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panions of Aeneas, who settled in the island, and remained there in quiet until they were compelled by the Africans, who subsequently occupied the coasts of Sardinia, to take refuge in the more rugged and inaccessible mountain districts of the interior. (Paus. x. 17. § 7.) This tale has evidently ori

EDETANI and CELTIBERI on the S., the VASCONES on the W., on the N. and NE. the small peoples at the foot of the Pyrenees, as the JACCETANI, CASTELLANI, AUSETANI, and CERRETANI, and on the SE. the COSETANI. Besides ILERDA, their chief cities were:-1 -the colony of CELSA (Velilla, near Xelsa), Osca (Huesca), famous in the story of Ser-ginated in the resemblance of the name of Ilienses, in torius; and ATHANAGIA, which Livy (xxi. 61) makes their capital, but which no other writer names. On the great road from Italy into the N. of Spain, reckoning from Tarraco, stood ILERDA, 62 M. P.; TOLOUS, 32 M. P., in the conventus of Caesaraugusta, and with the civitas Romana (Plin.); PERTUSA, 18 M. P. (Pertusa, on the Alcanadre); Osca, 19 M. P., whence it was 46 M. P. to Caesaraugusta (Itin. Ant. p. 391).

On a loop of the same road, starting from Caesaraugusta, were:- -GALLICUM, 15 M. P., on the river Gallicus (Zunra, on the Gallego); BORTINAE, 18 M. P. (Bovpríva, Ptol.: Torinos); Osca, 12 M. P.; CAUS, 29 M. P.; MENDICULEIA, 19 M. P. (probably Monzon); ILERDA, 22 M. P. (Itin. Ant. pp. 451, 452). On the road from Caesaraugusta, up the valley of the Gallicus, to Benearnum (Orthes) in Gallia, were, FORUM GALLORUM, 30 M. P. (Gurrea), and EBELLINUM, 22 M. P. (Beilo), whence it was 24 M. P. to the summit of the pass over the Pyrenees (Itin. Ant. p.452). Besides these places, Ptolemy mentions BERGUSIA Bepyovola: Balaguer), on the Sicoris; BERGIDUM (Bépyidov); ERGA ("Epya); Succosa (Zoukkŵσa); GALLICA FLAVIA (гáλλika Þλaovía: Fraga ?); and ORGIA (2pkía, prob. Orgagna), a name also found on coins (Sestini, Med. Isp. p. 99), while the same coins bear the name of AESONES, and inscriptions found near the Sicoris have AESONENSIS and JESSONENSIS (Muratori, Nov. Thes. p. 1021, Nos. 2, 3; Spon, Misc. Erud. Ant. p. 188), with which the GESSORIENSES of Pliny may perhaps have some connection. BERSICAL is mentioned on coins (Sestini, p. 107), and OcTOGESA (prob. La Granja, at the confluence of the Segre and the Ebro) by Caesar (B. C. i. 61; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. pp. 450-453). [P.S.]

ILE'SIUM. [EILESIUM.]

I'LICI or ILLICI (Itin. Ant. p. 401; 'Ikids 'IAλuís, Ptol. ii. 6. § 62: Elche), an inland city of the Contestani, but near the coast, on which it had a port ('IAAikiтavòs λiμhy, Ptol. l. c. § 14), lying just in the middle of the bay formed by the Pr. Saturni and Dianium, which was called Illicitanus Sinus. The city itself stood at the distance of 52 M. P. from Carthago Nova, on the great road to Tarraco (Itin. Ant. p. 401), and was a Colonia immunis, with the jus Italicum (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Paulus, Dig. viii. de Cens.). Its coins are extant of the period of the empire (Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 458; Sestini, p. 166; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 45, Suppl. vol. i. p. 90; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 51). Pliny adds to his mention of the place: in eam contribuuntur Icositani. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. pp. 402, 403.) [P.S.]

ILIENSES ('Iteîs, Paus.), a people of the interior of Sardinia, who appear to have been one of the most considerable of the mountain tribes in that island. Mela calls them "antiquissimi in ea populorum," and Pliny also mentions them among the "celeberrimi populorum" of Sardinia. (Mel. ii. 7. § 19; Plin. iii. 7. s. 13.) Pausanias, who terms them 'IAteis, distinctly ascribes to them a Trojan origin, and derives them from a portion of the com

the form which the Romans gave it, to that of the Trojans; and the latter part of the story was invented to account for the apparent anomaly of a people that had come by sea dwelling in the interior of the island. What the native name of the Ilienses was, we know not, and we are wholly in the dark as to their real origin or ethnical affinities: but their existence as one of the most considerable tribes of the interior at the period of the Roman conquest, is well ascertained; and they are repeatedly mentioned by Livy as contending against the supremacy of Rome. Their first insurrection, in B. c. 181, was repressed, rather than put down, by the praetor M. Pinarius; and in B.c. 178, the Ilienses and Balari, in conjunction, laid waste all the more fertile and settled parts of the island; and were even able to meet the consul Ti. Sempronius Gracchus in a pitched battle, in which, however, they were defeated with heavy loss. In the course of the following year they appear to have been reduced to complete submission; and their name is not again mentioned in history. (Liv. xl. 19, 34, xli. 6, 12, 17.)

The situation and limits of the territory occupied by the Ilienses, cannot be determined: but we find them associated with the Balari and Corsi, as inhabiting the central and mountainous districts of the island. Their name is not found in Ptolemy, though he gives a long list of the tribes of the interior.

Many writers have identified the Ilienses with the Iolaenses or Iolai, who are also placed in the interior of Sardinia; and it is not improbable that they were really the same people, but ancient authors certainly make a distinction between the two. [E. H. B.] ILIGA. [HELICE.]

I'LIPA. 1. (IAma, Strab. iii. pp. 141, seq.; 'IAλíwa † Aaîña peɣáλn, Ptol. ii. 4. § 13; Ilipa cognomine Illa, Plin. iii. 1. s. 3, according to the corrupt reading which Sillig's last edition retains for want of a better: some give the epithet in the form Ilpa: Harduin reads Ilia, on the authority of an inscription, which is almost certainly spurious, ap. Gruter, pp. 351,305, and Muratori, p. 1002), a city of the Turdetani, in Hispania Baetica, belonging to the conventus of Hispalis. It stood upon the right bank of the Baetis (Guadalquivir), 700 stadia from its mouth, at the point up to which the river was navigable for vessels of small burthen, and where the tides were no longer discernible. [BAETIS.] On this and other grounds it has been identified with the Roman ruins near Peñaflor. There were great silver mines in its neighbourhood. (Strab. l. c., and pp. 174, 175; Plin. l. c.; Itin. Ant. p. 411; Liv. xxxv. 1; Florez, Esp. S. vol. vii,

LIFENSE

COIN OF ILIPA.

p. 222, vol. ix. p. 24, vol. xii. p. 52; Morales, Antig. p. 88; Mentelle, Esp. Anc. p. 243; Coins ap. Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 468, vol. iii. p. 79; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 15, Suppl. vol. i. p. 28; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 22; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 374.) 2. [ÍLIPLA.]

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[P.S.]

I'LIPLA (Coins; ILIPA, Itin. Ant. p. 432; probably the 'IAλímovλa of Ptol. ii. 4. § 12: Niebla), a city of the Turdetani, in the W. of Hispania Baetica, on the high road from Hispalis to the mouth of the Anas. (Caro, Antig. Hisp. iii. 81; Coins ap. Florez, Med. vol. ii. p. 471; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 16, Suppl. vol. i. p. 29; Sestini, p. 53; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 22.) [P.S.]

ILI'PULA. 1. Surnamed LAUS by Pliny (iii. 1. s. 3), and MAGNA by Ptolemy ('IAλíñоvλа μeɣáλn, ii. 4. § 12), a city of the Turduli, in Baetica, between the Baetis and the coast, perhaps Loxa. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 363.)

2. MINOR (prob. Olvera or Lepe di Ronda, near Carmona), a tributary town of the Turdetani, in Hispania Baetica, belonging to the conventus of Hispalis. (Plin. iii. 1. s. 3; Sestini, Med. Esp. p. 54.) [P.S.]

ILI'PULA MONS ('I^íñovλa), a range of mountains in Baetica, S. of the Baetis, mentioned only by Ptolemy (ii. 4. § 15), and supposed by some to be the Sierra Nevada, by others the Sierra de Alhama or the Alpujarras.

[P.S.]

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sion by an account of the investigations of modern travellers and scholars to identify the site of the famous city. Our most ancient authority are the Homeric poems; but we must at the very outset remark, that we cannot look upon the poet in every respect as a careful and accurate topographer; but that, admitting his general accuracy, there may yet be points on which he cannot be taken to account as if it had been his professed object to communicate information on the topography of Troy.

The city of Ilium was situated on a rising ground, somewhat above the plain between the rivers Scamander and Simois, at a distance, as Strabo asserts, of 42 stadia from the coast of the Hellespont. (Hom. Il. xx. 216, fol.; Strab. xiii. p. 596.) That it was not quite in the plain is clear from the epithets hveμóeσoa, ainein, and oppvóeroa. Behind it, on the south-east, there rose a hill, forming a branch of Mount Ida, surmounted by the acropolis, called Pergamum (тò Пéрyaμov, Hom. Il. iv. 508, vi. 512; also тà Пéруaμa, Soph. Phil. 347, 353, 611; or,

Пépyaμos, Hom. II. v. 446, 460.) This fortified acropolis contained not only all the temples of the gods (Il. iv. 508, v. 447,512, vi. 88, 257, xxii. 172, &c.), but also the palaces of Priam and his sons, Hector and Paris (Il. vi. 317, 370, 512, vii. 345). The city must have had many gates, as may be inferred from the expression wão ai múλai (Il. ii. 809, and elsewhere), but only one is mentioned by name, viz., the Exalal múλai, which led to the camp of the Greeks, and must accordingly have been on the northwest part of the city, that is, the part just opposite the acropolis (Il. iii. 145, 149, 263, vi. 306, 392, xvi. 712, &c.). The origin of this name of the "left gate" is unknown, though it may possibly have reference to the manner in which the signs in the heavens were observed; for, during this process, the priest turned his face to the north, so that the north-west would be on his left hand. Certain minor objects alluded to in the Iliad, such as the tombs of Ilus, Aesyetes, and Myrine, the Scopie and Erineus, or the wild fig-tree, we ought probably not attempt to urge very strongly we are, in fact, prevented from attributing much weight to them by the circumstance that the inhabitants of New Ilium, who believed that their town stood on the site of the ancient city, boasted that they could show close to their walls these doubt

ILISSUS. [ATTICA, p. 323, a.] ILISTRA (IMσrpa: Illisera), a town in Lycaonia, on the road from Laranda to Isaura, which is still in existence. (Hierocl. p. 675; Concil. Ephes. p. 534; Concil. Chalced. p. 674; Hamilton, Researches, vol.ii. p.324; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 102.) [L. S.] ILITHYIA (Eixeiovías móλis, Strab. xviii. p. 817; Eiλnovías, Ptol. iv. 5. § 73), a town of the Egyptian Heptanomis, 30 miles NE. of Apollinopolis Magna. It was situated on the eastern bank of the Nile, in lat. 25° 3′ N. According to Plutarch (Isis et Osir. c. 73), Ilithyia contained a temple dedicated to Bubastis, to whom, as to the Taurian Artemis, human victims were, even at a comparatively recent period, sacrificed. A bas-relief (Minutoi, p. 394, seq.) discovered in the temple of Bubastis at El Kab, representing such a sacrifice, seems to confirm Plutarch's statement. The practice of human sacrifice among the Aegyptians is, indeed, called in ques-ful vestiges of antiquity. (Strab. xiii. p. 599.) The tion by Herodotus (ii. 45); yet that it once prevailed among thein is rendered probable by Manetho's statement of a king named Amosis having abolished the custom,and substituted a waxen image for the human victim. (Porphyr. de Abstinent. ii. p. 223; Euseb. Praep. Evang. iv. 16; comp. Ovid, Fast. v. 621.) The singularity in Plutarch's story is the recent date of the imputed sacrifices. [W. B. D.]

ILITURGIS. [ILLITURGIS.] I'LIUM, I'LIOS CIAIOP, "IXIOS: Eth. 'Lieús, f. 'IAás), sometimes also called TROJA (Tpola), whence the inhabitants are commonly called Tpes, and in the Latin writers Trojani. The existence of this city, to which we commonly give the name of Troy, cannot be doubted any more than the simple fact of the Trojan War, which was believed to have ended with the capture and destruction of the city, after a war of ten years, B. c. 1184. Troy was the principal city of the country called Troas. As the city has been the subject of curious inquiry, both in ancient and modern times, it will be necessary, in the first instance, to collect and analyse the statements of the ancient writers; and to follow up this discus

VOL. II.

walls of Ilium are described as lofty and strong, and as flanked with towers; they were fabled to have been built by Apollo and Poseidon (Il. i. 129, ii. 113, 288, iii. 153, 384, 386, vii. 452, viii. 519). These are the only points of the topography of Ilium derivable from the Homeric poems. The city was destroyed, according to the common tradition, as already remarked, about B. C. 1184; but afterwards we hear of a new Ilium, though we are not informed when and on what site it was built. Herodotus (vii. 42) relates that Xerxes, before invading Greece, offered sacrifices to Athena at Pergamum, the ancient acropolis of Priam; but this does not quite justify the inference that the new town of Ilium was then already in existence, and all that we can conclude from this passage is, that the people at that time entertained no doubt as to the sites of the ancient city and its acropolis. Strabo (xiii. p. 601) states that Ilium was restored during the last dynasty of the Lydian kings; that is, before the subjugation of Western Asia by the Persians: and both Xenophon (Hellen. i. 1. § 4) and Scylax (p. 35) seem to speak of Ilium as a town actually existing in their days.

D

of Ilium, we shall have to speak in the article TROAS. (Comp. Spohn, de Agro Trojano, Lipsiae, 1814, 8vo.; Rennell, Observations on the Topography of the Plain of Troy, London, 1814, 4to.; Choiseul-Gouffier, Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce, Paris, 1820, vol. ii. p. 177, foll.; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 275, foll.; Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. i. p. 436, foll.; Eckenbrecher, über die Lage des Homerischen Ilion, Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. ii. pp. 1-49, where a very good plan of the district of Ilion is given. See also, Welcker, Kleine Schriften, vol. ii. p. 1, foll.; C. Maclaren, Dissertation on the Topography of the Trojan War, Edinburgh, 1822; Mauduit, Découvertes dans la Troiade, &c., Paris & Londres, 1840.) [L. S.]

It is also certain that in the time of Alexander New Ilium did exist, and was inhabited by Aeolians. (Demosth. c. Aristocr. p. 671: Arrian, Anab. i. 11. §7; Strab. xiii. p. 593, foll.) This new town, which is distinguished by Strabo from the famous ancient city, was not more than 12 stadia, or less than two English miles, distant from the sea, and was built upon the spur of a projecting edge of Ida, separating the basins of the Scamander and Simois. It was at first a place of not much importance (Strab. xiii. pp. 593, 601), but increased in the course of time, and was successively extended and embellished by Alexander, Lysimachus, and Julius Caesar. During the Mithridatic War New Ilium was taken by Fimbria, in B. c. 85, on which occasion it suffered greatly. (Strab. xiii. p. 594; Appian, Mithrid. 53; Liv. Epit. lxxxiii.) It is said to have been once destroyed before that time, by one Charidemus (Plut. Sertor. 1.; Polyaen. iii. 14): but we neither know when this happened, nor who this Charidemus was. Sulla, however, favoured the town extremely, in consequence of which it rose, under the Roman dominion, to considerable prosperity, and enjoyed exemption from all taxes. (Plin. v. 33.) These were the advantages which the place owed to the tradition that it occupied the identical site of the ancient and holy city of Troy: for, it may here be observed, that no ancient author of Greece or Rome ever doubted the identity of the site of Old and New Ilium until the time of Demetrius of Scepsis, and Strabo, who adopted his views; and that, even afterwards, the popular belief among the people of Ilium itself, as well as throughout the world generally, remained as firmly established as if the criticism of Demetrius and Strabo had never been heard of. These critics were led to look for Old Ilium farther inland, because they considered the space between New Ilium and the coast far too small to have been the scene of all the great exploits described in the Iliad; and, although they are obliged to own that not a vestige of Old Ilium was to be seen anywhere, yet they assumed that it must have been situated about 42 stadia from the sea-coast. They accordingly fixed upon a spot which at the time bore the name of Ἰλιέων κώμη. This view, with its assumption of Old and New Ilium as two distinct places, does not in any way remove the difficulties which it is intended to remove; for the spase will still be found far too narrow, not to mention that it demands of the poet what can be demanded only of a geographer or an historian. On these grounds we, in common with the general belief of all antiquity, which has also found able advocates among modern critics, assume that Old and New Ilium occupied the same site. The statements in the Iliad which appear irreconcilable with this view will disappear if we bear in mind that we have to do with an entirely legendary story, which is little concerned about geographical accuracy.

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ILLI'BERIS ('IAλ6epís, Ptol. ii. 4. § 11), or ILLI'BERI LIBERINI (Plin. iii. 1. s. 3), one of the chief cities of the Turduli, in Hispania Baetica, between the Baetis and the coast, is identified by inscriptions with Granada. It is probably the Elibyrge (EX6úpyn) of Stephanus Byzantinus. (Inser. ap. Gruter, p. 277, No. 3; Florez, Esp. S. vol. v. p. 4, vol. xii. p. 81; Mentelle, Geogr. Comp. Esp. Mod. p. 163; Coins ap. Florez, Med. vol. iii. p. 75; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 15, Suppl. vol. i. p. 28 Eckhel, vol. i. p. 22.)

The site of New Ilium (according to our view, identical with that of Old Ilium) is acknowledged by all modern inquirers and travellers to be the spot covered with ruins now called Kissarlik, between the villages of Kum-kioi, Kalli-fatli, and Tchiblak, a little to the west of the last-mentioned place, and not far from the point where the Simois once joined the Scamander. Those who maintain that Old Ilium was situated in a different locality cannot, of course, be expected to agree in their opinions as to its actual site, it being impossible to fix upon any one spot agreeing in every particular with the poet's description. Respecting the nationality of the inhabitants

[P.S.]

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COIN OF ILLIBERIS (IN SPAIN).

ILLI'BERIS or ILLIBERRIS (IA6epis), a town in the country of the Sordones, or Sardones, or Sordi, in Gallia Aquitania. The first place that Hannibal came to after passing through the Eastern Pyrenees was Illiberis. (Liv. xxi. 24.) He must have passed by Bellegarde. Illiberis was near a small river Illiberis, which is south of another small stream, the Ruscino, which had also on it a town named Ruscino. (Strab. p. 182.) Mela (ii. 5) and Pliny (iii. 4) speak of Illiberis as having once been a great place, but in their time being decayed. The road in the Antonine Itin. from Arelate (Arles) through the Pyrenees to Juncaria passes from Ruscino (CastelRousillon) to Ad Centuriones, and omits Illiberis; but the Table places Illiberis between Ruscino and Ad Centenarium, which is the same place as the Ad Centuriones of the Itin. [CENTURIONES, AD.] Illiberis is Elne, on the river Tech.

Illiberis or Illiberris is an Iberian name. There is another place, Climberris, on the Gallic side of the Pyrenees, which has the same termination. [AUSCI.] It is said that berri, in the Basque, means "a town." The site of Illiberis is fixed at Elne by the Itins.; and we find an explanation of

the name Elne in the fact that either the name of |
Illiberis was changed to Helena or Elena, or Helena
was a camp or station near it.
dered by Magnentius "not far from the Hispaniae,
Constans was mur-
in a castrum named Helena." (Eutrop. x. 9.) Vic-
tor's Epitome (c. 41) describes Helena as a town
very near to the Pyrenees; and Zosimus has the
same (ii. 42; and Orosius, vii. 29). It is said by
some writers that Helena was so named after the
place was restored by Constantine's mother Helena,
or by Constantine, or by some of his children; but
the evidence of this is not given. The river of Illi-
beris is the TICHIS of Mela, and TECUM of Pliny,
now the Tech. In the text of Ptolemy (ii. 10) the
name of the river is written Illeris.

Some geographers have supposed Illiberis to be
Collioure, near Port Vendre, which is a plain mis-
take.
[G. L.]

ILLICI. [ILICI.]

ILLIPULA. [ILIPULA.] ILLITURGIS, ILITURGIS, or ILITURGI (probably the 'Loupyís of Ptol. ii. 4. § 9, as well as the 'Iλovpyeía of Polybius, ap. Steph. B. s. v., and the 'IAupyia of Appian, Hisp. 32: Eth. Illurgitani), a considerable city of Hispania Baetica, situated on a steep rock on the N. side of the Baetis, on the road from Corduba to Castulo, 20 M. P. from the latter, and five days' march from Carthago Nova. In the Second Punic War it went over to the Romans, like its neighbours, Castulo and Mentesa, and endured two sieges by the Carthaginians, both of which were raised; but, upon the overthrow of the two Scipios, the people of Illiturgis and Castulo revolted to the Carthaginians, the former adding to their treason the crime of betraying and putting to death the Romans who had fled to them for refuge. At least such is the Roman version of their offence, for which a truly Roman vengeance was taken by Publius Scipio, B.C. 206. After a defence, such as might be expected when despair of mercy was added to national fortitude, the city was stormed and burnt over the slaughtered corpses of all its inhabitants, children and women as well as men. (Liv. xxiii. 49, xxiv. 41, xxvi. 17, 41, xxviii. 19, 20.) Ten years later it had recovered sufficiently to be again besieged by the Romans, and taken with the slaughter of all its adult male population. (Liv. xxxiv. 10.) Under the Roman empire it was a considerable city, with the surname of FORUM JULIUM. Its site is believed to have been in the neighbourhood of Andujar, where the church of S. Potenciana now stands. (Itin. Ant. p. 403; Plin. iii. 1. s. 3; Priscian. vi. p. 682, ed. Putsch; Morales, Antig. p. 56, b.; Mentelle, Esp. Mod. p. 183; Laborde, Itin. vol. ii. p. 113; Florez, Esp. S. vol. xii. p. 369; Coins, ap. Florez, Med. vol. iii. p. 81; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 16; Sestini, p. 56; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 23; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 380.) ILLURCO or ILURCO, a town in the W. part [P.S.] of Hispania Baetica, near Pinos, on the river Cubillas. (Inscr. ap. Gruter, pp. 235, 406; Muratori, p. 1051, Nos. 2, 3; Florez, Esp. S. vol. xii. p. 98; Coins, ap. Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 472; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 17; Sestini, Med. Isp. p. 57; Eckhel, vol. i. P. 23.) [P. S.]

ILLURGAVONENSES. [ILERCAONES.] ILLYRIA, ILLYRICUM.] ILLY'RICUM (Tò 'IXλupikóv: Eth. and Adj. Ιλλύριος, Ιλλυρικός, Illyrius, Illyricus), the eastern coast of the Adriatic sea. 1 The Name..

The Greek name is ILLYRIS

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ILLYRICUM.

35

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('IAλupís, Hecat. Fr. 65; Polyb. iii. 16; Strab. ii. pp. 108, 123, 129, vii. p. 317; Dionys. Per. 96; §1), but the more ancient writers usually employ Herodian, vi. 7; Apollod. ii. 1. § 3; Ptol. viii. 7. the name of the people, oi 'IAλúpioi (èv Toîs 'IÀλUpiois, Herod. i. 196, iv. 49; Scyl. pp. 7, 10). The B. s. v.; Prop. i. 8. 2.) By the Latin writers it name ILLYRIA ('IAλupía) very rarely occurs. (Steph. generally went under the name (Caes. B. G. ii. 35, iii. 7; Varr. R. R. ii. 10. §7; Cic. ad Att. x. 6; Liv. xliv. 18, 26; Ovid, Trist. i. of Illyricum 3. 121; Mela, ii. 3. § 13; Tac. Ann. i. 5, 46, ii. 44, 53, Hist. i. 2, 9, 76; Flor. i. 18, iv. 2; Just. vii. 2; Suet. Tib. 16; Vell. Pat. ii. 109), and the this form. general assent of geographers has given currency to 2. Extent and Limits. -The Roman Illyricum was of very different extent from the Illyris or oi 'IAλúpios of the Greeks, and was itself not the same artificial and geographical expression for the borat all times, but must be considered simply as an derers who occupied the E. coast of the Adriatic, from the junction of that gulf with the Ionic sea, to the estuaries of the river Po. The earliest writer this coast is Scylax; according to whom (c. 19-27) who has left any account of the peoples inhabiting the Illyrians, properly so called (for the Liburnians and Istrians beyond them are excluded), occupy the sea-coast from Liburnia to the Chaonians of Epirus. The Bulini were the northernmost of these tribes, and the Amantini the southernmost. Herodotus (i. 196) includes under the name, the Heneti or Veneti, who lived at the head of the gulf; in another passage (iv. 49) he places the Illyrians on the tributary streams of the Morava in Servia.

there are several traditions, threw the whole of these
It is evident that the Gallic invasions, of which
districts and their tribes into such confusion, that it
is impossible to harmonise the statements of the
Periplus of Scylax, or the far later Scymnus of
Chios, with the descriptions in Strabo and the Roman
historians.

Appian has confounded together Gauls, Thracians,
In consequence of this immigration of the Gauls,
Paeonians, and Illyrians. A legend which he records
(Illyr. 1) makes Celtus, Illyrius, and Gala, to have
been three brothers, the sons of the Cyclops Poly-
phemus, and is grounded probably on the inter-
mixture of Celtic tribes (the Boii, the Scordisci, and
the Taurisci) among the Illyrians: the Iapodes, a
tribe on the borders of Istria, are described by Strabo
(iv. p. 143) as half Celts, half Illyrians. On a
rough estimate, it may be said that, in the earliest
times, Illyricum was the coast between the Naro
(Neretva) and the Drilo (Drin), bounded on the E.
by the Triballi. At a later period it comprised all
the various tribes from the Celtic Taurisci to the
Moesia, including the Veneti, Pannonians, Dalma-
Epirots and Macedonians, and eastward as far as
tians, Dardani, Autariatae, and many others. This
is Illyricum in its most extended meaning in the
ancient writers till the 2nd century of the Christian
era: as, for instance, in Strabo (vii. pp. 313-319),
during the reign of Augustus, and in Tacitus (Hist.
i. 2, 9, 76, ii. 86; comp. Joseph. B. J. ii. 16), in his
account of the civil wars which preceded the fall of
the Danube, the "Illyricus Limes" (as it is desig-
Jerusalem. When the boundary of Rome reached to
nated in the "Scriptores Historiae Augustae"), or
vinces: -Noricum, Pannonia Superior, Pannonia
Illyrian frontier," comprised the following pro-

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Inferior, Moesia Superior, Moesia Inferior, Dacia, and Thrace. This division continued till the time of Constantine, who severed from it Lower Moesia and Thrace, but added to it Macedonia, Thessaly, Achaia, Old and New Epirus, Praevalitana, and Crete. At this period it was one of the four great divisions of the Roman empire under a Praefectus Praetorio," and it is in this signification that it is used by the later writers, such as Sextus Rufus, the "Auctor Notitiae Dignitatum Imperii," Zosimus, Jornandes, and others. At the final division of the Roman empire, the so-called "Illyricum Orientale," containing the provinces of Macedonia, Thessaly, Epirus, Hellas, New Epirus, Crete, and Praevalitana, was incorporated with the Lower Empire; while "Illyricum Occidentale" was united with Rome, and embraced Noricum, Pannonia, Dalmatia, Savia, and Valeria Ripensis.

A. ILLYRIS BARBARA or ROMANA, was separated from Istria by the small river Arsia (Arsa), and bounded S. and E. by the Drilo, and on the N. by the Savus; consequently it is represented now by part of Croatia, all Dalmatia, the Herzegovina, Monte-Negro, nearly all Bosnia, and part of Albania. Illyris Romana was divided into three districts, the northern of which was IAPYDIA, extending S. as far as the Tedanius (Zermagna); the strip of land extending from the Arsia to the Titius (La Kerka) was called LIBURNIA, or the whole of the north of what was once Venetian Dalmatia; the territory of the DALMATAE was at first comprehended between the Naro and the Tilurus or Nestus: it then extended to the Titius. A list of the towns will be found under the several heads of IAPYDIA, LIBURNIA, and DALMATIA.

B. ILLYRIS GRAECA, which was called in later times EPIRUS NOVA, extended from the river Drilo to the SE., up to the Ceraunian mountains, which separated it from Epirus Proper. On the N. it was bounded by the Roman Illyricum and Mount Scordus, on the W. by the Ionian sea, on the S. by Epirus, and on the E. by Macedonia; comprehending, therefore, nearly the whole of modern Albania. Next to the frontier of Chaonia is the small town of AMANTIA, and the people of the AMANTIANS and BULLIONES. They are followed by the TAULANTII, who occupied the country N. of the Aous-the great river of S. Macedonia, which rises in Mount Lacmon, and discharges itself into the Adriatic-as far as Epidamnus. The chief towns of this country were APOLLONIA, and EPIDAMNUS or DYRRHACHIUM. In the interior, near the Macedonian frontier, there is a considerable lake, LACUS LYCHNITIS, from which the Drilo issues. Ever since the middle ages there has existed in this part the town of Achrida, which has been supposed to be the ancient LYCHNIDUS, and was the capital of the Bulgarian empire, when it extended from the Euxine as far as the interior of Aetolia, and comprised S. Illyricum, Epirus, Acarnania, Aetolia, and a part of Thessaly. During the Roman period the DASSARETAE dwelt there; the neighbouring country was occupied by the AUTARIATAE, who are said to have been driven from their country in the time of Cassander, when they removed as fugitives with their women and children into Macedonia. The ARDIAEI and PARTHINI dwelt N. of the Autariatae, though not at the same time, but only during the Roman period. SCODRA (Scuturi), in later times the capital of Praevalitana, was unknown during the flourishing period of Grecian history, and more properly belongs

to Roman Illyricum; as Lissus, which was situated at the mouth of the Drilo, was fixed upon by the Romans as the border town of the Illyrians in the S., beyond which they were not allowed to sail with their privateers. Internal communication in this Illyricum was kept up by the VIA CANDAVIA Or EGNATIA, the great line which connected Italy and the East-Rome, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. A road of such importance, as Colonel Leake remarks (North. Greece, vol. iii. p. 311), and on which the distance had been marked with milestones soon after the Roman conquest of Macedonia, we may believe to have been kept in the best order as long as Rome was the centre of a vigorous authority; but it probably shared the fate of many other great establishments in the decline of the empire, and especially when it became as much the concern of the Byzantine as of the Roman govern, ment. This fact accounts for the discrepancies in the Itineraries; for though Lychnidus, Heracleia, and Edessa, still continued, as on the Candavian Way described by Polybius (ap. Strab. vii. pp. 322, 323), to be the three principal points between Dyrrhachium and Thessalonica (nature, in fact, having strongly drawn that line in the valley of the Genusus), there appears to have been a choice of routes over the ridges which contained the boundaries of Illyricum and Macedonia. By comparing the Antonine Itinerary, the Peutingerian Table, and the Jerusalem Itinerary, the following account of stations in Illyricum is obtained: Dyrrhachium or Apollonia. Clodiana Scampae Trajectus Genusi Ad Dianam Candavia Tres Tabernae Pons Servilii et Claudanum Patrae Lychnidus Brucida Scirtiana Castra Nicaea Heracleia

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Skumbi. Elbassan. Skumbi river.

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The Drin at Struga.

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Akridha.

Prespa.

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3. Physical Geography. The Illyrian range of mountains, which traverses Dalmatia under the name of Mount Prolog, and partly under other names (Mons Albius, Bebius), branches off in Carniola from the Julian Alps, and then, at a considerable distance from the sea, stretches towards Venetia, approaches the sea beyond Aquileia near Trieste, and forms Istria. After passing through Istria as a lofty mountain, though not reaching the snow line, and traversing Dalmatia, which it separates from Bosnia, it extends into Albania. It is a limestone range, and, like most mountains belonging to that formation, much broken up; hence the bold and picturesque coast runs out into many promontories, and is flanked by numerous islands.

These islands appear to have originated on the breaking up of the lower grounds by some violent action, leaving their limestone summits above water. From the salient position of the promontory terminating in Punta della Planca, they are divided into two distinct groups, which the Greek geographers called ABSYRTIDES and LIBURNIDES. They trend NW. and SE., greatly longer than broad, and form various fine channels, called "canale," and named from the nearest adjacent island: these being bold

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