topographers, and three or four localities have been proposed. Of these, Seaton and Hembury, near Honiton, appear to have the best claims for consideration; but as the stations next to large towns were often merely establishments for relays of horses and other purposes connected with posting, they were the least likely to be constructed on a large or substantial scale; and thus we have often great difficulty in detecting even a vestige of them. [C. R. S.] MORIMARUSA. [OCEANUS SEPTENTRIONALIS.] MORI'MENE (Mopiuer), a district in the northwest of Cappadocia, comprising both banks of the river Halys, is said to have been fit only for pasture land, to have had scarcely any fruit-trees, and to have abounded in wild asses. (Strab. xii. pp. 534, 537, 539, 540; Plin. H. N. vi. 3.) The Romans regarded it as a part of Galatia, whence Ptolemy (v. 6) does not mention it among the districts of Cappadocia. [L. S.] MO'RINI, a nation of Belgica. Virgil is the authority for the quantity:“Extremique hominum Morini." (Aen. viii. 727.)

It has been shown in the article MENAPII that on the north the Morini were bounded by the Menapii. On the west the ocean was the boundary, and on the south the Ambiani and the Atrebates. The eastern boundary cannot be so easily determined. The element of Morini seems to be the word mor, the sea, which is a common Flemish word still, and also found in the Latin, the German, and the English languages.

Caesar, who generally speaks of the Morini with the Menapii, has fixed their position in general terms. When he first invaded Britannia he went into the country of the Morini, because the passage from there to Britain was the shortest (B. G. iv. 21). In the next expedition, B. c. 54, he sailed from Portus Itius, having ascertained that the passage from this port to Britain was the most commodious. Portus Itius is in the country of the Morini [ITIUS PORTUS]. Ptolemy (ii. 9. § 8) mentions two cities of the Morini, Gesoriacum or Bononia (Boulogne), and Taruenna (Thérouenne), east of it, in the interior. If we add Castellum Morinorum (Cassel), in the interior, south of Dunkerque, "we see that, besides the diocese of Boulogne, the territory of the Morini comprises the new dioceses of St. Omer and Ypern, which succeeded to that of Tournai." (D'Anville.) But if Cassel is not within the limits of the Morini, their territory will not be so extensive as D'Anville makes it. [MENAPII.]

Caesar's wars with the Morini were more successful than with the Menapii. A large part of the territory of the Morini did not offer such natural obstacles as the land of the Menapii. The marshes of the Morini would be between Calais and Dunkerque. The force which the Morini were supposed to be able to send to the Belgic confederation in B. C. 57 was estimated at 25,000 men. Though most of the Morini were subdued by Caesar, they rose again in the time of Augustus, and were put down by C. Carinas (Dion Cassius, li. 21). When Bononia was made a Roman port, and Taruenna a Roman town, the country of the Morini would become Romanised, and Roman usages and the Roman language would prevail. There were Roman roads which terminated at Bononia and Castellum.

An inscription mentions the Decemviri of the Colonia Morinorum, but it is unknown what place [G. L.]

it is.

MO'RIUS. [BOEOTIA, Vol. I. p. 412. b.]

MORON (Mopwv), a town of Lusitania upon the Tagus, which Brutus Callaïcus made his headquarters in his campaign against the Lusitanians. (Strab. iii. p. 152.) Its exact site is unknown.

MORONTABARA (τὰ Μοροντάβαρα, Arrian, Indic. c. 22), a place on the coast of Gedrosia, at no great distance W. of the mouths of the Indus, noticed by Arrian in his account of Nearchus's expedition with the fleet of Alexander the Great. It does not appear to have been satisfactorily identified with any modern place. [V.]

MOROSGI, a town of the Varduli in Hispania Tarraconensis, identified by Ukert with St. Sebastian, which, however, more probably represents Menosca. (Plin. iv. 20. s. 34; Ukert, ii. 1. p. 446; Forbiger, iii. p. 80.)

MORTUUM MARE. [PALAESTINA.]
MORTUUM

OCEANUS.]

MARE. [SEPTENTRIONALIS

MORYLLUS. [MYGDONIA.]

between Andomatunum (Langres) and Tullum MOSA in Gallia is placed by the Antonine Itin.

(Toul). It is 18 M. P. from Andomatunum to Mosa, which is supposed to be Meure, situated at a passage over the Maas, and in the line of an old Roman road. [G. L.]

MOSA (Maas), a river of Gallia, which Caesar supposed to rise in the Vosegus (Vosges) within the limits of the Lingones. (B. G. iv. 10.) This passage of Caesar, in which he speaks of the Mosa in the lower part of its course receiving a part of the Rhine, called Vahalis (Waal), is very obscure. This matter is discussed in the article BATAVI. Dion Cassius writes the word in the form Móσas (xliv. 42); and Ptolemy (ii. 9. § 3) has the form Múσa in the genitive.

Caesar (B. G. vi. 33) says that the Scaldis (Schelde) flows into the Mosa; a mistake that might easily be made with such knowledge of the coast of Belgium and Holland as he possessed. The only branch of the Mosa which Caesar mentions is the Sabis (Sambre), which joins the Maas on the left bank at Charleroi in Belgium.

The Maas, called Meuse by the French, rises about 48° N. lat. in the Faucilles, which unite the Côte d'Or and the Vosges. The general course of the Maas is north, but it makes several great bends before it reaches Liège in Belgium, from which its course is north as far as Grave, where it turns to the west, and for 80 miles flows nearly parallel to the Waal. The Maas joins the Waal at Gorcum, and, retaining its name, flows past Rotterdam into the North Sea. The whole length of the Maas is above 500 miles. [G. L.]

MOSAEUS (Múσaios, Ptol. vi. 3. § 2), a small stream, placed by Ptolemy between the Eulaeus and the Tigris. It is probably the same as that called by Marcian (p. 17) the Mayaîos. It was, no doubt, one of the streams which together form the mouths of the Tigris, and may not impossibly be the same which Pliny naines the Aduna (vi. 27, 31), and which he appears to have considered as a feeder of the Eulaeus.

[V.]

MOSCHA PORTUS (Μόσχα λιμήν). 1. Α harbour on the S. coast of Arabia, near the extreme east of the ADRAMITAE, or more properly of the Ascitae, since the next named place is "Syagros ex trema" (Zúάypos ǎxpа), and the Ascitae extended from Syagros mons to the sea. (Ptol. vi. 7. p. 153, comp. p. 154). Mr. Forster thinks there is no diffi

2. A second harbour of this name is mentioned by the author of the Periplus, on the east of the Syagros Promontorium, in the large bay named by Ptolemy Sachalites Sinus (Zaxairns KóλTOS), and east of the smaller one, named Omana (Ouava), by the author of the Periplus, who places this Moscha Portus 1100 stadia east of Syagros. He calls it a port appointed for the lading of the Sachalite incense (ὅμμος ἀποδεδειγμένος τοῦ Σαχαλίτου λιβάvoν τρòs éμ¤оλýν), frequented by ships from Cane, and a wintering-place for late vessels from Limyrice and Barygaza, where they bartered fine linen, and corn, and oil for the native produce of this coast. Mr. Forster furnishes an ingenious etymological explanation of the recurrence of this name on the coast of the Sachalites Sinus. "The Arabic Moscha, like the Greek aσkós, signifies a hide, or skin, or a bag of skin or leather blown up like a bladder. Now, Ptolemy informs us that the pearl divers who frequented his Sinus Sachalites (unquestionably the site of Arrian's Moscha Portus), were noted for the practice of swimming, or floating about the bay, supported by inflated hides or skins. What more natural than that the parts frequented by these divers should be named from this practice? And hence, too, the name of the Ascitae of Ptolemy ('floaters on skins'), the actual inhabitants of his Moscha Portus immediately west of his Suágros." It is a remarkable fact mentioned by modern travellers, that this practice still prevails among the fishermen on this coast; for "as the natives have but few canoes, they generally substitute a single inflated skin, or two of these having a flat board across them. On this frail contrivance the fisherman seats himself, and either casts his small hand-net or plays his hook and line." (Lieut. Wellsted, Travels in Arubia, vol. i. pp. 79, 80, cited by Forster, Arabia, vol. ii. p. 175, note*.) The identification of Arrian's Moscha with the modern Ausera, is complete. Arrian reckons 600 stadia from Syagros across the bay which he names Omana. This measurement tallies exactly with that of the Bay of Seger, in Commodore Owen's chart of this coast; and from the eastern extremity of this bay to Moscha Portus, Arrian assigns a distance of 500 stadia, which measures with nearly equal exactness the distance to Ras-al-Sair (the Ausara of Ptolemy), situated about 60 Roman miles to the east of the preceding headland. The identity of the Moscha Portus of Arrian with the Ausara of Ptolemy is thus further corroborated. "Arrian states his Moscha Portus to have been the emporium of the incense trade; and Pliny proves Ausara to have been a chief emporium of this trade, by his notice of the fact that one particular kind of incense bore the name of Ausaritis." (Plin. xii. 35; Forster, 1. c. pp. 176, 177.)

[G. W.]

MOSCHI (Móoxo, Hecat. Fr. 188, ap. Steph. B. 8. v.), a Colchian tribe, who have been identified with the MESHECH of the prophet Ezekiel (xxvii. 13; Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterthumsk, vol. i. pt. i. P 248). Along with the Tibareni, Mosynaeii, Macrones, and Mardae, they formed the 19th satrapy of the Persian empire, extending along the SE. of the Euxine, and bounded on the S. by the lofty chain of the Armenian mountains. (Herod iii.

temple of Leucothea, once famous for its wealth, but plundered by Pharnaces and Mithridates -was divided between the Colchians, Albanians, and Iberians (comp. Mela, iii. 5. § 4; Plin. vi. 4). Procopius (B. G. iv. 2), who calls them Méoxo, says that they were subject to the Iberians, and had embraced Christianity, the religion of their masters. Afterwards their district became the appanage of Liparites, the Abasgian prince. (Cedren. vol. ii. p. 770; Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. xiv. p. 355; St. Martin, Mémoires sur l'Armenie, vol. ii. p. 222.) [E. B. J.]

MO'SCHICI MONTES (Tà Moσxuà opn, Strab. i. p. 61, xi. pp. 492, 497, 521, 527, xii. p. 548, Plut. Pomp. 34; Mela, i. 19. § 13; Ptol. v. 6. § 13; Moschicus M., Plin. v. 27), the name applied, with that of Paryadres, and others, to the mountain chain which connects the range of Anti-Taurus with the Caucasus. Although it is obviously impossible to fix the precise elevation to which the ancients assigned this name, it may be generally described as the chain of limestone mountains, with volcanic rocks, and some granite, which, branching from the Caucasus, skirts the E. side of Imiretia, and afterwards, under the name of the Perengah Tágh, runs nearly SW. along the deep valley of Ajirah in the district of Tchildir; from whence it turns towards the S., and again to the W. along the valley of the Acampsis, to the W. of which, bearing the name of the Kop Tágh, it enters Lesser Asia. (Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. x. p. 816; Chesney, Exped. Euphrat. vol. i. p. 285.) [E. B. J.]

MOSE in Gallia appears in the Table on a road from Durocortorum (Reims) to Meduantum. [MEDUANTUM.] The place appears to be Mouzon on the Maas. D'Anville says that the place is called Mosomagus in the oldest middle age records. [G.L.]

MOSELLA (Mosel, Moselle), a river of Gallia, which joins the Rhine at Coblenz (CONFLUENTES]. In the narrative of his war with the Usipetes and Tenctheri Caesar (B. G. iv. 15) speaks of driving them into the water "ad confluentem Mosae et Rheni." One of the latest and best editors of Caesar, who however is singularly ignorant of geography, supposes this confluence of the Mosa and the Rhenus to be the junction of the Mosa and a part of the Rhenus which is mentioned by Caesar in another place (B. G. iv. 10; MOSA.) But this is impossible, as D'Anville had shown, who observes that the Usipetes [MENAPII] had crossed the Rhine in the lower part of its course, and landed on the territory of the Menapii. Having eaten them up, the invaders entered the country of the Eburones, which we know to be between the Rhine and the Mosa, and higher up than the country of the Menapii. From the Eburones the Germans advanced into the Condrusi in the latitude of Liège; and they were here before Caesar set out after them. (B. G. iv. 6.) Caesar's narrative shows that the German invaders were not thinking of a retreat: their design was to penetrate further into Gallia, where they had been invited by some of the Gallic states, who hoped to throw off the Roman yoke. After the defeat of the Germans on the river, Caesar built his wooden bridge over the Rhine, the position of which was certainly somewhere between Coblenz and Andernach. The conclusion is certain that this confluence of the Rhenus and the Mosa is the confluence of the Rhenus and the Mosella at Coblenz; and we must explain Caesar's

mistake as well as we can. It is possible that both rivers were called Mosa; and Mosella or Mosula, as Florus has it, seems to be a diminutive of Mosa, but that reading is somewhat doubtful. (Florus, iii. 10. ed. Duk.) There is no variation in Caesar's text in the passage where he speaks of the confluence of the Rhenus and the Mosa. (Caesar, ed. Schneider.) Several of the affluents of the Mosel are mentioned in the ancient writers, and chiefly by Ausonius: the Sura (Sour), Pronaea (Prum), Nemesa (Nims), Gelbis (Kill), Erubrus (Ruver), Lesura (Leser), Drahonus (Drone), Saravus (Saar), and Salmona (Salm).

The Mosella is celebrated in one of the longer poems of Ausonius, who wrote in the 4th century A. D. The vine at that time clothed the slopes of the hills and the cliffs which bound this deep and picturesque river valley in its course below Trier: "Qua sublimis apex longo super ardua tractu, Et rupes et aprica jugi, flexusque sinusque Vitibus adsurgunt naturalique theatro." (v. 154.) There is a German metrical translation of this poem by Böcking with notes.

The Mosel rises on the western face of the Vosges, and its upper course is in the hill country, formed by the offsets of the mountains. It then enters the plain of Lorraine, and after passing Tullum (Toul), it is joined by the Meurthe on the right bank. From the junction of the Meurthe it is navigable, and has a general north course past Divodurum (Metz), and Thionville, to Augusta Trevirorum (Trier or Trèves). From Trier its general course is about NNE. with many great bends, and in a bed deep sunk below the adjacent country, to its junction with the Rhine at Coblenz. The whole course of the river is somewhat less than 300 miles. It is navigable for steamboats in some seasons as far as Metz.

A Roman governor in Gallia proposed to unite the Mosella and the Arar (Saône) by a canal, and thus to effect a navigation from the Mediterranean to the North Sea [GALLIA TRANSALPINA, Vol. I. p. 967.] [G. L.]

MOSTE'NI (MOσrnvol), a town of Lydia in the Hyrcanian plain, south-east of Thyatira, and on the road between this latter town and Sardis. In A. D. 17, Mosteni and many other towns of that country were visited by a fearful earthquake. (Ptol. v. 2. § 16; Tac. Ann. ii. 17; Hierocl. p. 671, where it is erroneously called Muσrn or Móσriva; Concil. Chalc. p. 240. where it bears the name Movστývn.) Its exact site is unknown. (Comp. Rasche, Lex. Num. iii. 1. p. 869, &c.)

[L. S.]

MOSYCHLUS. [LEMNOS.] MOSYNOECI, MŪSSYNOECI, MOSYNI, MOSSYNI (Μοσύνοικοι, Μοσσύνοικοι, Μοσυνοί, Μοστ avvoi), a tribe on the coast of Pontus, occupying the district between the Tibareni and Macrones, and containing the towns of CERASUS and PHARNACIA. The Mosynoeci were a brave and warlike people, but are at the same time said to have been the rudest and most uncivilised among all the tribes of Asia Minor. Many of their peculiar customs are noticed by the Greeks, who planted colonies in their districts. They are said to have lived on trees and in towers. (Strab. xii. p. 549.) Their kings, it is said, were elected by the people, and dwelt in an isolated tower rising somewhat above the houses of his subjects, who watched his proceedings closely, and provided him with all that was necessary; but when he did

anything that displeased them, they stopped their supplies, and left him to die of starvation. (Xen. Anab. v. 4. § 26; Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1027; Diod. xiv. 30; Scymnus, Fragm. 166.) They used to cut off the heads of the enemies they had slain, and carry them about amid dances and songs. (Xen. Anab. iv. 4. § 17; v. 4. § 15.) It is also related that they knew nothing of marriage (Xen. Anab. v. 4. § 33; Diod. l. c.), and that they generally tattooed their bodies. Eating and drinking was their greatest happiness, whence the children of the wealthy among them were regularly fattened with salt dolphins and chestnuts, until they were as thick as they were tall (Xen. Anab. v. 4. § 32). Their arms consisted of heavy spears, six cubits in length, with round or globular handles; large shields of wicker-work covered with ox-hides; and leather or wooden helmets, the top of which was adorned with a crest of hair. (Xen. l. c., v. 4. § 12; Herod. vii. 78.) The fourth chapter of the fifth book of Xenophon's Anabasis is full of curious information about this singular people. (Comp. also Strab. xi. p. 528; Hecat. Fragm. 193; Steph. B. s. v.; Herod. iii. 94; Scylax, p. 33.; Amm. Marc. xxii. 8; Orph. Argon. 740; Mela, i. 19; Tibull. iv. 1. 146; Curtius, vi. 4, 17; Plin. vi. 4; Val. Flacc. v. 152; Dionys. Per. 766.) [L. S.]

MOTE'NE. [OTENE.]

MO'TYA (MOTún: Eth. Morvaîos: S. Pantaleo), a city on the W. coast of Sicily, between Drepanum and Lilybaeum. It was situated on a small island, about three quarters of a mile (six stadia) from the mainland, to which it was joined by an artificial causeway. (Diod. xiv. 48.) It was originally a colony of the Phoenicians, who were fond of choosing similar sites, and probably in the first instance merely a commercial station or emporium, but gradually rose to be a flourishing and important town. The Greeks, however, according to their custom, assigned it a legendary origin, and derived its name froin a woman named Motya, whom they connected with the fables concerning Hercules. (Steph. B. s. v.) It passed, in common with the other Phoenician settlements in Sicily, at a later period under the government or dependency of Carthage, whence Diodorus calls it a Carthaginian colony; but it is probable that this is not strictly correct. (Thuc. vi. 2; Diod. xiv. 47.) As the Greek colonies in Sicily increased in numbers and importance the Phoenicians gradually abandoned their settlements in the immediate neighbourhood of the new comers, and concentrated themselves in the three principal colonies of Solus, Panormus, and Motya. (Thuc. I. c.) The last of these, from its proximity to Carthage and its opportune situation for communication with Africa, as well as the natural strength of its position, became one of the chief strongholds of the Carthaginians, as well as one of the most important of their commercial cities in the island. (Diod. xiv. 47.) It appears to have held, in both these respects, the same position which was attained at a later period by Lilybaeum. [LILYBAEUM.] Notwithstanding these accounts of its early importance and flourishing condition, the name of Motya is rarely mentioned in history until just before the period of its memorable siege. It is first mentioned by Hecataeus (ap. Steph. B. s. v.), and Thucydides notices it among the chief colonies of the Phoenicians in Sicily, which still subsisted at the period of the Athenian expedition, B. c. 415. (Thuc. vi. 2.) A few years later (B. c. 409) when the Carthaginian army under

fertility. (Smyth's Sicily, pp. 235, 236.) The confined space on which the city was built agrees with the description of Diodorus that the houses were lofty and of solid construction, with narrow streets (σTevwrol) between them, which facilitated the desperate defence of the inhabitants. (Diod. xiv. 48, 51.)

It was the important position to which Motya had thus attained that led Dionysius of Syracuse to direct his principal efforts to its reduction, when in B. C. 397 he in his turn invaded the Carthaginian territory in Sicily. The citizens on the other hand, relying on succour from Carthage, made preparations for a vigorous resistance; and by cutting off the Causeway which united them to the mainland, compelled Dionysius to have recourse to the tedious and laborious process of constructing a mound or mole of earth across the intervening space. Even when this was accomplished, and the military engines of Dionysius (among which the formidable catapult on this occasion made its appearance for the first time) were brought up to the walls, the Motyans continued a desperate resistance; and after the walls and towers were carried by the overwhelming forces of the enemy, still maintained the defence from street to street and from house to house. This obstinate struggle only increased the previous exasperation of the Sicilian Greeks against the Carthaginians; and when at length the troops of Dionysius made themselves masters of the city, they put the whole surviving population, men, women, and children, to the sword. (Diod. xiv. 47-53.) After this the Syracusan despot placed it in charge of a garrison under an officer named Biton; while his brother Leptines made it the station of his fleet. But the next spring (B. C. 396) Himilcon, the Carthaginian general, having landed at Panormus with a very large force, recovered possession of Motya with comparatively little difficulty. (Id. ib. 55.) That city, however, was not destined to recover its former importance; for Himilcon, being apparently struck with the superior advantages of Lilybaeum, founded a new city on the promontory of that name, to which he transferred the few remaining inhabitants of Motya. (Diod. xxii. 10. p. 498.) From this period the latter altogether disappears from history and the little islet on which it was built, has probably ever since been inhabited only by a few fishermen.

The site of Motya, on which earlier geographers were in much doubt, has been clearly identified and described by Captain Smyth. Between the promontory of Lilybaeum (Capo Boéo) and that of Aegithallus (S. Teodoro), the coast forms a deep bight, in front of which lies a long group of low rocky islets, called the Stagnone. Within these, and considerably nearer to the mainland, lies the small island called S. Pantaleo, on which the remains of an ancient city may still be distinctly traced. Fragments of the walls, with those of two gateways, still exist, and coins as well as pieces of ancient brick and pottery-the never failing indications of an ancient site are found scattered throughout the island. The circuit of the latter does not exceed a mile and a half, and it is inhabited only by a few fishermen; but is not devoid of

before its conquest by Dionysius, there exist coins of the city with the Greek legend MOTTAION. They are, however, of great rarity, and are apparently imitated from those of the neighbouring city of Segesta. (Eckhel, vol. i. p. 225.) [E. H. B.]

MOʻTYCA, or MUTYCA (MÓTOνкa, Ptol.: Eth. Mutycensis, Cic. et Plin.: Modica), an inland town in the SE. of Sicily, between Syracuse and Camarina. It was probably from an early period a dependency of Syracuse; and hence we meet with no mention of its name until after the Roman conquest of Sicily, when it became an independent municipium, and apparently a place of some consequence. Cicero tells us that previous to the exactions of Verres, its territory (the "ager Mutycensis") supported 187 farmers, whence it would appear to have been at once extensive and fertile. (Cic. Verr. iii. 43, 51.) Motyca is also mentioned among the inland towns of the island both by Pliny and Ptolemy; and though its name is not found in the Itineraries, it is again mentioned by the Geographer of Ravenna. (Plin. iii. 8. § 14; Ptol. iii. 4. § 14; Geogr. Rav. v. 23.) Silius Italicus also includes it in his list of Sicilian cities, and immediately associates it with Netum, with which it was clearly in the same neighbourhood. (Sil. Ital. xiv. 268.) There can be no doubt that it is represented by the modern city of Modica, one of the largest and most populous places in the Val di Noto. It is situated in a deep valley, surrounded by bare limestone mountains, about 10 miles from the sea.

Ptolemy notices also a river to which he gives the name of Motychanus (Morúxavos TоTaμós), which he places on the S. coast, and must evidently derive its name from the city. It is either the trifling stream now known as the Fiume di Scicli, which rises very near Modica; or perhaps the more considerable one, now known as Fiume di Ragusa, which flows within a few miles of the same city. [E. H. B.]

MOʻTYUM (MÓTUov), a small town or fortress of Sicily, in the territory of Agrigentum. It was besieged in B. C. 451 by the Siculian chief Ducetius, and fell into his hands after a battle in which he defeated the Agrigentines and their allies; but was recovered by the Agrigentines in the course of the following summer. (Diod. xi. 91.) No other mention of it is found, and its site is wholly unknown. [E. H. B.]

MOXOE'NE, one of the five provinces beyond the Tigris, ceded by Narses to Galerius and the Romans, and which Sapor afterwards recovered

в в 4

from Jovian. (Amm. Marc. xxv. 7. § 9, comp. xxiii. 3. § 5; Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. i. p. 380, vol. iii. p. 161; Gibbon, cc. xiii. xxiv.). Its exact position cannot be made out, though it must have been near Kurdistán. (Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. x. p. 816.) [E. B. J.] MUCHIRE'SIS (Mouxeipnois al. Mouxeipios, Procop. B. G. iv. 2, 15, 16), a canton of Lazica, populous and fertile: the vine, which does not grow in the rest of Colchis, was found here. It was watered by the river RHEON ('Péwv). Archaeopolis, its chief town, was the capital of Colchis, and a place of considerable importance in the Lazic war. (Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. ix. p. 217; Gibbon, c. xlii.) [F. B. J.] MUCRAE or NUCRAE (the reading is uncertain), a town of Samnium, mentioned only by Silius Italicus (viii. 566), the situation of which is wholly unknown. [E. H. B.]

MUCUNI. [MAURETANIA.] MUDUTTI. [MODUTTI.] MUGILLA, an ancient city of Latium, mentioned only by Dionysius (viii. 36), who enumerates the Mugillani (Moyλaivous) among the places conquered by Coriolanus, at the head of the Volscian army. He there mentions them (as well as the Albietes, who are equally unknown) between the citizens of Pollusca and Corioli, and it is therefore probable that Mugilla lay in the neighbourhood of those cities; but we have no further clue to its site. The name does not again appear, even in Pliny's list of the extinct cities of Latium; and we should be apt to suspect some mistake, but that the cognomen of Mugillanus, borne by one family of the Papirian Gens, seems to confirm the correctness of the name. [E. H. B.]

MUICU'RUM (Moutкoûρov), a place on the coast of Illyricum, near Salona, which was taken for Totila, king of the Goths, by Ilauf. (Procop. B. G. iii. 35; Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. ix. p. 82.) [E. B. J.]

MULELACHA, a town upon a promontory of the same name on the W. coast of Africa (Polyb. ap. Plin. v. 1), now Muley Bu Selhám, the old Mamora of the charts. (Comp. London Geog. Journ. vol. vi. p. 302.)

[E. B. J.]

MULUCHA, a river of Mauretania, which Sallust (Jug. 92, 110), Mela (i. 5. §§ 1, 5), and Pliny (v. 2) assign as the boundary between the Mauri and Massaesyli, or the subjects of Bocchus and Jugurtha. As Strabo (xvii. pp. 827, 829) makes the MOLOCATH (Moλoxάe, Moλaxáo, Ptol. iv. 1. §7) serve the same purpose, there can be no doubt that they are one and the same river. The MALVA (Maλova, Ptol. I. c.) of Pliny (l. c.), or the Muliwi, which forms the frontier between Marocco and Algeria, is the same as the river which bounded the Moors from the Numidians. This river, rising at or near the S. extremity of the lower chain of Atlas, and flowing through a diversified country, as yet almost untrodden by Europeans, falls into the sea nearly in the middle of the Gulf of Melilah of our charts. (Shaw, Trav. pp. 10-16.) [E. B. J.]

MUNDA (Moúrda). 1. An important town of Hispania Baetica, and a Roman colony belonging to the conventus of Astigi. (Strab. iii. p. 141; Plin. iii. 1. s. 3.) Strabo (1. c.) says that it is 1400 stadia from Carteia. It was celebrated on account of two battles fought in its vicinity, the first in B.C. 216, when Cn. Scipio defeated the Carthaginians (Liv. xxiv. 42; Sil. Ital. iii. 400), and the second in B. C. 45, when Julius Caesar gained a victory over the sons of Pompey (Dion Cass.

xliii. 39; Auct. Bell. Hisp. 30, seq.; Strab. iii. pp. 141, 160; Flor. iv. 2; Val. Max. vii. 6.) It was taken by one of Caesar's generals, and, according to Pliny, from that time it ceased to exist. ("Fuit Munda cum Pompei filio rapta," Plin. iii. 1. s. 3.) But this cannot be correct, as Strabo (l. c.) describes it as an important place in his time. It is usually identified with the village of Monda, SW. of Malaga; but it has been pointed out that in the vicinity of the modern Monda, there is no plain adapted for a field of battle, and that the ancient city should probably be placed near Cordova. It has been supposed that the site of Munda is indicated by the remains of ancient walls and towers lying between Martos, Alcaudete, Espejo, and Bæna. At all events this site agrees better with the statement of Strabo, that Munda is 1400 stadia from Carteia, for the distance from the modern Monda to the latter place is only 400 stadia; and it is also more in accordance with Pliny, who places Munda between Attubi and Urso. (Forbiger, vol. iii. p. 51.)

2. A town of the Celtiberi in Hispania Tarraconensis, probably near the frontiers of the Carpetani. (Liv. xl. 47.)

3. A river on the W. coast of Lusitania, falling into the sea between the Tagus and Durius, now the Mondego. (Plin. iv. 21. s. 35; Moúvdas, Strab. iii. p. 153; Móvòas, Ptol. ii. 5. § 4; Marc. p. 43.) MUNDOBRIGA. [MEDOBRIGA.]

MUNIMENTUM CORBULONIS. [CORBULONIS MUNIMENTUM.]

MUNIMENTUM TRAJANI, a fort in the country of the Mattiaci. (Amm. Marc. xvii. 1.) Its site is not certain, though it is generally believed that the Roman remains near Höchst are the ruins of this fort. (Wilhelm, Germanien, p. 148.) [L.S.] MUNY'CHIA. [ATHENAE, p. 306.]

MURA'NUM (Morano), a town of the interior of Lucania, the name of which is not found in any ancient author; but its existence is proved by the Itinerary of Antoninus, which places a station Summurano, evidently a corruption of Sub Murano, on the road from Nerulum to Consentia; and this is confirmed by the inscription found at La Polla [FORUM POPILII], which gives the distance from that place to Muranum at 74 M. P. It is, therefore, evident that Muranum must have occupied the same site as the modern town of Morano, on a considerable hill, at the foot of which still runs the high road from Naples to Reggio, and where was situated the station noticed in the Itinerary. Near it are the sources of the river Coscile, the ancient Sybaris. (Itin. Ant. pp. 105, 110; Orell. Inser. 3308; Romanelli, vol. i. p. 387.) [E. H. B.]

MU'RBOGI (Moúpsoyo, Ptol. ii. 6. § 52), a people in Hispania Tarraconensis, the southern neighbours of the Cantabri, are the same as the people called TURMODIGI by Pliny (iii. 3. s. 4) and Orosius (vi. 21). This may be inferred from the fact that Pliny calls Segisamo a town of the Turmodigi, and Ptolemy calls Deobrigula a town of the Murbogi; while in the Antonine Itinerary (p. 449) these two towns are only 15 miles apart. (Forbiger, vol. iii. p. 102.)

MURGA'NTIA, 1. A city of Samnium, mentioned only by Livy, who calls it "a strong city" (validam urbem, x. 17), notwithstanding which it was taken by assault, by the Roman consul P. Decius, in a single day, B. C. 296. Its position is fixed by Romanelli at Baselice, a considerable town near the sources of the Fortore (Frento), in the territory of