.) The erection of his church was commenced the year after the Council of Nicaea, and occupied ten years. It was dedicated on the tricennalia of the emperor, A. D. 336. (Euseb. Vita Constantini, iii. 30—40, iv. 40-47.) Under the emperor Julian, the city again became an object of interest to the pagans, and the account of the defeat of Julian's attempt to rebuild the Temple is preserved by Ammianus Marcellinus, an unexceptional witness (xxiii 1: all the historical notices are collected by Bishop Warburton, in his work on the subject, entitled Julian.) In 451, the see of Jerusalem was erected into a patriarchate; and its subsequent history is chiefly occupied with the conflicting opinions of its incumbents on the subject of the heresies which troubled the

(cir. 532) the emperor Justinian emulated the zeal of his predecessor Constantine by the erection of churches and hospitals at Jerusalem, a complete account of which has been left by Procopius. (De Aedificiis Justin ani, v. 6.) In A. D. 614, the city with all its sacred places was desolated by the Persians under Chosroes II., when, according to the contemporary records, 90,000 Christians, of both sexes and of all ages, fell victims to the relentless fury of the Jews, who, to the number of 26,000, had followed the Persians from Galilee to Jerusalem to gratify their hereditary malice by the massacre

restored by Modestus; and the city was visited by Heraclius (A. D. 629) after his defeat of the Persians. Five years later (A. D. 634) it was invested by the Saracens, and, after a defence of four months, capitulated to the khalif Omar in person; since which time it has followed the vicissitudes of the various dynasties that have swayed the destinies of Western Asia.

Sixty years after its destruction, Jerusalem was visited by the emperor Hadrian, who then conceived the idea of rebuilding the city, and left his friend and kinsman Aquila there to superintend the work, A. D. 130. (Epiphanius, de Pond. et Mens. §§ 14, 15.) He had intended to colonise it with Roman veterans, but his project was defeated or suspended by the outbreak of the revolt headed by Barco-church at that period. In the following century chebas, his son Rufus, and his grandson Romulus. The insurgents first occupied the capital, and attempted to rebuild the Temple: they were speedily dislodged, and then held out in Bethar for nearly three years. [BETHAR.] On the suppression of the revolt, the building of the city was proceeded with, and luxurious palaces, a theatre, and temples, with other public buildings, fitted it for a Roman population. The Chronicon Alexandrinum mentions тà dúo dnμóσia кal тd Déαтроν каl тò трIKάμερον καὶ τὸ τετράνυμφον καὶ τὸ δωδεκάπυλον τὸ πρὶν ὀνομαζόμενον ἀναβαθμοὶ καὶ τὴν κόδραν. A temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, from whom the of the Christians. The churches were immediately city derived its new name, occupied the site of the Temple, and a tetrastyle fane of Venus was raised over the site of the Holy Sepulchre. The ruined Temple and city furnished materials for these buildings. The city was divided into seven quarters (aupoda), each of which had its own warden (àudodapxns). Part of Mount Sion was excluded from the city, as at present, and was ploughed as a field." (Micah, iii. 12; St. Jerome, Comment. in loc.; Itinerarium Hierosol. p. 592, ed. Wesseling.) The history of Aelia Capitolina has been made the subject of distinct treatises by C. E. Deyling, “Aeliae Capitolinae Origines et Historia" (appended to his father's Observationes Sacrae, vol. v. p. 433, &c.), and by Dr. Münter, late Bishop of Copenhagen (translated by W. Wadden Turner, and published in Dr. Robinson's Bibliotheca Sacra, p. 393, &c.), who have collected all the scattered notices of it as a pagan city. Its coins also belong to this period, and extend from the reign of Hadrian to Severus. One of the former emperor (IMP. CAES. TRAIAN. HADRIANVS. AVG., which exhibits Jupiter in a tetrastyle temple, with the legend COL. AEL. CAP.) confirms the account of Dion Cassius (lxix. 12), that a temple to Jupiter was erected on the site of God's temple (Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. pars i. tom. iii. p. 443); while one of Antoninus (ANTONINVS. AVG. PIVS. P. P. TR. P. COS. III., representing Venus in a similar temple, with the legend c. A. C. or COL. AEL. CAP.) no less distinctly confirms the Christian tradition that a shrine of Venus was erected over the Sepulchre of our Lord. (Vaillant, Numismata Aerea Imperat. in Col. pt. i. p. 239; Eckhel, l. c. p. 442.) Under the emperor Constantine, Jerusalem, which

66

It remains to add a few words concerning the modern city and its environs.

V. THE MODERN CITY.

El-Kods, the modern representative of its most ancient name Kadeshah, or Cadytis, "is surrounded by a high and strong cut-stone wall, built on the solid rock, loop-holed throughout, varying from 25 to 60 feet in height, having no ditch." It was built by the sultan Suliman (A. D. 1542), as is declared by many inscriptions on the wall and gates. It is in circuit about 2 miles, and has four gates facing the four cardinal points. 1. The Jaffa Gate, on the west, called by the natives Bab-el-Hallil, i. e. the Hebron Gate. 2. The Damascus Gate, on the north, Bab-el-'Amûd, the Gate of the Column. 3. The St. Stephen's Gate, on the east, Bab-SittiMiryam, St. Mary's Gate. 4. The Sion Gate, on the south, Bab-en-Nebi Daûd, the Gate of the Prophet David. A fifth gate, on the south, near the mouth of the Tyropoeon, is sometimes opened to facilitate the introduction of the water from a neighbouring well. A line drawn from the Jaffa Gate to the Mosk, along the course of the old wall, and another, cutting this at right angles, drawn from the Sion to the Damascus Gate, could divide the

city into the four quarters by which it is usually | circle concentric with a circular funnel-shaped hall distinguished.

These four quarters are:- −(1) The Armenian Quarter at the SW.; (2) the Jew's Quarter at the SE., both these being on Mount Sion; (3) the Christian Quarter at the NW.; (4) the Mahometan Quarter, occupying the remainder of the city on the west and north of the great Haram-es-Sherif, the noble Sanctuary, which represents the ancient Temple area. The Mosk, which occupies the grandest and once most venerated spot in the world, is, in its architectural design and proportions, as it was formerly in its details, worthy of its site. It was built for Abd-el Melik Ibn-Marwan, of the house of Ommiyah, the tenth khalif. It was commenced in A. D. 688, and completed in three years, and when the vicissitudes it has undergone within a space of nearly 1200 years are considered, it is perhaps rather a matter of astonishment that the fabric should have been preserved so entire than that the adornment should exhibit in parts marks of ruinous decay.

The Church of Justinian,- -now the Mosk ElAksa, to the south of the same area, is also a conspicuous object in the modern city; and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, with its appendages, occupies a considerable space to the west. The greater part of the remaining space is occupied with the Colleges or Hospitals of the Moslems, in the vicinity of the Mosks, and with the Monasteries of the several Christian communities, of which the Patriarchal Convent of St. Constantine, belonging to the Greeks, near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and that of the Armenians, dedicated to St. James, on the highest part of Mount Sion, are the most considerable.

The population of the modern city has been variously estimated, some accounts stating it as low as 10,000, others as high as 30,000.

It may

be safely assumed as about 12,000, of which number nearly half are Moslems, the other half being composed of Jews and Christians in about equal proportions. It is governed by a Turkish pasha, and is held by a small garrison. Most of the European nations are there represented by a consul.

VI. ENVIRONS.

A few sites of historical interest remain to be noticed in the environs of Jerusalem: as the valleys which environ the city have been sufficiently described at the commencement of the article, the mountains may here demand a few words.

24 feet in diameter, with which it is connected by three passages. They are popularly called "the Tombs of the Prophets," but no satisfactory account has been given of these extensive excavations. (Plans are given by Schultz, Krafft, and Tobler, in the works referred to below.) Dr. Schultz was inclined to identify this with the rock repoтhρLOV, mentioned by Josephus in his account of the Wall of Circumvallation (B. J. v. 12), which he supposes to be a translation of the Latin Columbarium. (See Dict. Ant. art. Funus, p. 561, b.)

In the bed of the Valley of Jehoshaphat, immediately beneath the centre summit of Mount Olivet, where the dry bed of the brook Kedron is spanned by a bridge, is the Garden of Gethsemane, with its eight venerable olive-trees protected by a stone wall; and close by is a subterranean church, in which is shown the reputed tomb of the Virgin, who, however, according to an ancient tradition, countenanced by the Council of Ephesus (A. D. 431), died and was buried in that city. (Labbe, Concilia, tom. iii. col. 573.)

A little to the south of this, still in the bed of the valley, are two remarkable monolithic sepulchral monuments, ascribed to Absalom and Zechariah, exhibiting in their sculptured ornaments a mixture of Doric, Ionic, and perhaps Egyptian architecture, which may possibly indicate a change in the original design in conformity with later taste. Connected with these are two series of sepulchral chambers, one immediately behind the Pillar of Absalom, called by the name of Jehoshaphat; the other between the monoliths, named the Cave of St. James, which last is a pure specimen of the Doric order. (See A General View in Holy City, vol. ii. p. 449, and detailed plans, &c. in pp. 157, 158, with Professor Willis's description.)

To the south of Mount Olivet is another rocky eminence, to which tradition has assigned the name of the Mount of Offence, as "the hill before Jerusalem" where king Solomon erected altars for idolatrous worship (1 Kings, xi. 7). In the rocky base of this mount, overhanging the Kedron, is the rockhewn village of Siloam, chiefly composed of sepulchral excavations, much resembling a Columbarium, and most probably the rock Peristerium of Josephus. Immediately below this village, on the opposite side of the valley, is the intermitting Fountain of the Virgin, at a considerable depth below the bed of the valley, with a descent of many steps hewn in the rock. Its supply of water is very The Scopus, which derived its name, as Josephus scanty, and what is not drawn off here runs through informs us, from the extensive view which it com- the rocky ridge of Ophel, by an irregular passage, manded of the surrounding country, is the high to the Pool of Siloam in the mouth of the Tyroground to the north of the city, beyond the Tombs poeon. This pool, which is mentioned in the New of the Kings, 7 stadia from the city (B. J. ii. 19. Testament (St. John, ix. 7, &c.), is now filled with § 4, v. 2. § 3), where both Cestius and Titus first earth and cultivated as a garden, a small tank with encamped on their approach to the city (ll. cc.): columns built into its side serves the purpose of a this range is now occupied by a village named pool, and represents the "quadriporticum" of the Shaphat, the Semitic equivalent to the Greek Bordeaux Pilgrim (A. D. 333), who also mentions σKOTÓS. On the east of the city is the Mount of "Alia piscina grandis foras." This was probably Olives, extending along the whole length of its identical with Hezekiah's Pool "between the two eastern wall, conspicuous with its three summits, of walls" (Is. xxii. 11), as it certainly is with the which the centre is the highest, and is crowned with "Pool of Siloah by the king's garden" in Nehemiah a pile of buildings occupying the spot where Helena, (iii. 15, ii. 14; comp. 2 Kings, xxv. 4. The arguthe mother of Constantine, built a Basilica in com- ments are fully stated in the Holy City, vol. ii. memoration of the Ascension of our Lord. (Eu- pp. 474-480. M. de Sauley accepts the identifisebius, Vita Constantini, iii. 12, Laudes, § 9.) cation.) The king's gardens are still represented A little below the southern summit is a remarkable in a verdant spot, where the concurrence of the gallery of sepulchral chambers arranged in a semi-three valleys, Hinnom Jehoshaphat, and Tyropoeon,

forms a small plain, which is cultivated by the
villagers of Siloam.

In the mouth of the southern valley which forms
the continuation of these three valleys towards the
Dead Sea, is a deep well, variously called the Well
of Nehemiah, of Job, or Joab; supposed to be
identical with Enrogel, "the well of the spies,"
mentioned in the borders of Judah and Benjamin,
and elsewhere (Josh. xv. 7, xviii. 16; 2 Sam. xvii. 17;
1 Kings, i. 9).

On the opposite side of the valley, over against the Mount of Offence, is another high rocky hill, facing Mount Sion, called the Hill of Evil Council, from a tradition that the house of Annas the highpriest, father-in-law to Caiaphas (St. John, xviii. 13, 24), once occupied this site. coincidence with this in a notice of Josephus, who, There is a curious in his account of the wall of circumvallation, mentions the monument of Ananus in this part (v. 12. § 2); which monument has lately been identified with an ancient rock-grave of a higher class, the Aceldama of ecclesiastical tradition,- -a little below the ruins on this hill; which is again attested to be "the Potter's Field," by a stratum of white clay, which is still worked. (Schultz, Jerusalem, p. 39.)

This grave is one of a series of sepulchres excavated in the lower part of this hill; among which are several bearing Greek inscriptions, of which all that is clearly intelligible are the words THC. AFIAC. CIWN., indicating that they belonged to inhabitants or communities in Jerusalem. (See the Inscriptions in Krafft, and the comments on his decipherments in the Holy City, Memoir, pp. 56 -60).

Higher up the Valley of Hinnom is a large and very ancient pool, now called the Sultan's (Birket-esSultan), from the fact that it was repaired, and adorned with a handsome fountain, by Sultan Suliman IbnSelim, 1520-1566, the builder of the present citywall. It is, however, not only mentioned in the mediaeval notices of the city, but is connected by Nehemiah with another antiquity in the vicinity, called En-nebi Daud. On Mount Sion, immediately above, and to the east of the pool, is a large and irregular mass of building, supposed by Christians, Jews, and Moslems, to contain the Tomb of David, and of his successors the kings of Judah. It has been said that M. de Sauley has attempted an elaborate proof of the identity of the Tombs of the Kings, at the head of the Valley of Jehoshaphat, with the Tomb of David. His theory is inadmissable; for it is clear, from the notices of Nehemiah, that the Sepulchres of David were not far distant from the Pool of "Siloah," close to "the pool that was made," and, consequently, on that part of Mount Sion where they are now shown. (Nehem. iii. 16-19.) The memory of David's tomb was still preserved until the destruction of Jerusalem (Josephus, Ant. xiii. 8. § 4, xvi. 7. § 1; Acts, ii. 29), and is noticed occasionally in the middle ages. (See Holy City, vol. ii. pp. 505-513.) In the same pile of buildings, now occupied by the Moslems, is shown the Coenaculum where our Lord is said to have instituted the Last Supper. Epiphanius mentions that this church was standing when Hadrian visited Jerusalem (Pond. et Mens. cap. xiv.), and there St. Cyril delivered some of his catechetical lectures (Catech. xvi. 4). It was in this part of the Upper City that Titus spared the houses and city wall to form barracks for the soldiers of the garrison. (Vide sup.)

Above the Pool of the Sultan, the Aqueduct of Pontius Pilate, already mentioned, crosses the Valley

IGILIUM.

29

of Hinnom on nine low arches; and, being carried by the causeway into the Haram. The water is conalong the side of Mount Sion, crosses the Tyropoeon veyed from Etham, or the Pools of Solomon, about two miles south of Bethlehem. (Josephus, B. J. ii. 9. § 4.)

Strabo, which has been perpetually illustrated in the The mention of this aqueduct recalls a notice of history of the city; viz., that it was evτòs μèv evüdpov τὴν δὲ κύκλῳ χώραν ἔχον λυπρὰν καὶ ἄνυδρον. ἐκτὸς δὲ παντελῶς διψηρόν .....αὐτὸ μὲν εὔΰδρον, (xvi. p. 723.) Whence this abundant supply was derived it is extremely difficult to imagine, as, of course, the aqueduct just mentioned would be immediately cut off in case of siege; and, without entirely dependent on rain-water. But the accounts this, the inhabitants of the modern city are almost of the various sieges, and the other historical notices, as well as existing remains, all testify to the fact that there was a copious source of living water introduced into the city from without, by extensive subterranean aqueducts. The subject requires, and would repay, a more accurate and careful investigation. (See Holy City, vol. ii. p. 453-505.)

in the course of this article, the principal modern Besides the other authorities cited or referred to sources for the topography of Jerusalem are the following:-Dr. Robinson's Biblical Researches, vols. i. and ii; Williams's Holy City; Dr. Wilson's Lands of the Bible; Dr. E. G. Schultz, Jerusalem; W. Krafft, Die Topographie Jerusalems; Carl Ritter, Die Erdkunde von Asien, &c., Palästina, Berlin, 1852, pp. 297-508: Dr. Titus Tobler, Golgotha, 1851; Die Jerusalem, 1853; F. de Sauley, Voyage autour de la Siloahquelle und die Oelberg, 1852; Denkblätter aus Mer Morte, tom. 2.

[G. W.]

COINS OF AELIA CAPITOLINA (JERUSALEM).
IESPUS. [JACCETANI.]

JEZREEL [ESDRAELA.]

Mauretania Caesariensis, on the Sinus Numidicus, IGILGILI ('yini, Ptol.: Jijeli), a sea-port of made a Roman colony by Augustus. It stands on stead is formed by a reef of rocks running parallel a headland, on the E. side of which a natural roadto the shore; and it was probably in ancient times the emporium of the surrounding country. (Itin. Ant. p. 18; Plin. v. 2. s. 1; Ptol. iv. 2. § 11; vels, p. 45; Barth, Wanderungen, &c., p. 66.) [P.S.] Ammian. Marc. xxix. 5; Tab. Peut.; Shaw, Tra

IGILIUM (Giglio), an island off the coast of

as well as by Pliny and Ptolemy (Plin. iii. 14. s. 19; Ptol. iii. 1. § 53), and it is probable that in Strabo also we should read 'Iyoútov for the corrupt name ITоupov of the MSS. and earlier editions. (Strab. v. p. 227; Cluver. Ital. p. 626.) But its secluded position in the mountains, and at a distance of some miles from the line of the Via Flaminia, was probably unfavourable to its prosperity, and it does not seem to have been a place of much importance. Silius Italicus speaks of it as very subject to fogs (viii. 459). It early became the see of a bishop, and retained its episcopal rank throughout the middle ages, when it rose to be a place of considerably more importance than it had enjoyed under the Roman empire.

Etruria, directly opposite to the Mons Argentarius | one of the "xv. populi Umbriae" (Orell. Inser. 98), and the port of Cosa. It is, next to Ilva, the most considerable of the islands near the coast of Etruria, being 6 miles long by about 3 in breadth, and consists of a group of mountains of considerable elevation. Hence Rutilius speaks of its silvosa cacumina.” (Itin. i. 325.) From that author we learn that, when Rome was taken by Alaric (A. D. 410), a number of fugitives from the city took refuge in Igilium, the insular position of which afforded them complete security. Caesar also mentions it, during the Civil War, in conjunction with the neighbouring port of Cosa, as furnishing a few vessels to Domitius, with which that general sailed for Massilia. (Caes. B. C. i. 34; Plin. iii. 6. s. 12; Mela, ii. 7. $ 19.) It is evident, therefore, that it was inhabited in ancient as well as modern times. [E. H. B.] IGLETES, IGNETES. [HISPANIA.] IGULLIO'NES, in European Sarmatia, mentioned by Ptolemy as lying between the Stavani and Coistoboci, and to the east of the Venedi (iii. 5. § 21). Now the Stavani lay south of the Galindae and Sudini, populations of which the locality is known to be that of the Galinditae and Sudovitae of the middle ages, i. e. the parts about the Spirding-see in East Prussia. This would place the Igulliones in the southern part of Lithuania, or in parts of Grodno, Podolia, and Volhynia, in the country of the Jazwingi of the thirteenth century, - there or thereabouts. Zeuss has allowed himself to consider some such form as 'Irvyyiwves as the truer reading; and, so doing, identifies the names, as well as the localities, of the two populations (Irvyylwv, Jacwing),—the varieties of form being very numerous. The Jacwings were Lithuanians-Lithuanians as opposed to Slavonians; and in this lies their ethnological importance, inasmuch as the southward extension of that branch of the Sarmatian stock is undetermined. (See Zeuss, 8. v. Jazwingi.) [R. G. L.]

The modern city of Gubbio contains no ruins of ancient date; but about 8 miles to the E. of it, at a place now called La Schieggia, on the line of the ancient Flaminian Way, and just at the highest point of the pass by which it crosses the main ridge of the Apennines, some vestiges of an ancient temple are still visible, which are supposed with good reason to be those of the temple of Jupiter Apenninus. This is represented in the Tabula Peutingeriana as existing at the highest point of the pass, and is noticed also by Claudian in describing the progress of Honorius along the Flaminian Way. (Claudian, de VI. Cons. Hon. 504; Tab. Peut.) The oracle consulted by the emperor Claudius "in Apennino' (Treb. Poll. Claud. 10) may perhaps have reference to the same spot. Many bronze idols and other small objects of antiquity have been found near the ruins in question; but a far more important discovery, made on the same site in 1444, was that of the celebrated tables of bronze, commonly known as the Tabulae Eugubinae, which are still preserved in the city of Gubbio. These tables, which are seven in number, contain long inscriptions, four of which IGU'VIUM (Iyouïov: Eth. Iguvinus: Gubbio), an are in Etruscan characters, two in Latin, and one ancient and important town of Umbria, situated on partially in Etruscan and partially in Latin chathe W. slope of the Apennines, but not far from racters; but the language is in all cases apparently their central ridge, and on the left of the Via Fla- the same, and is wholly distinct from that of the minia. Its existence as an ancient Umbrian city is genuine Etruscan monuments on the one hand, as sufficiently attested by its coins, as well as by a re- well as from Latin on the other, though exhibiting markable monument presently to be noticed; but we strong traces of affinity with the older Latin forms, find no mention of it in history previous to the period as well as with the existing remains of the Oscan of its subjection to Rome, and we only learn inci- dialects. There can be no doubt that the language dentally from Cicero that it enjoyed the privileged which we here find is that of the Umbrians themcondition of a "foederata civitas," and that the terms selves, who are represented by all ancient writers as of its treaty were of a highly favourable character. nationally distinct both from the Etruscans and the (Cic. pro Balb. 20, where the reading of the older Sabellian races. The ethnological and linguistic editions, "Fulginatium," is certainly erroneous: see inferences from these important monuments will be Orelli, ad loc.) The first mention of its name oc- more fully considered under the article UMBRIA. It curs in Livy (xlv. 43, where there is no doubt we is only of late years that they have been investigated should read Iguvium for "Igiturvium ") as the place with care; early antiquaries having formed the most selected by the Roman senate for the confinement of extravagant theories as to their meaning: Lanzi had the Illyrian king Gentius and his sons, when the the merit of first pointing out that they evidently people of Spoletium refused to receive them. Its related only to certain sacrificial and other religious natural strength of position, which was evidently the rites to be celebrated at the temple of Jupiter by the cause of its selection on this occasion, led also to its Iguvians themselves and some neighbouring combearing a conspicuous part in the beginning of the munities. The interpretation has since been carried civil war between Caesar and Pompey, when it was out, as far as our imperfect knowledge will permit, occupied by the praetor Minucius Thermus with five by Lepsius, Grotefend, and still more recently in the cohorts; but on the approach of Curio with three elaborate work of Aufrecht and Kirchhoff. (Lanzi, cohorts, Thermus, who was apprehensive of a re- Saggio di Lingua Etrusca, vol. iii. pp. 657-768; volt of the citizens, abandoned the town without Lepsius, de Tabulis Eugubinis, 1833; Inscriptiones resistance. (Caes. B. C. i. 12; Cic. ad Att. vii. 13, Umbricae et Oscae, Lips. 1841; Grotefend, Rudib.) Under the Roman dominion Iguvium seems to menta Linguae Umbricae, Hannov. 1835-1839; have lapsed into the condition of an ordinary mu- Aufrecht u. Kirchhoff, Die Umbrischen Sprach. nicipal town: we find it noticed in an inscription as Denkmäler, 4to. Berlin, 1849.) In the still im

perfect state of our knowledge of the inscriptions in | question, it is somewhat hazardous to draw from them positive conclusions as to proper names; but it seems that we may fairly infer the mention of several small towns or communities in the immediate neighbourhood of Iguvium. These were, however, in all probability not independent communities, but pagi, or villages dependent upon Iguvium itself. Of this description were: Akerunia or Acerronia (probably answering to the Latin Aquilonia), Clavernia (in Lat. Clavenna), Curia or Cureia, Casilum, Juviscum, Museia, Pierium (?), Tarsina, and Trebla or Trepla. The last of these evidently corresponds to the Latin name Trebia or Trebula, and may refer to the Umbrian town of that name: the Cureiati of the inscription are evidently the same with the Curiates of Pliny, mentioned by him among the extinct communities of Umbria (Plin. iii. 14. s. 19); while the names of Museia and Casilum are said to be still retained by two villages called Museia and Casilo in the immediate neighbourhood of Gubbio. Chiaserna, another neighbouring village, is perhaps the Claverna of the Tables.

The coins of Iguvium, which are of bronze, and of large size (so that they must be anterior to the reduction of the Italian As), have the legend IKVVINI, which is probably the original form of the name, and is found in the Tables, though we here meet also with the softened and probably later form "Ijovina," or "liovina." [E. H. B.]