From the name of the Ionian sea has been derived that of the Ionian islands, now given to the group of seven principal islands (besides several smaller ones) which constitute an independent republic under the protectorate of Great Britain; but there is no ancient authority for this appellation. [E. H. B.]

an

JOPPA (lón, LXX.; Strab. xvi. p. 759; Ptol. v. 16. § 2. The form' Ión, Steph B.; Dionys. v. 910; Joseph. Antiq. ix. 10. § 2; Solin. 34, better suits the Phoenician original, which signifies eminence;" comp. Mover's Phönizier, pt. ii. p. 177; Hitzig, Die Philistäer, pp. 131-134: Eth. 'Ioπίτης, Ιοπείτης, Ιοππία, όπεια, Ἰοπεύς, Ιοπές. The Hebrew name JAPHO is still preserved in the Arabic Yâfa or Jaffa). A seaport town and haven on the coast of Palestine, situated on an eminence. The ancients asserted that it had existed before the Deluge (Pomp. Mela, i. 11. § 3; Plin. v. 14), and according to legend it was on this shore that Andromeda was rescued by Perseus (Strab. I. c.; Plin.

Per. 92), are obviously mere etymological fancies. | true Ionium Mare is meant by the poet, says:— No trace of the name is found in the Homeric poems; "Sciendum, Ionium sinum esse immensum, ab Ionia and it occurs for the first time in Aeschylus, though, usque ad Siciliam, et hujus partes esse Adriaticum, from the poetic diction of that writer, it is not clear Achaicum et Epiroticum." (Serv. ad Aen. iii. 211.) in what precise sense he employs the term TóvTios On the other hand, the name of the Ionian gulf (ó μuxòs 'lovios. (Aesch. & c.) Herodotus evidently 'IÓvios KóλTOS) was still given in late times (at least employs the name 'Ióvios Kóλmos, the Ionian gulf, by geographers), in a very limited sense, to that as synonymous with the Adriatic; and Thucydides portion of the Adriatic immediately within the strait likewise uses the term in the same sense, as is evi- at its entrance. (Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 92, dent from his expression, that "Epidamnus is a city 389.) Ptolemy even applies the name of the Ionian on the right hand as you sail into the Ionian gulf" sea ('Iúviov méλayos, iii. 1. §§ 14, 15) in the same (i. 24). He also repeatedly uses the term 'Ióvios restricted manner. (with kóros understood) in speaking of the passage from Corcyra to the Iapygian promontory (vi. 30, 34, vii. 33); but in all these cases he refers only to the narrow sea, which might be considered as part of the same gulf or inlet with the entrance of the Adriatic. Scylax also, and even Scymnus Chius, employ the name of the Ionian gulf in the same sense, as synonymous with the Adriatic, or at least with the southern part of it (Scyl. §§ 14, 27; Seymn. Ch. 133, 361) [ADRIATICUM MARE]; while the naine of the Ionian sea, in the more extended sense given to it by later geographers, as indicated at the commencement of this article, is not found in any early Greek writer. Polybius is the first extant author who uses the term in this sense, and gives the name of 'Ióvios mópos to the sea which extended from the entrance of the Adriatic along the coast of Italy as far as the promontory of Corinthus, which he considers as its southern limit. (Pol. ii. 14, v. 110.) Even here the peculiar expression of the Ionian strait sufficiently shows that this was a mere ex-. c.; comp. Hieron. in Jon. i.) from the monster, tension of the name from the narrow sea or strait at the entrance of the Adriatic to the more open sea to the S. of it. Hence we have no proof that the name was ever one in common use among the Greeks until it came to be established by the geographers; and even Strabo, who on these points often follows earlier authors, gives the name only of the Ionian gulf to the part of the sea near the entrance of the Adriatic, while he extends the appellation of the Sicilian sea (ZIKEλIKdv Téλayos) from the eastern shores of Sicily to those of the Peloponnese. He, as well as Polybius and Seymnus Chius, fixes the Acroceraunian promontory as the limit between the Ionian and the Adriatic seas. (Strab. ii. p. 123, vii. pp. 316, 317.) Pliny uses the name of Ionium Mare very widely, or rather very vaguely; including under that appellation the Mare Siculum and Creticum of the Greeks, as well as apparently the lower part of the Adriatic (Plin. iii. 8. s. 14, 26. s. 29, 30, iv. 11. s. 18), and this appears to have been the usage common in his day, and which is followed by the Latin poets. (Virg. Aen. iii. 211, 671; Ovid. Fast. iv. 565, &c.) Mela distinguishes the Ionian sea from the Sicilian, and applies the former name, in the sense now generally adopted by geographers, as that portion of the broad sea between the shores of Greece and those of Sicily, which lay nearest to the former. (Mel. ii. 4. § 1.) But all these names, given merely to portions of the Mediterranean which had no natural limits, were evidently used very vaguely and indefinitely; and the great extension given at a later period to the name of the Adriatic swallowed up altogether those of the Ionian and Sicilian seas [ADRIATICUM MARE], or led to the employment of the former name in a vague and general sense, wholly different from that in which it was originally applied. Thus Servius, commenting on the expression of Virgil," Insulae Ionio in magno," where the

whose skeleton was exhibited at Rome by M. Aemilius Scaurus during his famous curule aedileship (Plin. ix. 4). When the Israelites invaded Canaan it is mentioned as lying on the border of the tribe of Dan (Josh. xix. 40), and was the only port possessed by the Jewish people, till Herod made the harbour at Caesarea. The timber from Lebanon intended for both the first and second temples was landed here (1 Kings, v. 9; 2 Chron. ii. 16; Ezra, iii. 7); and Jonah went to Joppa to find a ship going to Tarshish (Jon. i. 3). Judas Maccabaeus set the shipping on fire, because of the inhabitants having drowned 200 Jews (2 Macc. xii. 3-7). The town was afterwards taken by Jonathan (1 Macc. x. 74-76), but was not long retained, as it was again captured by Simon (xii. 34), and was strongly fortified by him (xiv. 5, xv. 28). It was annexed by Pompeius to the Roman province of Syria, along with other towns which the Jews had held by grants from the predecessors of Antiochus (Joseph. Antiq. xiv. 4. § 4, comp. xiii. 9. § 2), and was afterwards given to Herod by Julius Caesar (xv. 7. § 3), and remained part of the dominions of Archelaus (xvii. 11. § 4).

In the New Testament Joppa is mentioned in connection with the Apostle Peter (Acts, ix. 36-43, x. 5, 18, xi. 5). During the Jewish war, this place, which had become a receptacle for pirates (Strab. xvi. p. 759), was taken by Cestius, and 8400 of the inhabitants were put to the sword. (Joseph. B. J. ii. 18. § 10.) Vespasian afterwards utterly demolished the ruins of Joppa, to which great numbers of persons had fled, and taken to piracy for subsistence. (B. J. iii. 9. §§ 2—5.) In the time of Constantine Joppa was the seat of a bishop, as well as when taken by the Arabians under Omar, A. D. 636; the name of a bishop occurs in the council held at Jerusalem A. D. 536. At the period

JOVI ACUM, a town in Noricum, where a "prae- | the highest summit of Mount Eira. (Paus. iv. 17. fectus secundae Italicae militum Liburnariorum § 10, iv. 20. §§ 1. 5; Strab. viii. p. 360; Steph. had his head-quarters; a circumstance suggesting | B. s. v. 'Ipá; Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 486; Gell, that the town, though situated some distance from Itiner. of the Morea, p. 84; Ross, Reisen im Pelothe Danube, was yet connected with its navigation. ponnes, p. 95, seq.) (Itin. Ant. p. 249; Not. Imp.; Tab. Peut.) [L. S.] JOVIS MONS (Mongri, near Ampurias), a spur of the Pyrenees in Spain, running out into the Mediterranean near the frontier of Gaul. The steplike terraces which its face presented were called Scalae Herculis. (Mela, ii. 6. § 5.) [P.S.] JOVIS MONS (Tò Aids opos, Ptol. iv. 3. § 18; Zowan), a mountain of Africa Propria, between the rivers Bagradas and Triton, apparently containing the sources of the river Catada. [P.S.]

now called Yechil or Yekil Irmak.
searches, vol. i. p. 340.)
IRIS. [IERNE.]

(Hamilton, Re-
[L. S.]

IRUS or IRA (Ipos or 'Ipá), a town of Malis, of uncertain site. (Steph. B. s. vv.; Lycophr. 903.)

IS ("Is, Herod. i. 179), a town of Mesopotamia, eight days' journey N. of Babylon, situated, according to Herodotus, on a stream of the same name, which brought down the bitumen which was used in the construction of the walls of Babylon. There is no reason to doubt that it is represented by the modern Hit. There does not appear to be any river at present at Hit, but a small stream may have been easily blocked up by the sand of ages. still bitumen springs in the neighbourhood of this There are place. It has been conjectured that the 'I(avvnóOALS of Isidorus (p. 5) refers to the same town. (Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. ii. p. 148; Rennell, Geogr. of Herod. p. 552.) [V.]

ISACA, in Britain, a river mentioned by Ptolemy (i. 3. §4) as lying west of the outlet of the Tamarus (Tamar). In the Monumenta Britannica, Isacae ostia are identified with Weymouth, and also with Exmouth; most probably the latter, name for name, as well as place for place. In the Geographer of Ravenna the form is Isca, which is preferable. [ISCA.]

ISADICI (Eloádikoi), a people whom Strabo [R. G. L.] (xi. p. 506) couples with the Troglodytae and other tribes of the Caucasus. The name may imply some Hellenic fancy about savage justice and virtue. (Comp. Groskurd, ad loc.)

ISAMNIUM, in Ireland, mentioned by Ptolemy [E. B. J.] (ii. 2. § 8) as a promontory north of the Bubinda (river Boyne)= St. John's Foreland, Clogher Head, Dunany Point, Ballashan Point (?). ISANNAVATIA, in Britain, mentioned in the [R. G. L.] 6th Itinerary as lying between Lactodurum and Tripontium. It is a name of some difficulty, since neither of the places on each side of it has been identified. (See vv.) In the Geographer of Ravenna we find a Bannovallum, and in the 8th Itinerary a Bannovantum. Probably these two names are identical. At any rate, Bannovantum = Isannavatia, since each is 28 miles from Magiovinium. Thus, in the 6th Itinerary, we have:

Magiovinio
Lactodoro
Isannavatia

And in the 8th:

Bannavanto

Magiovinio

M. P.
xvi.
xii=xxviii.
M. P.

xxviii.

It is only safe to say that Isannavatia was a town in the southern part of Northamptonshire, probably Daventry. The Itinerary in which it occurs has only two names beyond doubt, viz. Verulamium and Lindum (St. Alban's and Lincoln). Daventry, however, is Horsley's identification. In more than one map of Roman Britain, Bannovallum is placed in Lincolnshire. This is because it is, in the first place, separated from Bannovantum, and then fixed on the river Bain, a Lincolnshire river. This is the meaning of Horncastle being given as its equivalent. The change, however, and the assumption, are equally gratuitous. [R. G. L.]

I'SARA, the river. 1. [INSULA.] 2. The Isara, which was a branch of the Sequana, has its name preserved in the Celtic name of a place which was on it, named Briva Isarae. [BRIVA ISARAE.] The Celtic element Is has become Oise, the modern name of the river, which is the same

VOL. II.

65

word as the English Ouse. D'Anville says that the ISAURIA. name Isara in the middle ages became Esia or Aesia. into the Sequana; but D'Anville suspects the passage Vibius Sequester mentions a river Esia which flows judge what is interpolation in such a strange book as to be an interpolation, though it is impossible to Vibius Sequester. Oberlin, the editor of Vibius Sequester, maintains the passage to be genuine (p. 110). [G. L.]

3. [LURA.]

mouth of the river Isarus (Plin. iii. 24), from which
ISARCI, a Rhaetian tribe dwelling about the
it appears to have derived its name.
ISARGUS. [ILARGUS.]
[L. S.]

Rhaetian Alps, flowing from an Alpine lake, and in
ISARUS (Ioapos: the Isar), a river of the
Pons Drusi. (Strab. iv. p. 207, where the "Io apos
a southern direction until it joins the Athesis near
a mistake of Strabo himself, or by a transcriber
(or a) is said to receive the Atagis (Athesis); either
transposing the names. Comp. ILARUS.) [L. S.]

pital of Isauria, situated in the south-west of the ISAURA (τὰ Ισαυρα: Εth. Ισαυρούς), the cacountry; it was a wealthy, populous, and well-fortified city at the foot of Mount Taurus. Of its earlier history nothing is known; but we learn from Diodiccas, and the inhabitants were no longer able to dorus (xviii. 22) that when it was besieged by Perhold out, they set fire to the city, and destroyed of molten gold were found afterwards by the Macethemselves with all they possessed. Large quantities rebuilt, but was destroyed a second time by the Rodonians among the ashes and ruins. The town was man Servilius Isauricus, and thenceforth it remained a heap of ruins. Strabo (xii. p. 568) states that Galatia, who built out of the ruins of the ancient the place was ceded by the Romans to Amyntas of city a new one in the neighbourhood, which he surrounded with a wall; but he did not live to complete the work. In the third century of our aera Isaura (Trebell. Poll. XXX. Tyran. 25); but in the time was the residence of the rival emperor Trebellianus of its former magnificence had vanished. At a later of Ammianus Marcellinus (xiv. 8) nearly all traces period it is still mentioned, under the name Isauropolis, as a town in the province of Lycaonia. (Hierocl. p. 675; Concil. Chalced. p. 673; comp. Strab. xiv. p. 665; Ptol. v. 4. § 12; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. v. 27.) Of Old Isaura no ruins appear to be found, though D'Anville and others have identified it with the modern Bei Sheher; they also believe that Seidi travellers regard Serki Serai as the representative Sheher occupies the site of New Isaura, while some of New Isaura; but Hamilton (Researches, vol. ii. pp. 330, foll.) has given good reasons for thinking that certain ruins, among which are the remains of way, on a hill near the village of Olou Bounar mark a triumphal arch of the emperor Hadrian and a gatethe site of New Isaura. The walls of the city can still be traced all around the place. The Isaurians were a people of robbers, and the site of their city was particularly favourable to such a mode of life. [ISAURIA.] [L. S.]

ISAURIA ( Io avpía), a district in Asia Minor, bordering in the east on Lycaonia, in the north on Cilicia and Pamphylia. Its inhabitants, living in a Phrygia, in the west on Pisidia, and in the south on wild and rugged mountainous country, were little known to the civilised nations of antiquity. The country contained but few towns, which existed especially in the northern part, which was less

F

Ilist. Eccles. xi. 8.) Once the Isaurians even had
the honour of giving an emperor to the East in the
person of Zeno, surnamed the Isaurian; but they
were subsequently much reduced by the emperor
Anastasius, so that in the time of Justinian they had
ceased to be formidable. (Comp. Gibbon, Hist. of
the Decline, &c., chap. xl.) The Isaurians are de-
scribed as an ugly race, of low stature, and badly
armed; in the open field they were bad soldiers, but
as hardened mountaineers they were irresistible in
what is called guerilla warfare.
Their country,
though for the most part consisting of rugged moun-
tains, was not altogether barren, and the vine was
cultivated to a considerable extent. (Amm. Marc.
xiv. 8.) Traditions originating in the favourite pur-
suits of the ancient Isaurians are still current among
the present inhabitants of the country, and an inte-
resting specimen is related in Hamilton's Researches,
vol. ii. p. 331.
[L. S.]

ISCA, the name of two towns in Britain. The
criticism of certain difficulties connected with their
identification is given under MURIDUNUM. Here it
is assumed that one is Exeter, the other Caerleon-
on-Usk.

1. ISCA Ex-eter, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. § 30). In the 12th and 15th Itineraries this appears as Isca Dumnoniorum, 15 miles from Muridunum. The word Dumnoniorum shows that Devonshire is the county in which it is to be sought. Name for name, Exeter suggests itself. Nevertheless, Horsley gives Uxela as the Roman name for Exeter, and placed Isca D. at Chiselboro'. After remarking on Isaca, that "it is universally supposed to be the river Exe in Devonshire," and that " Isacae ostia must, therefore, be Exmouth," he adds, “Isca Dumnoniorum has been universally taken for Exeter; I have placed it near Chiselboro' and South Petherton, near the borders of Somersetshire" (p. 371). His ob

inountainous, though the capital, Isaura, was in
the south. Strabo, in a somewhat obscure pas-
sage (xii. p. 568), seems to distinguish between
'Iraupía, the northern part, and 'loaupin, the
southern and less known part, which he regards
as belonging to Lycaonia. Later writers, too, de-
signate by the name Isauria only the northern part
of the country, and take no notice of the south,
which was to them almost a terra incognita. The
inhabitants of that secluded mountainous region of
Asia, the Isauri or Isaurica gens, appear to have
been a kindred race of the Pisidians. Their prin-
cipal means of living were derived from plunder and
rapine; from their mountain fastnesses they used to
descend into the plains, and to ravage and plunder
wherever they could overcome the inhabitants of the
valleys in Cilicia, Phrygia, and Pisidia. These
marauding habits rendered the Isaurians, who also
took part in the piracy of the Cilicians, so dangerous
to the neighbouring countries that, in B. c. 78, the
Romans sent against them an army under P. Servi-
lius, who, after several dangerous campaigns, suc-
ceeded in conquering most of their strongholds and
reducing them to submission, in consequence of
which he received the surname of Isauricus. (Strab.
1. c.; Diod. Sic. xviii. 22; Zosim. v. 25; Mela, i. 2;
Plin. v. 23; Eutrop. vi. 3; Liv. Epit. 93; Dion
Cass. xlv. 16; Flor. iii. 6; Ptol. v. 4. § 12; Oros.
v. 23; Amm. Marc. xiv. 2, xxv. 9.) The Isaurians
after this were quite distinct from the Lycaonians,
for Cicero (ad Att. v. 21; comp. ad Fam. xv. 2)
distinguishes between the Forum Lycaonium and
the Isauricum. But notwithstanding the severe
measures of Servilius, who had destroyed their
strongholds, and even their capital of Isaura, they
subsequently continued to infest their neighbours,
which induced the tetrarch Amyntas to attempt
their extirpation; but he did not succeed, and lost
his life in the attempt. Although the glorious vic-jections (p. 462) lie in the difficulty of fixing Mu-
tory of Pompey over the pirates had put an end to ridunum (q. v.); but, beyond this, he considers
such practices at sea, the Isaurians, who in the himself free to claim Uxela (q. v.) as Exeter. For
midst of the possessions of Rome maintained their considering Isca Dumnoniorum to be Exeter, he sees
independence, continued their predatory excursions, no better reason than "general opinion and some
and defied the power of Rome; and the Romans, un-seeming affinity of names." Yet the "affinity of
able to protect their subjects against the bold moun- names" has been laid great stress on in the case of
taineers in any other way, endeavoured to check Isacae ostia. The Isca of Ptolemy must be about 20
them by surrounding their country with a ring of or 30 miles north-east of the mouth of the Exe, " on
fortresses. (Treb. Poll. XXX. Tyr. 25.) In this, which river Exeter stands. This reaches to the Ax."
however, the Romans succeeded but imperfectly, for Hence he suggests Ilchester as Isca Dumn.; but, as he
the Isaurians frequently broke through the sur- admits that that town has a claim to be considered
rounding line of fortifications; and their successes Ischalis (q. v.), he also admits that some of the
emboldened them so much that, in the third century localities about Hampden Hill (where there are the
of our aera, they united themselves with their kins- remains of a Roman camp), South Petherton (where
men, the Cilicians, into one nation. From that Roman coins have been found), and Chiselboro' (not
time the inhabitants of the highlands of Cilicia also far from the Axe), have better claims. Hence, in his
are comprised under the name of Isauri, and the map, Uxela Exeter, and Isca D. Chiselboro'.
two, united, undertook expeditions on a very large Assuming that some, if not all, these difficulties
scale. The strongest and most flourishing cities are explained under UXELA and MURIDUNUM, the
were attacked and plundered by them, and they re-positive evidence in favour of Exeter is something
mained the terror of the surrounding nations. In
the third century, Trebellianus, a chief of the Cilician
Isaurians, even assumed the title and dignity of
Roman emperor. The Romans, indeed, conquered
and put him to death; but were unable to reduce
the Isaurians. The emperor Probus, for a time,
succeeded in reducing them to submission; but they
soon shook off the yoke. (Vopisc. Prob. 16; Zosim.
i. 69, 70.) To the Greek emperors they were par-
ticularly formidable, for whole armies are said to
have been cut to pieces and destroyed by them.
(Suid. s. v. Bpúxios and 'Hoákλeios; Philostorg.

more than mere opinion and similarity of name.

(1) The form Isca is nearer to Ex than Az, and
that Isaca Ece is admitted. The Ux- in Ux-ela
may better=Ax.

(2) There is no doubt as to the other Isca
Caerleon-on-Usk. Now, Roger Hoveden, who wrote
whilst the Cornish was a spoken language, states
that the name of Exeter was the same as that of
Caerleon, in British, i. e. Caerwisc
civitas aquae.

(3) The statement of Horsley, that "he could
never hear of any military way leading to or from "
Exeter, misleads. In Polwhele (p. 182) we have a