66 Its coins, all of the imperial age, bear military ITA'LICA. [CORFINIUM.] [P.S.] ITHACA (Ιθάκη: Εth. Ιθακήσιος and Ιθακός: Ithacensis and Ithacus: Thiáki, Oláкn, vulgarly; but this is merely an alteration, by a simple metathesis of the two first letters, from '10ákn, which is known to be the correct orthography by the Ithacans themselves, and is the name used by all educated Greeks. Leake, Northern Greece, chap. xxii.) This island, so celebrated as the scene of a large portion of the Homeric poems, lies off the coast of Acarnania, and is separated from Cephallenia by a channel about 3 or 4 miles wide. Its name is said by Eustathius (ad Il. ii. 632) to have been derived from the eponymous hero Ithacus, mentioned in Od. xviii. 207. Strabo (x. 2) reckons the circumference of Ithaca at only 80 stadia: but this measurement is very short of the truth; its extreme length from north to south being about 17 miles, its greatest breadth about 4 miles, and its area nearly 45 sq. miles. The island may be described as a ridge of limestone rock, divided by the deep and wide Gulf of Molo into two nearly equal parts, connected by a narrow isthmus not more than half-a-mile across, and on which stands the Paleocastro of Aëtós ('Aerós), traditionally known as the "Castle of Ulysses." Ithaca everywhere rises into rugged hills, of which the chief is the mountain of Anoge ('Avwyn: Ital. Anoí), in the northern division, which is identified with the NERITOS of Virgil (Aen. iii. 271) and the Nýpirov eivoσípuλλov of Homer (Od. ix. 21). Its forests have now disappeared; and this is, doubtless, the reason why rain and dew are not so common here in the present as in Homer's age, and why the island no longer abounds in hogs fattened on acorns like those guarded by Eumaeus. In all other points, the poet's descriptions (Od. iv. 603, seq., xiii. 242, seq., ix. 27, seq.) exhibit a perfect picture of the island as it now appears, the general aspect being one of ruggedness and sterility, rendered striking by the bold and broken outline of the mountains and cliffs, indented by numerous harbours and creeks (Aμéves ñávopμoi, Od. xiii. 193). The climate is healthy (ayaoh Kоνротрóдоs, Od. ix. 27). It may here be observed, that the expressions applied to Ithaca, in Od. ix. 25, 26, have puzzled all the com ITANUS ("ITαvos, Ptol. iii. 17. § 4; Steph. B.: Eth. 'Irávios), a town on the E. coast of Crete, near the promontory which bore the name of Itanum. (Plin. iv. 12.) In Coronelli's map there is a place called Itagnia, with a Paleokastron in the neigh-mentators ancient and modern: bourhood, which is probably the site of Itanus; the position of the headland must be looked for near Xacro fiume (Höck, Kreta, vol. i. p. 426), unless it be placed further N. at Capo Salomon, in which case the Grandes islands would correspond with the ONISIA and LEUCE of Pliny (l. c.; comp. Mus. Class. Antiq. vol. ii. p. 303). According to Herodotus (iv. 151), the Theraeans, when founding Cyrene, were indebted for their knowledge of the Libyan coast to Corobius, a seller of purple at Itanus. Some of the coins of this city present the type of a woman terminating in the tail of a fish. (Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 314.) This type, recalling the figure of the Syrian goddess, coupled with the trade in purple, suggests a nician origin. αὐτὴ δὲ χθαμαλὴ πανυπέρτατη εἶν ἁλὶ κεῖται πρὸς ζόφον, αἱ δὲ ἄνευθε πρὸς ἠῶ τὸ ἠέλιόν τε. (Cf. Nitzsch, ad loc.; also Od. x. 196.) Strabo (x. 2) gives perhaps the most satisfactory explanation: he supposes that by the epithet xoaμaλn the poet intended to express how Ithaca lies under, as it were, the neighbouring mountains of Acarnania; while by that of wavuneрrárn he meant to denote its position at the extremity of the group of islands formed by Zacynthus, Cephallenia, and the Echinades. another explanation, see Wordsworth, Greece, Pictorial, &c., pp. 355, seq. For Ithaca is now divided into four districts (Balú, Phoe-'Aerós, 'Avwyn, 'E§wyn, i. e. Deep Bay, Eagle's Cliff, [E. B. J.] Highland, Outland); and, as natural causes are likely to produce in all ages similar effects, Leake (l. c.) thinks it probable, from the peculiar conformation of the island, that the four divisions of the present day nearly correspond with those noticed by Heracleon, an author cited by Stephanus B. (8. v. Kpokúλelov). The name of one of these districts is lost by a defect in the text; the others were named Neïum, Crocyleium, and Aegireus. The Aegilips of Homer (Il ii. 633) is probably the same with Aegireus, and is placed by Leake at the modern village of Anoge; H while he believes the modern capital town of Bathý | terns. There can be little doubt that this is the to occupy the site of Crocyleia. (I. 1. c.) It is true that Strabo (pp. 376, 453) places Aegilips and Crocyleia in Leucas; but this appears inconsistent with Homer and other ancient authorities. (See Leake, 1. c.) Plutarch (Quaest. Graec. 43) and Stephanus B. (s. v.) state that the proper name of the ancient capital of Ithaca was Alcomenae or Alalcomenae, and that Ulysses bestowed this appellation upon it from his having been himself born near Alalcomenae in Boeotia. But this name is not found in Homer; and a passage in Strabo tends to identify it with the ruins on the isthmus of Aëtós, where the fortress and royal residence of the Ithacan chieftains probably stood, on account of the advantages of a position so easily accessible to the sea both on the eastern and western sides. It is argued by Leake (1. c.) that the Homeric capital city was at Polis, a little harbour on the NW. coast of the island, where some Hellenic remains may still be traced. For the poet (Od. iv. 844, seq.) represents the suitors as lying in wait for Telemachus on his return from Peloponnesus at Asteris, a small island in the channel between Ithaca and Samos (Cephalonia)," where the only island is that now called Aaσkáλiov, situated exactly opposite the entrance to Port Polis. The traditional name of Polis is alone a strong argument that the town, of which the remains are still visible there, was that which Scylax (in Acarnania), and still more especially Ptolemy (iii. 14), mentions as having borne the same name as the island. It seems highly probable that wóλis, or the city, was among the Ithacans the most common designation of their chief town. And if the Homeric capital was at Polis, it will follow that Mt. Neium, under which it stood ('10ákns 'Trovntov, Od. iii. 81), was the mountain of Exoge (Ital. Exoi), at the northern extremity of the island, and that one of its summits was the Hermaean hill ('Epuaîos λópos, Od. xvi. 471) from which Eumaeus saw the ship of Telemachus entering the harbour. It becomes probable, also, that the harbour Rheithrum ('Peipov), which was "under Neium" but "apart from the city" (vóopi Tóλŋos, Od. i. 185), may be identified with either of the neighbouring bays of Afáles or Frikés. Near the village of Exoge may be observed the substructions of an ancient building, probably a temple, with several steps and niches cut in the rock. These remains are now called by the neighbouring peasants "the School of Homer." The Homeric "Fountain of Arethusa" is identified with a copious spring which rises at the foot of a cliff fronting the sea, near the SE. extremity of Ithaca. This cliff is still called Koraz (Kópak), and is, doubtless, that alluded to at Od. xiii. 407, seq., xiv. 5, seq., xiv. 398. (See, especially on this point, Leake, l. c., and Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. i. p. 67, seq.) The most remarkable natural feature of Ithaca is the Gulf of Molo, that inlet of the sea which nearly divides the island into two portions; and the most remarkable relic of antiquity is the socalled "Castle of Ulysses," placed, as has been already intimated, on the sides and summit of the steep hill of Aëtós, on the connecting isthmus. Here may be traced several lines of inclosure, testifying the highest antiquity in the rude structure of massive stones which compose them. The position of several gates is distinctly marked; there are also traces of a tower and of two large subterranean cis spot to which Cicero (de Orat. i. 44) alludes in praising the patriotism of Ulysses—“ut Ithacam illam in asperrimis saxis tanquam nidulam affixam sapientissimus vir immortalitati anteponeret." The name of Aëtós, moreover, recalls the striking scene in Od. ii. 146, seq. At the base of this hill there have been discovered several ancient tombs, sepulchral inscriptions, vases, rings, medals, &c. The coins of Ithaca usually bear the head of Ulysses, with the pileus, or conical cap, and the legend 'I0ak@v; the reverse exhibiting a cock, an emblem of the hero's vigilance, Athena, his tutelar deity, or other devices of like import. (See Eckhel.) The Homeric port of Phorcys (Od. xiii. 345) is supposed to be represented by a small creek now called Dexia (probably because it is on the right of the entrance to the harbour of Bathý), or by another creek now called Skhinos, both on the southern side of the Gulf of Molo. (Leake, l. c.) At a cave on the side of Mount Stephanos or Merovugli, above this gulf, and at some short distance from the sea, is placed the "Grotto of the Nymphs," in which the sleeping Ulysses was deposited by the Phoenicians who brought him from Scheria. (Od. xiii. 116, seq.) Leake (l. c.) considers this to be "the only point in the island exactly corresponding to the poet's data." The modern capital of Ithaca extends in a narrow strip of white houses round the southern extremity of the horse-shoe port, or “deep” (Batú), from which it derives its name, and which is itself but an inlet of the Gulf of Molo, often mentioned already. After passing through similar vicissitudes to those of its neighbours, Ithaca is now one of the seven Ionian Islands under the protectorate of Great Britain, and contains a population exceeding 10,000 souls, -an industrious and prosperous community. It has been truly observed that there is, perhaps, no spot in the world where the influence of classical associations is more lively or more pure; for Ithaca is indebted for no part of its interest to the rival distinctions of modern annals, so much as its name scarcely occurring in the page of any writer of historical ages, unless with reference to its poetical celebrity. Indeed, in a. D. 1504, it was nearly, if not quite, uninhabited, having been depopulated by the incursions of Corsairs; and record is still extant of the privileges accorded by the Venetian government to the settlers (probably from the neighbouring islands and from the mainland of Greece) by whom it was repeopled. (Leake, I. c.; Bowen, Ithaca in 1850, p. 1.) It has been assumed throughout this article that the island still called Ithaca is identical with the Homeric Ithaca. Of that fact there is ample testimony in its geographical position, as well as in its internal features, when compared with the Odyssey. To every sceptic we may say, in the words of Athena to Ulysses (Od. xiii. 344),· -74, but they have been successfully confuted by Rühle von Lilienstern, Ueber das Homerische Ithaca. The fullest authorities on the subject of this article are Gell, Geography and Antiquities of Ithaca, London, 1807; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 24-55; Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. i. pp. 38-81; Bowen, Ithaca in 1850, London, 1852.) [G. F. B.] ITHACE'SIAE INSULAE, is the name given by Pliny (iii. 7. s. 13) to some small islets opposite to Vibo on the W. coast of Bruttium. These can be no other than some mere rocks (too small to be marked on ordinary maps) which lie just opposite to the remains of Bivona, in the Golfo di Sta. Eufemia, and on which some traces of ancient buildings (probably connected with that port) were still visible in the days of Barrio. (Barrius, de Situ Calabr. ii. 13; Romanelli, vol. i. p. 57). ITHO'ME (Ιθώμη: Eth. Ιθωμήτης, Ιθωμαῖος). [E. H. B.] 1. A town of Histiaeotis in Thessaly, described by Homer as the "rocky Ithome" ('10άμŋ кλwμакóeσσα, I. ii. 729), is placed by Strabo within a quadrangle formed by the four cities, Tricca, Metropolis, Pelinnaeum, and Gomphi. (Strab. ix. p. 437.) It probably occupied the site of the castle which stands on the summit above the village of Fanári. Leake observed, near the north-western face of the castle, some remains of a very ancient Hellenic wall, consisting of a few large masses of stone, roughly hewn on the outside, but accurately joined to one another without cement. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 510.) 2. Á mountain fortress in Messenia, where the Messenians long maintained themselves against the Spartans in the First Messenian War. It was afterwards the citadel of Messene, when this city was founded by Epaminondas. For details, see MES SENE. ITHO'RIA (10wpía), a town in Aetolia, near the Achelous, and a short distance south of Conope. It was situated at the entrance of a pass, and was strongly fortified both by nature and by art. It was taken by Philip V., and levelled to the ground, B. C. 219. (Pol. iv. 64.) ITIUM PROMONTO'RIUM, is placed by Ptolemy (ii. 9. § 1) in Celtogalatia Belgica. After the mouths of the Seine, he mentions the outlet of the river Phrudis [FRUDIS], Icium (“Iκtov ǎκрov), and then Gesoriacum (noopiakov èπivetov), which is Boulogne. One of the old Latin versions of Ptolemy has Itium Promontorium, and others may have it too. He places Gesoriacum and Itium in the same latitude, and Itium due west of Gesoriacum. This is a great mistake, for, Itium being Cap Grisnez, the relative position of the two places is north and south, instead of east and west. There is no promontory on this part of the French coast north or south of Boulogne except Grisnez, at which point the coast changes its direction from south to north, and runs in a general ENE. direction to Calais, Gravelines, and Dunkerque. It is therefore certain that there is a great mistake in Ptolemy, both in the direction of the coast and the relative position of Gesoriacum and Itium. Cap Grisnez is a chalk cliff, the termination on the Coast of the chalk hills which cross the department of Pas de Calais. The chalk cliffs extend a few miles on each side of Cap Grisnez, and are clearly seen from the English coast on a fine day. This cape is the nearest point of the French coast to the opposite coast of Kent. [G. L.] ITIUS PORTUS (Tò "ITIov, Strab. p. 199). When Caesar was preparing for his second British ex ITIUS PORTUS. 99 pedition (B. C. 54), he says (B. G. v. 2) that he ordered his forces to meet at "Portus Itius, from which port he had found that there was the most convenient passage to Britannia,—about 30,000 passus." In his first expedition, B. c. 55, he says that he marched, with all his forces, into the country of the Morini, because the passage from that coast to Britannia was the shortest (B. G. iv. 21); but he does expedition; and this is an omission which a man not name the port from which he sailed in his first tion of the Commentaries. It seems a plain conclucan easily understand who has formed a correct nosion, from Caesar's words (v. 2) that he sailed from the Itius on his first expedition; for he marched into the country of the Morini, in order to make the shortest passage (iv. 21); and he made a good pasfrom the Itius to the British coast, but not in the sage (iv. 23). In the fifth book he gives the distance fourth book; and we conclude that he ascertained this distance in his first voyage. Drumann (Geschichte Roms, vol. iii. p. 294) thinks that the passage in the fifth book rather proves that Caesar did not sail from Itius on his first voyage. We must accordingly suppose that, having had a good passage on his first voyage to Britannia, and back to the place from which he had sailed, he chose to try a different passage the second time, which passage he (commodissimum). Yet he landed at the same place had learned (cognoverat) to be the most convenient in Britannia in both his voyages (v. 8); and he had says, that this was the best landing-place. So Druascertained (cognoverat) in the first voyage, as he mann, in his way, may prove, if he likes, that Caesar did not land at the same place in both voyages. that Portus Itius was near the Promontorium Itium; of Britannia, 30 M. P., is too much. It seems to be sage in the fifth book (v.8), in which Caesar describes his second voyage, shows very clearly where he landed. He sailed from Portus Itius, on his second expedition, at sunset, with a wind about SW. by W.; about midnight the wind failed him, he could not keep his course, and, being carried too far by the tide, at daybreak, when he looked about him, he saw Britannia on his left hand behind him. Taking advantage of the change of the tide, he used his oars to reach "that part of the island where he had found in the previous summer that there was the best landing." He had been carried a few miles past the Cantium Promontorium, or North Foreland but not out of sight, and he could easily find his way to the beach at Deal. There are many arguments to show that Deal was Caesar's landing-place, as it was for the Romans under the empire, who built near it the strong place of Rutupiae (Richborough), on the Stour, near Sandwich. D'Anville makes out Caesar's distance of 30 M.P. thus. He reckons 22 or 24 M. P., at most, from Portus Itius to the English cliffs, and 8 miles from his anchorage under the cliffs to his landingplace make up 30. Perhaps Caesar means to estimate the whole distance that he sailed to his landing place; and if this is so, his estimate of "about 30 Roman miles" is not far from the truth, and quite as near as we can expect. Strabo (p. 199) makes the distance 320 stadia, or only 300, according to a note of Eustathius on Dionysius Periegetes (v. 566), who either found 300 in his copy of Strabo, or made a mistake about the number; for he derived his information about Caesar's passage only from Strabo. It may be observed here that Strabo mentions two expeditions of Caesar, and only one port of embarkation, the Itius. He understood Caesar in the same way as all people will do who can draw a conclusion from premises. But even 300 stadia is too great a distance from Wissant to the British coast, if we reckon 8 stadia to the Roman mile; but there is good reason, as D'Anville says, for making 10 stadia to the mile here Pliny gives the distance from Boulogne to Britannia, that is, we must assume, to the usual landing place, Rutupiae, at 50 M.P., which is too much; but it seems to be some evidence that he could not suppose Boulogne to be Caesar's place of embarkation. Caesar mentions another port near Itius. He calls it the Ulterior Portus (iv. 22, 23, 28), or Superior, and it was 8 M.P. from Itius. We might assume from the term Ulterior, which has reference to Itius, that this port was further to the north and east than Itius; and this is proved by what he says of the wind. For the wind which carried him to Britannia on his first expedition, his direct course being nearly north, prevented the ships at the Ulterior Portus from coming to the place where Caesar embarked (iv. 23). The Ulterior, or Superior, Portus is between Wissant and Calais, and may be Sangatte. Calais is too far off. When Caesar was returning from his first expedition (iy. 36, 37) two transport ships could not make the same portus-the Itius and the Ulterior or Superior-that the rest of the ships did, but were carried a little lower down (paulo infra), that is, further south, which we know to be Caesar's meaning by comparing this with another passage (iv. 28). Caesar does not say that these two ships landed at a "portus," as Ukert supposes (Gallien, p. 554), who makes a port unknown to Caesar, and gives it the name "Inferior." Du Cange, Camden, and others, correctly took MAP ILLUSTRATING THE POSITION OF PORTUS ITIUS. A. A. Strait of Dover, or Pas de Calais. 1. Portus soriacum, afterwards Bononia (Boulogne). 4. Calais. Itius (Wissant). 2. Itium Pr. (Cap Grisnez). 3. Ge5. Sandgate. 6. Portus Dubris (Dover). 7. Rutupiae (Richborough). 8. River Stour. 9. Cantium Pr. (North Foreland). 10. Regulbium (Reculver). that of two middle age Latin writers who mention the passage of Alfred, brother of St. Edward, into England, one calls Wissant Portus Iccius, and the other Portus Wisanti. D'Anville conjectures that Wissant means "white sand," and accordingly the promontory Itium would be the White, a very good name for it. But the word "white," and its various forms, is Teutonic, and not a Celtic word, so far as the writer knows; and the word "Itius" existed in Caesar's time on the coast of the Morini, a Celtic people, where we do not expect to see a Teutonic name. Wissant was known to the Romans, for there are traces of a road from it to Taruenna (Therouenne). It is no port now, and never was a port in the modern sense, but it was very well suited for Caesar to draw his ships up on the beach, as he did when he landed in England; for Wissant is a wide, sheltered, sandy bay. Froissart speaks of Wissant as a large town in 1346. A great deal has been written about Caesar's voyages. The first and the best attempt to explain it, though it is not free from some mistakes, is Dr. Halley's, of which an exposition is given in the Classical Museum, No. xiii., by G. Long. D'Anville, with his usual judgment, saw that Itius must be Wissant, but he supposed that Caesar landed at Hythe, south of Dover. Walckenaer (Géog. des Gaules, vol. i. pp. 448, 452) has some remarks on Itius, which he takes to be Wissant; and there are remarks on Portus Itius in the Gentleman's Magazine for September, 1846, by H. L. Long, Esq. Perhaps the latest examination of the matter is in G. Long's edition of Caesar, Note on Caesar's British Expeditions, pp. 248-257. What the later German geographers and critics, Ukert and others, have said of these voyages is of no value at all. [G. L.] ITON or ITO'NUS ("ITwv, Hom.; "ITwvos, Strab.),] a town of Phthiotis in Thessaly, called by Homer "mother of flocks" (Il. ii. 696), was situated 60 stadia from Alus, upon the river Cuarius or Coralius, and above the Crocian plain. (Strab. ix. p. 435.) Leake supposes the Kholó to be the Cuarius, and places Itonus near the spot where the river issues from the mountains; and as, in that case, Iton possessed a portion of the pastoral highlands of Othrys, the epithet "mother of flocks" appears to have been well adapted to it. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. pp. 356, 357.) Iton had a celebrated temple of Athena, whose worship, under the name of the Itonian Athena, was carried by the Boeotians, when they were expelled from Thessaly, into the country named after them. (Strab. I. c.; Steph. B. s. v.; Apollod. ii. 7. § 7.; Appollon. i. 551, with Schol.; Callim. Hymn. in Cer. 74.; Paus. i. 13. § 2, iii. 9. § 13, ix. 34. § 1, x. 1. § 10; Plut. Pyrrh. 26.) ITO'NE ('Irún), a town in Lydia of unknown site. (Dionys. Per. 465; Steph. B. s. v.) [L. S.] ITUCCI (Plin. iii. 1. s. 3), or ITUCI (Coins; 'Irún, Appian, Hisp. 66, 68), a city in the W. of Hispania Baetica. Under the Romans, it was a colonia immunis, with the surname VIRTUS JULIA, and it belonged to the conventus of Hispalis. Its probable site, in the opinion of Ukert, was between Martos and Espejo, near Valenzuela. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 369; Coins, ap. Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 487; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 18, Suppl. vol. i. p. 32; Sestini, p. 63; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 24.) [P. S.] ITUNA, in Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. §2) as an aestuary immediately to the north of the Moricambe aestuary - Morecambe Bay. This identifies it with the Solway Firth. [R. G. L.] | (Trav. p. 286) now contains only twenty inhabited ITYS, in Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. JUDAEA. [PALAESTINA.] IVERNIS ('lovepvís), mentioned by Ptolemy (ii.2. = JULIA JOZA ('Iovλía 'lóça), a city on the coast of Hispania Baetica, between Gades and Belon, colonized by a population of Romans mixed with the ITURAEA ('IToupaía), a district in the NE. of removed inhabitants of the town of Zelis, near Tingis, Palestine (Strab. xvi. p. 755; Plin. v. 19), which, on the Libyan shore of the Straits. Thus far Strabo with Trachonitis, belonged to the tetrarchy of Philip. (iii. p. 140): later writers speak of a place named (St. Luke, iii. 1; comp. Joseph. Ant. xv. 10. § 1.) JULIA TRANSDUCTA, or simply TRANSDUCTA ('lovThe name is so loosely applied by the ancient writers Aía Тpavodovктa, Ptol. ii. 4. § 6; Marcian. Heracl. that it is difficult to fix its boundaries with precision, p. 39; Geog. Rav.), E. of Mellaria; and coins are but it may be said roughly to be traversed by a line extant with the epigraph JULIA TRADUCTA (Florez, drawn from the Lake of Tiberias to Damascus. It Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 596, Esp. S. vol. x. p. 50; was a mountainous district, and full of caverns Mionnet, vol. i. p. 26, Suppl. vol. i. pp. 19, 45; (Strab. I.c.): the inhabitants, a wild race (Cic. Phil.ii. Sestini, Med. Isp. p. 90; Num. Goth.; Eckhel, 24), favoured by the natural features of the country, vol. i. pp. 29-31). Mela does not mention the were in the habit of robbing the traders from Da- place by either of these names; but, after speaking mascus (Strab. xvi. p. 756), and were famed as of Carteia, he adds the following remarkable words: archers. (Virg. Georg. ii. 448; Lucan. vii. 230, 514.) et quam transvecti ex Africa Phoenices habitant, At an early period it was occupied by the tribe of atque unde nos sumus, Tingentera. (Mela, ii. 6.) Jetur (1 Chron.v. 19; 'Iroupaîoi, LXX.), whose name It can hardly be doubted that all these statements is connected with that of Jetur, a son of Ishmael. refer to the same place; nay, the very names are (1 Chron. i. 31.) The Ituraeans-either the de-identical, Transducta being only the Latin transscendants of the original possessor, or, as is more probable, of new comers, who had occupied this district after the exile, and assumed the original name -were eventually subdued by king Aristobulus, B.C. 100, who compelled them to be circumcised, and incorporated them in his dominions. (Joseph. Ant. xiii. 11. §3.) The mountain district was in the hands of Ptolemaeus, tetrarch of Chalcis (Strab. xvi. p. 753); but when Pompeius came into Syria, Ituraea was ceded to the Romans (Appian. Mithr. 106), though probably it retained a certain amount of independence under native vassal princes: M. Antonius imposed a heavy tribute upon it. (Appian, B. C. v. 7.) Finally, under Claudius, it became JULIACUM, a town in Gallia Belgica. In the part of the province of Syria. (Tac. Ann. xii. 23; Antonine Itin. a road runs from Castellum (Cassel) Dion Cass. lix. 12.) The district El-Djedûr, to the through Tongern to Juliacum, and thence to CoE. of Hermon (Djebel-esh-Scheikh), and lying W. of lonia (Cologne). Juliacum is 18 leagues from Cothe Hadj road, which according to Burckhardt | lonia. Another road runs from Colonia Trajana to lation of the word Joza (from, egressus est) JULIA LIBYCA. [CERRETANI.] |