UNDERGRADUATE HONOR EXAMINATION PAPERS.

Trinity Term.

SENIOR SOPHISTERS.

Ethics.

DR. LONGFIELD.

1. How does Adam Smith prove the completeness of his classification of moral systems? In what classes, according to his arrangement, are we to place the utilitarian system, and that which makes virtue to consist in obedience to the divine will?

2. Give an outline of Cudworth's refutation of the system of Hobbes. How far does Adam Smith admit the soundness of Cudworth's system? 3. Explain and criticise Adam Smith's theory of moral perception. 4. Mention the different senses of the word Justice, and explain the position which the virtue occupied in the system of Plato.

5. Examine the grounds of the assertion that Justice is an artificial, not a natural virtue.

6. State and examine the chief objections to the argument for the existence of God from final causes.

7. State the arguments of Panæætius against the immortality of the soul, and Cicero's refutation of them.

8. State as nearly as you can, in the words of Cicero, the argument for the immortality of the soul from its simplicity and immateriality. Explain Stewart's observation that, in collecting the evidences for a future state, too much stress has commonly been laid upon the soul's immateriality.

MR. BARLOW.

1. The divine government of the world implied in the notion of religion in general, and of Christianity, contains a variety of propositions; give Butler's enumeration of them.

2. To Butler's argument for the immortality of the soul, what objection has been raised from the case of the brutes? Give his reply in full. How did Des Cartes endeavour to evade the difficulty?

3. State generally the various circumstances which should lead us to conclude that the beginnings of a righteous administration may be found in nature.

4. It is manifestly absurd to argue that punishment would be rendered unjust by supposition of necessity? Yet from this very objection Butler deduces an important conclusion?

5. Butler asserts that it is the province of reason to judge of the morality of the Scripture; what does he mean by this?

6. "It may be objected that there is some peculiar presumption from analogy against miracles; particularly against revelation, after the settlement and during the continuance of a course of nature." How does Butler endeavour to refute this objection?

7. What practical reflections does he recommend to the serious consideration of those persons who consider the doubtfulness of the evidence of religion a ground of complaint?

8. How does he refute the objectors who maintain that the conduct of the primitive Christians may be accounted for by enthusiasm ?

MR. MAHAFFY.

1. Two ways of investigating morals? Give examples from Butler of the second method.

2. Sketch out Butler's view of human nature, and compare it with Aristotle's. In one respect he agrees with Plato?

3. Butler asserts of two different principles that they are the most intimate obligation; reconcile these statements.

4. Analyze the second Sermon of Compassion.

5. Butler deduces four consequences from his discussion on our ignorance; state these accurately (especially the second).

6. Explain in detail Aristotle's definition of Virtue.

History, Political Science, and English Literature.

HISTORY.

PROFESSOR BARLOW.

1. Give an accurate account of the circumstances which led to the War

of the Spanish Succession.

2. Enumerate the most important events in the history of Germany during the reign of the Emperor Charles VI.

3. Give some account of the following persons :-Cinq-Mars, Gabrielle d'Estrées, Stanislas Leczynski.

4. What part was taken by France in the Thirty Years' War? 5. What account does Hallam give of the Mission of Panzani ? 6. What is his opinion as to the connexion of Godolphin, Marlborough, and Harley with the Court of St. Germains in the reign of Anne?

7. He points out an important distinction between the persecution of the Catholics under Elizabeth and that of the Protestants under Mary? What does he say renders the condemnations of Popish priests under the former so iniquitous ?

8. What, according to Hallam, was the worst and most tyrannical act of the reign of James I. ? Give an account of the case.

9. What account does he give of the Italian Companies of Adventure? 10. A. D. 1266. "The chance of a battle decided the fate of Naples, and had a striking influence upon the history of Europe for several centuries." What was this?

ENGLISH LITERATURE.

DR. INGRAM.

Write short Essays on the following subjects:

1. On Alliteration in English Poetry.

2. On the Feeling for Nature as shown by poets in the different stages of our Literary History.

3. On the rise of the English Drama from the earliest period to the time of Marlowe.

4. On the characters by which the contributions of Irishmen to English Literature appear to be distinguished.

5. On the connexion between Literature and Politics in England from the Restoration to the close of the last century.

6. On the genius and writings of Scott.

POLITICAL ECONOMY-SENIOR AND MILL.

DR. SHAW.

1. "All the positive checks [to population] by their mutual reaction, have a tendency to create and aggravate one another." (a) Justify this observation of Senior's; and (b) point out other instances in which a pair of economic phenomena aggravate each other by their mutual reaction.

2. Discuss the question how far emigration may be relied on, in modern times, as a means of keeping down population, without any great operation of the preventive checks.

3. (a). By quotations from the works of all three, Mr. Senior shows that Malthus was less a Malthusian than Mr. Mill and Mr. McCullagh ?

(b). How did Archbishop Whately assist in the settlement of the question at issue?

4. State the grounds on which Senior has substituted the word Abstinence for the word Capital used by previous economists in their enumeration of the instruments of production. Give his definitions of both terms.

5. "One portion of the stock of a society," says Adam Smith, "is reserved for immediate consumption, of which the characteristic is that it affords no revenue or profit. The whole stock of mere dwelling houses makes a part of this portion." The language of this passage, and of those which follow, is pronounced by Senior to be inconsistent with Smith's definition of Capital

(a). On what grounds?

(b). Show that Senior has mistaken Adam Smith's meaning in the passage quoted.

(c). Show that the dwelling houses of a community are not capital to the community, but any one dwelling house is or is not capital according to the meaning in which the assertion is made.

6. Discuss whether there is any peculiar applicability of the cooperative system to each of the following branches of industry :(a). Keeping a school.

(b). Training and running race horses.

(c). Deep sea fishing; especially the Greenland whale fisheries. (d). Piano-making.

7. What are the four kinds of monopoly described by Senior? State the law of value corresponding to each.

8. Assuming the Ricardo theory of rent, show (a), That, if the productiveness of a certain portion of the land of a country be increased in the ratio of m: 1, while yet the price of agricultural produce remains unaltered, the rent R of the improved portion rises in the ratio,

where P is the original gross produce of the improved portion, and C the cost of production; and (b) infer from this equation that the stimulus to adopt agricultural improvements is greatest in the case of the owners of the least fertile lands.

(c). Show that, if the original productiveness of such improved land was double that of the least fertile lands in cultivation, the rent would be increased by the improvements in the ratio of 2 m − 1 : I.

9. Suppose the whole land of a country to be divided into an infinite number of equal parts, gradually decreasing in productiveness down to absolute sterility, and that by the effect of agricultural improvements the productiveness of every portion be increased in the ratio of m: 1, while from the fall in value of agricultural produce the quantity raised will be increased only in the ration of k : 1. Show that, under those circumstances,

(a). Some land will go out of cultivation.

(b). That the total quantity now out of cultivation will be

u' = √ (m − k) 12 + k u2
√m

7 being the total quantity of land, and u the portion of it originally out of cultivation.

(c). Show that on the same hypothesis the total rental of the country will be increased; and that,

(d). The increase is represented by the ratio,

10. Detail the steps of the process by which the value of money is made to conform to the cost of production of the metal of which it is composed, and point out the circumstances which render the process a slow one.

11. Show, by numerical examples or otherwise, that profits form a larger portion of the cost of production according as the commodity produced requires the employment of more permanent or more expensive machinery.

12. How far is it true, and how far not true, that wages rise and fall with the price of food?

Experimental Physics.

CHEMISTRY AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY,

DR. APJOHN.

1. Describe the process by which ammonia may be exactly analyzed with the aid of the voltaic eudiometer.

2. If arseniuretted hydrogen be passed slowly into a solution of nitrate of silver, a certain reaction ensues; what is it?

3. When iodine is gradually dropped into a sulphureous water, or into a solution containing arsenious acid in association with bicarbonate of sodium, although starch be present, the formation of blue iodide is not observed until a certain amount of the iodine has been added; how is this explained?

4. How is the mercurial salt known under the name of calomel made on the great scale; and what change does it undergo when boiled with a solution of the protochloride of tin?

5. What is the action of water of ammonia on the mercurial salt known under the name of corrosive sublimate?

6. Write the formula of ferrocyanide of potassium, and that of the ferridcyanide of same metal; and explain how the former is converted into the latter.