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remains within the ruined walls are a theatre about 100 feet in diameter, and above it a cistern, 100 feet long, 70 broad, and 14 deep, excavated on three sides in the rock, and on the fourth constructed of masonry. In the acropolis Leake discovered some remains of Doric shafts of white marble, which he conjectures to have belonged to the temple of Athena, of which Dicaearchus speaks (1. 55); but the teinple mentioned by Dicaearchus must have been at Old Pleuron, since Dicaearchus was a contemporary of Aristotle and Theophrastus, and could not have been alive at the time of the foundation of New Pleuron. Dodwell, who visited the ruins of this city, erroneously maintains that they are those of Oeniadae, which were, however, situated among the marshes on the other side of the Achelous. Leake places Old Pleuron further south, at a site called Ghyfto-kastro, on the edge of the plain of Mesolonghi, where there are a few Hellenic remains. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 115, seq., vol. iii. p. 539; Dodwell, Tour through Greece, vol. i. p. 96, seq.; Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. i. p. 140, seq.)

PLOTINO'POLIS (HAWτi óĦOλis, Ptol. iii. 11. § 13), a town of Thrace, on the road from Trajanopolis to Hadrianopolis, and connected with Heraclea by a by-road. (Itin. Ant. pp. 175, 322.) According to the Itinerary, it was 21 miles distant from Hadrianopolis. It was probably founded by Trajan at the same time with Trajanopolis, and named after his consort Plotina. It was restored by Justinian. (Procop, Aed. iv. 11.) Variously identified with Dsjisr-Erkene, Bludin, and Demotica; but Pococke (iii. c. 4) thinks that the ruins near Uzun Kiupri belong to it. [T. H. D.] PLUMBA'RIA (IIλovμsapía, Strab. iii. p. 159), a small island on the S. coast of Spain, probably that off C. St. Martin. [T. H. D.] PLUVIA'LIA. [FORTUNATAE INSULAE.] PLUVINA, a town of Pelagonia, to which the consul Sulpicius retired in his campaign against Philip, B. C. 200. (Liv. xxxi. 39.) Its position must be looked for in one of the valleys watered by the Erigon and its branches. [E. B. J.]

PNIGEUS. [PHOENICUS.]

POCRI'NIUM, in Gallia, a name which appears in the Table on a route from Aquae Bormonis (Bourbon l'Archambault) to Augustodunum (Autun). D'Anville finds a place named Perrigni, on the right bank of the Loire, E. by S. of Bourbon l'Archambault, and he thinks that both the name and the distance agree well enough with the Table. A French writer, cited by Ukert (Gallien, p. 467), places Pocrinium 1 leagues from Perrigny, near the village La Brosse, where old ruins have been found and the place is called in old documents Pont Bernachon on the Loire. [G. L.]

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PLINTHINE (Пwoívn, Strab. xvii. p. 799; Ptol. iv. 5. § 8; Steph. B. s. v.), the frontier town of Aegypt towards Libya. It stood at the head of the Plinthinetic bay, in latitude 29° 40′ N., just within the Mareotic nome, but beyond the limits of the Delta proper. There are no remains enabling us to determine the exact site of this town; but it cannot have been far from Taposiris (Abousir), of which the ruins are still visible about 25 miles W. of Alexandreia. An inferior kind of wine was produced in this region of Aegypt; and Hellanicus (Fr. 155) says that the people of Plinthine originally discovered the virtues of the grape. (Athen. i. p. 34.) [W. B. D.] PLINTHINE'TICUS SINUS (ITALOWÝTηS KóλTOS, Herod. ii. 6), the westernmost of the Mediterranean harbours of Aegypt. It was indeed little more than a roadstead, and was exposed to the N. and NW. winds. W. of the Sinus Plinthineticus began the Regio Marmarica. [W. B. D.] PLISTIA (Prestia), a town of the Samnites, mentioned only by Livy (ix. 21, 22) in a manner that affords but little clue to its position. It was besieged by the Samnites in B. c. 315, with the view of drawing off the Romans from the siege of Saticula: they failed in this object, but made themselves masters of Plistia. The site is probably indicated by a village still called Prestia, about 4 miles from Sta Agata dei Goti, at the foot of the Monte Ta-(.c.), but 23 according to the Jerusalem Itinerary

burno.

[E. H. B.]

PLISTUS. [DELPHI.]
PLITENDUS, a town of Phrygia on the river
Alander, which is probably a branch of the San-
garius. (Liv. xxxviii. 15.)

PLITHANA (Tà Пλíðava, Arrian, Per. Mar. Erythr. p. 29, Huds., p. 294, ed. C. Müller, who reads Пaitava), an important emporium in the Dachinabades in India, from which many onyx stones were exported. It is called by Ptolemy (vii. 1. § 82) Baethana (Bailava), the royal residence of Siroptolemaeus. In Pracrit it is also called Paithana, in Sanscrit Prathisthana; it is the modern town of Pythan, or Pultanah upon the river Godaveri. (Vincent, Voyage of Nearchus, vol. ii. p. 412; Lassen, Ind. Alterth. vol. i. p. 177; C. Müller, ad Geogr. Graec. Min. vol. i. p. 294.)

PLOTAE INSULAE. [STROPHADES.]
PLOTHEIA. [ATTICA, p. 330, b.]

PODALAEA (Ποδαλαία, Ποδαλλία, Ποδαλία, or Ποδάλεια: Eth. Ποδαλεώτης), a town of Lycia, situated in the neighbourhood of Limyra (Steph. B. 8. v.); but according to Ptolemy (v. 3. § 7) not far from the sources of the Xanthus in the north of Lycia. (Comp. Plin. v. 28; Hierocl. p. 683.) Sir C. Fellows (Lycia, p. 232, &c.) looks for its site further east towards Mount Solyma, where remains of an ancient town (Cyclopian walls and rock-tombs) near Almalec, are still found, and are known by the name of Eski Hissar, i. e. old town. [L. S.]

PODANDUS (Пodavdós, Basil. Ep. 74, 75; It.
Anton. p. 145; ʼn Пodevdós, Const. Porphyr. de
Them. i. p. 19, Bonn; Пodavdeus, Const. Porphyr.
Vit. Basil. c. 36; Opodanda, It. Hieros. p. 578), a
town of Cappadocia distant 16 Roman miles from
Faustinopolis, according to the Antonine Itinerary

(l. c.). It was situated near the Pylae Ciliciae. It
is frequently mentioned by the Byzantine writers,
and is said to have taken its name from a small
stream which flowed near it. (Constant. Porphyr.
Vit. Basil. c. 36; Cedren. p. 575; Joann. Scylitz.
pp. 829, 844.) It is described by Basil as a most
miserable place. "Figure to yourself," he
46
says, a
Laconian Ceada, a Charonium breathing forth pes-
tilential vapours; you will then have an idea of the
wretchedness of Podandus." (Ep. 74.) It is still
called Podend. (Cramer, Asia Minor, vol. ii. p.
134.)

PODOCA (Ποδώκη or Πουδάκη, Ptol. vii. 1. § 14; Пodoúkn, Peripl. Mar. Erythr. c. 60), a place near the coast of Malabar, not far from the Cavery river. According to Bohlen (Ind. vol. i. p. 26), the name is a corruption of Podukeri (the new town). (Comp. also Ritter, vol. v. p. 516.) It is not unlikely that the name has been preserved in the

present Pondicherry (written in the Tamil language Puluchchery). Ptolemy mentions another place of the same name in the northern part of the island of Taprobane (vii. 4. § 10). [V.] POECILA'SIUM, POECILASSUS (ПoikiÃάσiov, Ptol. iii. 15. § 3; Пokiλaσσos, Stadiasm. Magni Mar. p. 299, ed. Hoffmann), a town on the S. coast of Crete, placed by Ptolemy E. of Tarrha, between this place and the promontory Hermaea; but in the Stadiasmus W. of Tarrha, between this place and Syia, 60 stadia from the former and 50 from the latter. It is probably represented by the ruins near Trypeté, situated between the places mentioned in the Stadiasmus. (Pashley, Crete, vol. ii. p. 264.)

POECILE (Пoxiλn), a rock on the coast of Cilicia, near the mouth of the Calycadnus, and on the east of Cape Sarpedon, across which a flight of steps cut in the rock led from Cape Zephyrium to Seleuceia. (Strab. xiv. p. 670; Stadiasm. Mar. M. § 161.) Its distance of 40 stadia from the Calycadnus will place it about Pershendi. Instead of any steps in the rock, Beaufort here found extensive ruins of a walled town, with temples, arcades, aqueducts, and tombs, built round a small level, which had some appearance of having once been a harbour with a narrow opening to the sea. An inscription copied by Beaufort from a tablet over the eastern gate of the ruins accounts for the omission of any notice of this town by Strabo and others; for the inscription states it to have been entirely built by Fluranius, archon of the eparchia of Isauria, in the reigns of Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian. [L. S.] POECILUM (Пokiλov, Paus. i. 37. § 8), a mountain in Attica, on the Sacred Way. [See Vol. I. p. 328, a.]

POEDICULI. [PEUCETII.] POE'DICUM (Пoidikóv), a place mentioned only by Ptolemy (ii. 14. § 3) as situated in the southeast of Noricum; it is commonly identified with the modern Adelsberg, on the river Poigk. [L. S.] POEEESSA. [CEOS.]

POEMANE'NUS (Пoμavпvós), a town in the south of Cyzicus, and on the south-west of lake Aphnitis, which is mentioned only by very late authors. It belonged to the territory of Cyzicus, was well fortified, and possessed a celebrated temple of Asclepius. (Steph. B. s. v. Houάvivov; Nicet. Chon. Chron. p. 296; Concil. Constant. III. p. 501; Concil. Nicaen. II. p. 572; Hierocl. p. 662, where it is called Poemanentus.) Its inhabitants are called Poemaneni (Пouavnvoi, Plin. v. 32). Hamilton (Researches, ii. p. 108, &c.) identifies it with the modern Maniyas, near the lake bearing the same [L. S.]

name.

POENI [CARTHAGO.]
POENI NAE ALPES. [ALPES, p. 108, a.]
POETO'VIO. [PETOVIO.]
POGON. [TROEZEN.]

POLA (Пóλa: Eth. Пoλárns: Pola), one of the principal towns of Istria, situated near the S. extremity of that peninsula, on a landlocked bay, forming an excellent port, which was called the Sinus Polaticus. (Mel. ii. 3. § 13.) According to a tradition mentioned by several ancient authors, its foundation was ascribed to a band of Colchians, who had come hither in pursuit of Medea, and afterwards settled in the country. (Strab. i. p. 46, v. p. 216; Plin. iii. 19. s. 23; Mel. 1. c.; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 1022.) It is impossible to explain the origin of this tale, which is already mentioned by Callimachus (ap. Strab. 1. c.); but it may be received as proving

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that the city was considered as an ancient one, and certainly existed before the Roman conquest of Istria in B. c. 177, though its name is not mentioned on that occasion. It was undoubtedly the advantages of its excellent port that attracted the attention of the Romans, and led Augustus to establish a colony there, to which he gave the name of Pietas Julia. (Mel. l. c.; Plin. iii. 19. s. 23.) Several of the still existing remains prove that he at the same time adorned it with public edifices; and there is no doubt that under the Roman Empire it became a considerable and flourishing town, and, next to Tergeste (Trieste), the most important city of Istria. (Strab. 1. c.; Ptol. iii. 1. § 27; Gruter, Inscr. p. 263. 7, p. 360. 1, p. 432. 8.) It is mentioned in history as the place where Crispus, the eldest son of Constantine the Great, was put to death by order of his father; and again, in A. D. 354, the Caesar Gallus underwent the same fate there by order of Constantius. (Ammian. Marc. xiv. 11.) After the fall of the Roman Empire in the West it continued to be a place of importance, and in A. D. 544 it was there that Belisarius assembled the fleet and army with which he was preparing to cross over to Ravenna. (Procop. B. G. iii. 10.) It probably partook of the prosperity which was enjoyed by all Istria during the period that Ravenna became the seat of empire, and which was continued throughout the period of the Exarchate; we learn from the Itineraries that it was connected by a road along the coast with Tergeste, from which it was 77 miles distant, while the direct communication by sea with Iadera (Zara) seems to have been in frequent use, though the passage was 450 stadia, or 56 Roman miles. (Itin. Ant. pp. 271, 496.)

Pola is remarkable for the importance and preservation of its ancient remains. Of these by far the most important is the amphitheatre, one of the most interesting structures of the kind still extant, and remarkable especially for the circumstance that the external circumference, usually the part which has suffered the most, is in this case almost entirely perfect. It is built on the slope of a hill, so that on the E. side it has only one row of arcades, while on the opposite side, facing the bay, it has a double tier, with an additional story above. It is 436 English feet in length by 346 in breadth, so that it exceeds in size the amphitheatre of Nismes, though considerably smaller than that at Verona. But its position and the preservation of its more architectural portions render it far more striking in aspect than either of them. Considerable remains of a theatre were also preserved down to the 17th century, but were destroyed in 1636, in order to make use of the materials in the construction of the citadel. There still remain two temples; one of which was dedicated to Rome and Augustus, and though of small size, is of very elegant design and execution, corresponding to the Augustan age, at which period it was undoubtedly erected. It has thence become a favourite model for study with Italian architects from the time of Palladio downwards. The other, which was consecrated to Diana, is in less complete preservation, and has been converted into a modern habitation. Besides these, the Porta Aurea, a kind of triumphal arch, but erected by a private individual of the name of Sergius, now forms the S. gate of the city. Another gate, and several portions of the ancient walls are also preserved. The whole of these monuments are built of the hard white limestone of the country, closely appro ching to marble, which adds

much to their effect. Dante speaks of the environs of Pola, as in his time remarkable for the numerous sarcophagi and ancient tombs with which they were almost wholly occupied. These have now disappeared. (Dante, Inf. ix. 13.)

The antiquities of Pola have been repeatedly described, and illustrated with figures; among others, in the fourth volume of Stuart and Revett's Athens, fol. Lond. 1816, and in the Voyage Pittoresque de l'Istrie et de la Dalmatie, fol. Paris, 1802; also in Allason's Antiquities of Pola, fol., Lond. 1819.

The harbour of Pola is completely landlocked, so as to have the appearance of a small basin-shaped lake, communicating by a narrow channel with the sea. Off its entrance lies a group of small islands called the Isole Brioni, which are probably those called by Pliny Cissa and Pullaria. (Plin. iii. 26. s. 30.) The southernmost promontory of Istria, about 10 miles distant from Pola, derived from it the name of Polaticum Promontorium. It is now called Capo Promontore.

[E. H. B.]

POLEMONIUM (Пoλeμúviov), a town on the coast of Pontus, at the mouth of the small river Sidenus, 10 stadia from Phadisane, and 130 from Cape Iasonium. (Arrian, Peripl. p. 16; Anonym. Peripl. p. 11, &c.; Ptol. v. 6. § 4; Steph. B. s. v.) Pliny (vi. 4) places the town 120 Roman miles from Amisus, which seems to be too great a distance. (Comp. Amm. Marc. xxii. 8; Hierocl. p. 702, where it is erroneously called Toλeμóviov; Tab. Peuting.) Neither Strabo nor any writer before him mentions this town, and it is therefore generally believed that it was built on the site of the town of Side, which is not noticed by any writer after Strabo. Its name intimates that it was founded, or at all events was named, after one Polemon, perhaps the one who was made king of that part of Pontus, about B. C. 36, by M. Antonius. It had a harbour, and seems to have in the course of time become a place of considerable importance, as the part of Pontus in which it was situated received from it the name of Pontus Polemoniacus. The town was situated on the western bank of the Sidenus, where its existence is still attested by the ruins of an octagon church, and the remains of a massive wall; but the ancient name of the place is preserved by the village of Pouleman, on the opposite side of the river. (Hamilton, Researches, vol. i. p. 270.) [L. S.] POLICHNA (Пoλíɣra). 1. A town of Laconia, mentioned only by Polybius (iv. 36), is placed by Leake in the interior of the country on the eastern slope of Mt. Parnon at Réonda (rà Péovтa), where, among the ruins of a fortified town of the lower empire, are some remains of Hellenic walls. (Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 364.)

2. A town in the NW. of Messenia on the road from Andania to Dorium and Cyparissia. (Paus. iv. 33. § 6.) [DORIUM.]

3. A town of Megaris, mentioned only in a line of Homer, quoted by Strabo, for which the Athenians substituted another to prove that Salamis at the time of the Trojan War was a dependency of Athens. (Strab. ix. p. 394.)

4. (Eth. Пoxvirns), a town of Crete, whose territory bordered upon that of Cydonia. (Thuc. ii. 85.) In B. c. 429 the Athenians assisted the inhabitants of Polichna in making war upon the Cydonians. (Thuc. l. c.) Herodotus also mentions the Polichnitae, and says that this people and the Praesii were the only people in Crete who did not join the other Cretans in the expedition against

Camicus in Sicily in order to revenge the death of Minos (vii. 170; Steph. B. s. v.). Cramer (Ancient Greece, vol. iii. p. 380) supposes the ruins at Pólis S. of Armyro to be those of Polichna, which Pashley, however, regards as those of Lappa or Lampa. (Crete, vol. i. p. 83.)

POLICHNE (Пoλíxνn), a small town in the upper valley of the Aesepus in Troas (Strab. xiii. p. 603; Plin. v. 32; Steph. B. s. v.; Hierocl. p. 662.) Respecting a place bearing the same name near Clazomenae, see CLAZOMENAE. [L. S.]

POLIMA'RTIUM (Bomarzo), a town of Etruria, not far from the right bank of the Tiber, and about 12 miles E. of Viterbo. The name is not found in any writer earlier than Paulus Diaconus (Hist. Lang. iv. 8), and there is therefore no evidence of its antiquity: but it is certain that there existed an ancient Etruscan city about 2 miles N. of the present village of Bomarzo. Some ruins and other slight vestiges of ancient buildings still remain, and numerous sepulchres have been discovered, some of which have yielded various objects of interest. One of them is adorned with paintings in the Etruscan style, but apparently not of early date. (Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. p. 214-226.) [E. H. B.]

POLIS (Hóλis), a village of the Hyaea in Locris Ozolis, which Leake supposes occupied the site of Karútes, where he found an inscription. (Thuc. iii. 101; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. P. 620.)

POLISMA (Пóλioμa), a small place on the river Simoeis in Troas, was originally called Polion; but it was situated in an unsuitable locality, and soon decayed. (Strab. xiii. p. 601.) [L. S.]

POLITORIUM (Πολιτώριον : Εth. Πολιτωρινος, Steph. B.), an ancient city of Latium, destroyed at a very early period of the Roman history. The account of its capture and destruction by Ancus Marcius comprises indeed all we know concerning it; for the statement cited from Cato (Serv. ad Aen. v. 564), which ascribed its foundation to Polites, the son of Priam, is evidently a mere etymological fiction. According to Livy and Dionysius, it was a city of the Prisci Latini, and was the first which was attacked by the Roman king, who made himself master of it with little difficulty, and transported the inhabitants to Rome, where he settled them upon the Aventine. But the Latins having soon after recolonised the deserted city, Ancus attacked it again, and having taken it a second time, entirely destroyed it, that it might not for the future afford a shelter to his enemies. (Liv. i. 33; Dionys. iii. 37, 38, 43.) The destruction appears to have been complete, for the name of Politorium never again occurs, except in Pliny's list of the cities of Latium that were utterly extinct. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) Its site is consequently involved in the greatest cbscurity; the only clue we have is the circumstance that it appears in the above narrative associated with Tellenae, which is equally uncertain, and with Ficana, the position of which at Dragoncello, on the Via Ostiensis, may be considered as well established. [FICANA.] Nibby would place Politorium at a spot called La Torretta near Decimo, on the Via Laurentina; while Gell considers the remains of an ancient city that have been discovered at a place called La Giostra, on the right of the Via Appia, about a mile and a half from Fiorano and 10 miles from Rome, as those of Politorium no doubt that the ruins at La Giostra-consisting of considerable fragments of walls, built in a very massive and ancient style, and enclosing a long and

There can be

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nities to have been united into one. (Urbesalvia
Pollentini, Plin. iii. 14. s. 18.) The URÈS SALVIA,
now Urbisaglia, is well known; and the site of
Pollentia must be sought in its immediate neigh-
bourhood. Holstenius places it at Monte Melone,
on a hill on the left bank of the Chienti between
Macerata and Tolentino, about 3 miles fom Urbi-
saglia on the opposite side of the valley. (Holsten.
Not. ad Cluv. p. 138.)
[E. H. B.]

POLLENTIA. [BALEARES.]
POLLUSCA or POLUSCA (Пoλоúσка: Eth.
Пoλvokavós, Polluscinus: Casal della Mandria),
a city of Latium, which appears in the early history
of Rome inseparably connected with Longula and
Corioli. Thus, in B. C. 493, we find the three places
enumerated in succession as reduced by the arms of
Postumus Cominius; and again in B. c. 488 all
three were recovered by the Volscians under the
command of Coriolanus. (Liv. ii. 33, 39; Dionys.
vi. 91, viii. 36.) No subsequent mention of Pollusca
occurs, except that its name is found in Pliny,
among the cities of Latium of which all trace had
disappeared. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) As its name is
there given among the places which had once shared
in the sacrifices on the Alban Mount, it is probable
that it was originally a Latin city, and had fallen
into the hands of the Volscians; whence it is
called, when first noticed in history, a Volscian city.
Livy, indeed, appears to regard Longula and Pollusca
as belonging to the Volsci Antiates, and therefore
at that time mere dependencies of Antium. The
position of Pollusca, as well as that of Longula, must
be in great measure matter of conjecture, but the
site suggested by Nibby, on a hill adjoining the
Osteria di Cività, about 22 miles from Rome, on the
road to Porto d' Anzo, has at least a plausible
claim to that distinction. The hill in question which

narrow space, bordered by precipitous banksthose of an ancient Latin city; but whether they mark the site of Politorium, as supposed by Gell, or of Tellenae, as suggested by Nibby and adopted by Abeken, we are wholly without the means of determining. (Gell, Top. of Rome, p. 280; Nibby, Dintorni, vol. ii. p. 571, vol. iii. p. 146-152; Abeken, Mittel Italien, p. 69.) The ruins at La Giostra are more fully noticed under the article TELLENAE. [E. H. B.] POLLENTIA. 1. (Пoλλerría: Eth. Pollentinus. Polenza), a city of Liguria, situated in the interior of that province, at the northern foot of the Apennines, near the confluence of the Stura and Tanaro. It was about 7 miles W. of Alba Pompeia. It was probably a Ligurian town before the Roman conquest, and included in the territory of the Statielli; but we do not meet with its name in history until near the close of the Roman republic, when it appears as a town of importance. In B. C. 43, M. Antonius, after his defeat at Mutina, withdrew to Vada Sabata, intending to proceed into Transalpine Gaul; but this being opposed by his troops, he was compelled to recross the Apennines, with the view of seizing on Pollentia; in which he was, however, anticipated by Decimus Brutus, who had occupied the city with five cohorts. (Cic. ad Fam. xi. 13.) Under the Roman Empire, Pollentia is mentioned by Pliny among the "nobilia oppida" | which adorned the tract of Liguria between the Apennines and the Padus. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 7.) It had considerable manufactures of pottery, and the wool produced in its territory enjoyed great reputation, having a natural dark colour. (Plin. viii. 48. s. 73, xxxv. 12. s. 46; Sil. Ital. viii. 597; Martial, xiv. 157.) It is incidentally mentioned as a municipal town under the reign of Tiberius, having been severely punished by that emperor for a tumult that included in the farm of the Casal della Mandria, occurred in its forum. (Suet. Tib. 37.) But its stands just at the bifurcation of the two roads that name is chiefly noted in history as the scene of a lead to Porto d' Anzo and to Conca: it was noticed great battle fought between Stilicho and the Goths by Sir W. Gell as the probable site of an ancient under Alaric, in A. D. 403. The circumstances of town, and suggested as one of those which might be this battle are very imperfectly known to us, and selected for Corioli: if we place the latter city at even its event is variously related; for while Clau-Monte Giove, the site more generally adopted, dian celebrates it as a glorious triumph, Orosius describes it as a dubious success, and Cassiodorus and Jornandes boldly claim the victory for the Goths. (Claudian, B. Get. 580-647; Prudent. in Symmach. ii. 696-749; Oros. vii. 37; Prosper. Chron. p. 190; Cassiod. Chron. p. 450; Jornand. Get. 30.) But it seems certain that it was attended with great slaughter on both sides, and that it led to a temporary retreat of the Gothic king. No subsequent mention is found of it, and we have no account of the circumstances of its decay or destruction; but the name does not reappear in the middle ages, and the modern Pollenza is a poor village. Considerable remains of the ancient city may still be traced, though in a very decayed condition; they include the traces of a theatre, an amphitheatre, a temple, and other buildings; and various inscriptions have also been discovered on the spot, thus confirming the evidence of its ancient prosperity and importance. (Millin, Voyage en Piemont, fc. vol. ii. p. 55.) The ruins are situated two miles from the modern town of Cherasco, but on the left bank of the Tanaro.

2. A town of Picenum mentioned only by Pliny, who among the "populi" of that region, enumerates the Pollentini, whom he unites with the Urbs Salvia in a manner that seems to prove the two commu

Pollusca may very well have been at the Osteria di
Cività; but the point is one which can never be
determined with certainty. (Gell, Top of Rome,
p. 183; Nibby, Dintorni, vol. i. p. 402; Abeken,
Mittel Italien p. 72.)
[E. H. B.]

POLTYOBRIA. [AENUS.]

POLYAEGUS (Пoλvaryos), a desert island in the Aegaean sea, near Melos. (Ptol. iii. 15. § 28; Plin. iv. 12. s. 23; Mela, ii. 7.) It is either Polybos, or perhaps Antimelos with its wild goats. (Ross, Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln, vol. iii. p. 26.) POLYANTHES. [AMANTIA.]

POLYANUS (Пoλúavos) a mountain in Epeirus mentioned by Strabo (vii. p. 327) along with To

marus.

POLY'BOTUS (Пoλúboтos), a place in the west of Phrygia Major, a little to the south-east of Synnada, mentioned only by Hierocles (p. 677) and a few Byzantine writers (Procop. Hist. Arc. 18; Anna Comnen. p. 324; Concil. Nicaen. ii. p. 358), who, however, do not give the name correctly, but call it Polybatus or Polygotus. Col. Leake (Asia Min. p. 53) identifies the site of Polybotus with the modern Bulwudun, which he regards as only a Turkish corruption of the ancient name. [L. S.]

POLY'GIUM, a place on the south coast of Gallia, mentioned in the Ora Maritima of Avienus (v.611):

"Tenuisque censu civitas Polygium est,

Tum Mansa vicus oppidumque Naustalo." There is nothing to say about a place for whose site there is no sufficient evidence. Menard supposed it to be Bourigues on the Etang de Tau. The name seems to be Greek, and the place may be one of the Massaliot settlements on this coast. [NAUSTALO]. [G. L.] POLYME'DIUM (Пoλνμýðιov, Strab. xiii. pp. 606, 616; Polymedia, Plin. v. 30. s. 32), a small place in Mysia, between the promontory Lectum and Assus, and at the distance of 40 stadia from the former.

sequent notice of it occurs till the outbreak of the Social War (B. C. 91), in which it appears to have taken a prominent part, as the Pompeiani are mentioned by Appian apart from the other Campanians, in enumerating the nations that joined in the insurrection. (Appian, B. C. i. 39.) In the second year of the war (B. c. 89) Pompeii was still in the hands of the insurgents, and it was not till after repeated engagements that L. Sulla, having defeated the Samnite forces under L. Cluentius, and forced them to take refuge within the walls of Nola, was able to form the siege of Pompeii. (Appian, ib. 50; Oros. v. 18: Vell. Pat. ii. 16.) The result of this is nowhere mentioned. POLYRRHE'NIA (Пoλußßnvía, Ptol. iii. 17. § 10; It is certain that the town ultimately fell into the Пoλúρény, Пoλúpny, Steph. B. s. v., corrected by hands of Sulla; but whether by force or a capitulaMeineke into Hoλußßnvía; пoλλúßpnya, Scylax, p. tion we are not informed; the latter is, however, the 18, corrected by Gail; Пoλuppýviov, Zenob. Prov. most probable, as it escaped the fate of Stabiae, and v. 50; Polyrrhenium, Plin. iv. 12. s. 20: Eth. its inhabitants were admitted to the Roman franchise, Пoλuppvios, Polyb. iv. 53, 55; Strab. x. p. 479), though they lost a part of their territory, in which a town in the NW. of Crete, whose territory occupied a military colony was established by the dictator, the whole western extremity of the island, extending under the guidance and patronage of his relation, from N. to S. (Scylax, p. 18.) Strabo describes it P. Sulla. (Cic. pro Sull. 21; Zumpt, de Colon. pp. as lying W. of Cydonia, at the distance of 30 stadia 254, 468.) Before the close of the Republic, Pompeii from the sea, and 60 from Phalasarna, and as con- became, in common with so many other maritime taining a temple of Dictynna. He adds that the towns of Campania, a favourite resort of the Roman Polyrrhenians formerly dwelt in villages, and that nobles, many of whom had villas in its immediate they were collected into one place by the Achaeans neighbourhood. Among others, Cicero had a villa and Lacedaemonians, who built a strong city looking there, which he frequently mentions under the name towards the south. (Strab. x. p. 479.) In the of "Pompeianum," and which appears to have been civil wars in Crete in the time of the Achaean League, a considerable establishment, and one of his favourite B. C. 219, the Polyrrhenians, who had been subject residences. (Cic. Acad. ii. 3, ad Att. i. 20, ad Fam. allies of Cnossus, deserted the latter, and assisted vii. 3, xii. 20.) Under the Empire it continued to be the Lyctians against that city. They also sent aux-resorted to for the same purposes. Seneca praises iliary troops to the assistance of the Achaeans, because the Gnossians had supported the Aetolians. (Polyb. iv. 53, 55.) The ruins of Polyrrhenia, called Palaeokastro, near Kisamo-Kastéli, exhibit the remains of the ancient walls, from 10 to 18 feet high. (Pashley, Crete, vol. ii. p. 46, seq.)

POLYTIMETUS. [OXIA PALUS.] POMETIA. [SUESSA POMETIA.] POMPEII (Пournia, Strab.; Пoμnno, Dion Cass.: Eth. Пountavos, Pompeianus: Pompeii), an ancient city of Campania, situated on the coast of the beautiful gulf called the Crater or Bay of Naples, at the mouth of the river Sarnus (Sarno), and immediately at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. It was intermediate between Herculaneum and Stabiae. (Strab. v. p. 247; Pliny, iii. 5. s. 9; Mela, ii. 4. § 9.) All accounts agree in representing it as a very ancient city: a tradition recorded by Solinus (2. § 5) ascribed its foundation to Hercules; but Dionysius, who expressly notices him as the founder of Herculaneum, says nothing of Pompeii (Dionys. i. 44). Strabo says it was first occupied by the Oscans, subsequently by the Tyrrhenians (Etruscans) and Pelasgians, and afterwards by the Samnites (Strab. l. c.). It continued in the hands of these last, that is, of the branch of the nation who had assumed the name of Campanians [CAMPANIA], till it passed under the government of Rome. It is probable that it became from an early period a flourishing town, owing to its advantageous situation at the mouth of the Sarnus, which rendered it the port of Nola, Nuceria, and all the rich plain watered by that river. (Strab. I. c.) But we meet with no mention of its name in history previous to the Roman conquest of Campania. In B. C. 310 it is mentioned for the first time, when a Roman fleet under P. Cornelius touched there, and the troops on board proceeded from thence to ravage the territory of Nuceria. (Liv. ix. 38.) No sub

the pleasantness of its situation, and we learn both from him and Tacitus that it was a populous and flourishing town ("celebre oppidum," Tac. Ann. xv. 22; Sen. Nat. Qu. vi. 1). In addition to the colony which it received (as already mentioned) under Sulla, and which is alluded to in an inscription as "Colonia Veneria Cornelia " (Mommsen, Inscr. R. N. 2201), it seems to have received a colony at some later period, probably under Augustus (though it is not termed a colony by Pliny), as it bears that title in several inscriptions (Mommsen, l. c. 2230—2234).

In the reign of Nero (A. D. 59) a tumult took place in the amphitheatre of Pompeii, arising out of a dispute between the citizens and the newly-settled colonists of Nuceria, which ended in a conflict in which many persons were killed and wounded. The Pompeians were punished for this outbreak by the prohibition of all gladiatorial and theatrical exhibitions for ten years. (Tac. Ann, xiv. 17.) Only four years after, the city suffered severely from an earthquake, which took place on the 5th of February, A. D. 63. The expressions both of Seneca and Tacitus would lead us to suppose that it was in great part utterly destroyed; and we learn from existing evidence that the damage done was unquestionably very great, the public buildings especially having suffered most severely. (Sen. Nat. Qu. vi. 1; Tac. Ann. xv. 22.) The city had hardly recovered from this calamity, when it met with one far greater; being totally overwhelmed by the famous eruption of Vesuvius in A. D. 79, which buried Pompeii, as well as Herculaneum, under a dense bed of ashes and cinders. The loss of life in the former city was the greater, because the inhabitants were assembled in the theatre at the time when the catastrophe took place. (Dion Cass. lxvi. 23.) The younger Pliny, in his celebrated letters describing the eruption (Ep. vi. 16, 20), does not even notice the destruction of Pompeii or Her

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