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notion for medicinal purposes, had taken away from him by this time even what little amount of perseverance he might once have possessed.

On the incorporation of the Royal Society of Literature by George IV. in 1825, Coleridge was selected as one of the ten Royal Associates, and as such received from that time 100 guineas a year out of the king's private purse. The annuity was withdrawn at the commencement of the reign of William IV.

In his latter years Coleridge was in the habit of holding weekly 'conversazioni' at Mr. Gillman's house in Highgate. Those who knew little else of Coleridge are familiar by report with his extraordinary conversational powers. Of these the volumes of Table Talk,' which have been published give no adequate notion. His conversation was not in fragments, but was wont to continue without aid from others, in the way either of suggestion or of contradiction, for hours at a time. All things human and divine, joined with one another by subtlest links, entered into his discourse; which, though employed upon abstrusest subjects, was a spell whose fascination even the most dull or ignorant could not resist.

In June 1833 Coleridge was present at the meeting of the British Association of Science held that year in Cambridge. He died on the 25th of July 1834 in his sixty-second year.

Though not a man of strong character, Coleridge possessed many amiable qualities. He had all the social affections strongly developed. Though not always successful in attaining it, he had an earnest desire of truth. Thus he was by nature tolerant. But in his later years disease seems to have engendered an asperity in judging of the motives of others which was by no means consonant with the tenor of his earlier publications. To the same cause must be assigned a querulousness of disposition, which is exhibited in almost all his prose writings.

As a writer, Coleridge is to be viewed principally under two aspects: as a poet, and as the author of certain prose writings which, though miscellaneous in character, are chiefly employed upon metaphysical subjects. As a poet, he was for a long time coupled, owing to the joint publication of the Lyrical Ballads' and other accidental circumstances, with Wordsworth. The silly outcry against the Lake-school has long died away, and the force of reaction has perhaps supplied a tendency as far as Coleridge is concerned, to run into the opposite extreme of admiration. But while we are ready to admit that Coleridge's poetry will not rank in the highest class, we regard it as in the very foremost rank of its own class. As specimens of finished poetic style, some of his odes and later poems are almost perfect. In his translation of Schiller's Wallenstein' he has displayed taste and judgment of a high order. His own tragedies, the 'Remorse' and 'Zapolya,' contain many passages excellent for the apt expression of just thoughts and tender feelings, but Coleridge never grappled closely enough with the stern realities of life to enable him to become a great dramatic writer. The Ancient Mariner' is a highly successful effort of fancy, in a region which had not before been tried; and the 'Christabel' contains passages which those who have once read cannot forget. In some of his smaller poems again a happy thought, or it may be a happy conceit, is as happily developed. Still he is a poet of art rather than of nature. It may be added that his earlier poems are wanting in the freshness and individuality which have always marked the earliest efforts of the greatest poets, which (to confine ourselves to modern instances) are seen in the poems of Wordsworth, Shelley, and Tennyson. His imagination seems to have been overlaid with reading and reflection. Had he been a less profound metaphysician he might have been a greater poet. Had he been aroused in early life from his morbid subjectiveness (as he would have termed it), and been driven to look with a keener interest on the world around him, to have regarded man rather than mankind, had his passions been fairly called into play and his senses stirred into activity, we might have had in Coleridge one of the most imaginative of what in the true sense of the term might be called our 'metaphysical poets,' and the grander flights as well as the subtleties of thought might have been developed in poetry of matchless melody and exquisite refinement. As it is, while we have detached passages and short poems of the purest poetry, full of the most delicate shades of refined thought, vivid gleams of fancy, and even occasional soarings into the highest regions of imagination, we have no great completed poem, and only some few short stanzas which at once delight and satisfy the mind.

In his prose writings, as in his poetry, Coleridge is perhaps, rather to be regarded as the successful stimulator of other writers than as himself a writer, whose power is acknowledged by the general public. As regards the attainment of their main professed end, Coleridge's prose writings may have had little direct value. In mental science, or psychology, he espoused a particular hypothesis (that propounded by Schelling) of the absolute.' But, apart from the system itself, Coleridge has done little either to advance or diffuse it. As he got it from Germany, so has he left it.

In moral science Coleridge also followed the later German metaphysicians, who make moral science a part of psychology. His political doctrines,—which appear to us confused and often singularly inaccurate are explained in the first volume of the 'Friend.' His theological views (many of them very far from the standard of orthodoxy, especially on the subject of inspiration), have only been

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given to the world in posthumous publications. It was one of his most cherished schemes-his favourite vision in cloudland-to compose a work of colossal proportions which should embrace the whole range of mental philosophy taken in its widest meaning. He really only wrote a few disconnected fragments of his mighty task. But these fragments have proved of immense suggestiveness to younger intellects, and whatever be the position which Coleridge shall ultimately take among the thinkers of his country and his age, there can be now no question as to his great influence on the mind of the time.

And incomplete as they are, there is not one of Coleridge's prose writings which has not incidental merits sufficiently many and great to rescue it from oblivion with the general reader-merits discernible either in scattered criticisms on our older writers both of poetry and prose, or in illustrations drawn from stores of knowledge which a very wide reading had amassed, or in passages of great acuteness and sound practical wisdom, whenever the author lowers his flight to subjects to which such qualities can be applied with any hope as it were of immediate practical profit. And though, from the combined effects of indolence and of an intense devotion to conversational display, his ordinary style of writing is diffuse and obscure, and too much loaded with quotations, these works contain occasional passages of great beauty and power. In treating lighter subjects, his style may even be pronounced happy. Witness his account of Sir Alexander Ball in the third, and the tale of Maria Schöning in the second Landing-place' of the 'Friend.'

Coleridge's fame will greatly rest upon his powers as a critic in poetry and the fine arts. To establish his fame in this respect, there are his 'Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution' (published in the second volume of Coleridge's 'Literary Remains'), his review of Mr. Wordsworth's poetry, in the second volume of the 'Biographia Literaria,' which is perhaps the most philosophical piece of criticism extant in the language; and also his review of Mr. Maturin's 'Bertram,' which, though, when first published, it exposed him to much obloquy and many imputations of jealousy, is distinguished from common criticisms, if by nothing else, by a constant reference to first principles and a freedom from personality. The task of collecting and editing the unpublished works of Coleridge, so carefully and reverently performed by the poet's nephew and daughter, Henry Nelson and Sara Coleridge, hes by their deaths devolved upon his son Derwent, who in 1853 published a fifth and concluding volume of the Literary Remains,' and has been said to be contemplating that much-needed labour, a life of the poet and a collected edition of his works.

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HARTLEY COLERILSE, the eldest son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was born at Clevedon, Lear Bristol, September 19th, 1796. Two sonnets of his father are commemorative of his birth; and an exquisite poem of Wordsworth, To H. C. six years old,' describes the peculiarities of the child, "whose fancies from afar are brought." His infancy is also associated with two poems of his father, 'Frost at Midnight,' and 'The Nightingale.' In 1800 S. T. Coleridge came to reside near the Lake district; and here Hartley was reared; having a brother, Derwent, four years younger than himself, and a sister, Sara, six years younger. He was taken to London in 1807; and the various sights which he saw "made an indelible impression on his mind, the effect being immediately apparent in the complexion of those extraordinary day-dreams in which he passed his visionary boyhood." In 1808 he was placed, as well as his brother Derwent, as day-scholars of the Rev. John Dawes, at Ambleside. As a school-boy his powers as a story-teller were unique; his imagination weaving an enormous romance, whose recital lasted night after night for a space of years. During their school-days, the boys had constant intercourse with Mr. Wordsworth and his family; and Hartley made the acquaintance of Professor Wilson, who was his friend through life. His friendships and connections formed the best part of his education,-"by the living voice of Coleridge, Southey, and Wordsworth, Lloyd, Wilson, and De Quincey." In 1814 Hartley left school; and in 1815 went to Oxford, as a scholar of Merton College. His extraordinary powers as a converser, and his numerous invitations to wine-parties, were injurious to him in two ways-he used great freedom of remark upon "all establishments," and he acquired habits over which he had little subsequent power of control. He passed his examination for his degree in 1818, and soon afterwards obtained a fellowship at Oriel, with high distinction. An unhappy issue followed this honourable and independent position. "At the close of his probationary year, he was judged to have forfeited his Oriel fellowship, on the ground, mainly, of intemperance." The infirmity was heavily visited. We have no record that any friend stepped in to rescue one, so otherwise blameless, so sensitive, so unfit for any worldly struggle, from the permanent consequences of this early error. His brother, who records this painful epoch of his life, with a manly and touching sincerity says, "As too often happens, the ruin of his fortunes served but to increase the weakness which had caused their overthrow." It is unnecessary for us to follow the biographer's explanation of some of the causes which led to this unhappy result-his morbid consciousness of his own singu larity-his despondency at being unsuccessful in obtaining University prizes-his incapacity for the government of the pupils whom he received while at college-his impatience of control, and a belief that he was watched by those who looked with suspicion upon the most harmless

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manifestations of his peculiar temperament. His qualification for future active exertion was irretrievably destroyed.

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colouring of verse to have been generally allowed to rank among the more beautiful poems of the age; but in prose its often exquisite After leaving Oxford, Hartley Coleridge remained in London two imagery and delicate shades of thought and feeling seemed to lack years, occasionally writing in the 'London Magazine,' in which some some clear and palpable intention; and it was regarded for the most of his sonnets first appeared. Against his will he was established at part as vague, visionary, and obscure. Probably it will be on her Ambleside to receive pupils. The scheme failed; and after a vain commentaries upon her father's works-from which they are not likely struggle of four or five years, the attempt to do what he was unfit for to be by any future editor dissociated that her fame will ultimately was abandoned. From that time to his death, in 1849, he chiefly rest; but her rare acquirements and rarer gifts being thus expended lived in the Lake district-idle, according to ordinary notions, but a on annotations, are now scarcely likely ever to meet with their due diligent reader, a deep thinker, and a writer of exquisite verses, and recognition. Sara Coleridge survived her husband ten years: she died of prose of even a rarer order of merit. From 1820 to 1831 he con- May 3rd, 1852. At her death she was engaged in preparing a new tributed to Blackwood's Magazine.' In 1832 and 1833 he resided edition of her father's poems, which was completed and published by with Mr. Bingley, a young printer and publisher at Leeds; for whom her brother: Poems of S. T. Coleridge, edited by Derwent and Sara he produced a volume of Poems,' and those admirable biographies of Coleridge,' 1852. the Worthies of Yorkshire and Lancashire,' which make us more COLERIDGE, HENRY NELSON, the son of Colonel Coleridge, a than ever regret that one who wrote with such ease and vivacity, brother of the poet [COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR], was born at the should have accomplished so little. In 1834 his father died, having, beginning of this century. He was educated on the foundation at in a codicil to his will, expressed great solicitude to ensure for his son Eton, and in due course was elected scholar, and subsequently fellow, that "tranquillity indispensable to any continued and successful exer- of King's College, Cambridge. He took his degree of B.A. in 1823. tion of his literary talents," by providing for him, through the proper The scholars of King's having the somewhat questionable privilege application of a bequest after the death of his mother, "the continued of obtaining their degrees without examination, Mr. Coleridge's name means of a home." Mrs. Coleridge died in 1845, and an annuity was is not found amongst the candidates for classical or mathematical then purchased on Hartley's life. Meanwhile, he lived with a humble honours; but he was well known in the university as one of great family, first at Grasmere, and then at Rydal, watched over by the talents and rich acquirements, and he gave public evidence of his taste kind people with whom he was an inmate, and beloved by all the and scholarship, in 1820 and 1821, in the first of which years he inhabitants of the district. His illustrious friend Wordsworth was obtained two out of the three of Sir W. Browne's medals, namely, his close neighbour; and the house of the poet was always open to that for the Greek ode and that for the Latin ode, and in the second the child-like man of whose wayward career he had been almost pro- year was again the successful candidate for the Greek ode. In 1823 he phetic. In 1839 Hartley wrote a life of Massinger, prefixed to an was a contributor, in conjunction with W. S. Walker, W. M. Praed, edition of his works published by Mr. Moxon; and during the latter T. B. Macaulay, J. Moultrie, and others of his university, to 'Knight's years of his life he wrote many short poems, which appear in the two Quarterly Magazine.' His papers, which bear the signature of 'Joseph volumes published by his brother, With a Memoir of his Life,' in Haller,' on The English Constitution,' 'The Long Parliament,' 1851. Hartley Coleridge died in the cottage which he had long Mirabeau,' &c., are distinguished for a soundness of opinion, and a occupied on the bank of Rydal Water, on the 6th of January 1849; liberal and comprehensive view of historical questions, which are and was buried in Grasmere churchyard. His grave is by the side of evidence of the extent of his acquirements beyond the ordinary range of university reading. Having fallen into ill health, Mr. Coleridge, in 1825, accompanied his uncle, the Bishop of Barbadoes, on his outward voyage. Upon his return to England in the same year, he published a most lively and amusing narrative of his tropical experiences, under the title of Six Months in the West Indies,' which had the unusual good fortune of quickly passing into a fourth edition.

that of Wordsworth.

THE REV. DERWENT COLERIDGE was born at Keswick, September 14, 1800, and completed his education at St. John's College, Cambridge. His earliest contributions to literature were made in 'Knight's Quarterly Magazine,' under the signature of 'Davenant Cecil.' Mr. Coleridge was ordained in 1826, but he has been chiefly occupied in connection with various important educational institutions belonging to the Established Church. He is now principal of St. Mark's College, Chelsea-the wellknown training establishment for schoolmasters. Mr. Coleridge is author of a work on the 'Scriptural Character of the English Church,' and one or two other theological and educational publications; but he is best known to the general public by his admirable ‘Memoir' of his brother Hartley, whose 'Poems' and 'Northern Biography' he edited. Since the death of his sister Sara, Mr. Derwent Coleridge has, as already mentioned, taken her place as editor of his father's works; and he has hitherto fulfilled his editorial duties with excellent taste and judgment. The Rev. Derwent Coleridge is a prebendary of St. Paul's Cathedral.

SARA COLERIDGE, the only daughter of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was born at Keswick in 1803. Until her marriage she resided in the house of Robert Southey, who married her mother's sister. To his influence and paternal kindness the formation of her mental character must be largely ascribed, though she possessed in a remarkable measure the intellectual characteristics of her father. Her opening womanhood was spent at Keswick in the diligent culture and exercise of her remarkable powers. She readily lent her assistance to Southey in lightening as far as she could his literary labours: she often accompanied Wordsworth in his mountain rambles. In 1822 she had completed her first literary work, 'An Account of the Abipones, an Equestrian People of Paraguay, from the Latin of Martin Dobrizhoffer,' a translation suggested by Southey, and the admirable execution of which he has commemorated in a stanza of his 'Tale of Paraguay.' In 1829 she married her cousin, Henry Nelson Coleridge, the subject of a succeeding article. [COLERIDGE, HENRY NELSON.] She now gave herself to her domestic duties, and her next literary production was prepared as a Latin lesson-book for her children: it is called 'Pretty Lessons for Good Children,' and speedily passed through several editions. On the death of her father in 1834, her husband, who was the poet's literary executor, set himself to the task of preparing such of the poet's unpublished works as would serve best to exhibit him as a theologian, philosopher, poet, and critic, and Sara Coleridge most heartily devoted herself to assist in this pious duty. During her husband's life much of the collation and a considerable portion of the annotation fell to her share; after his death she did not hesitate to take upon herself the whole of the arduous labour. The 'Aids to Reflection,' 'Notes on Shakspeare and the Dramatists,' and 'Essays on his Own Times' were edited by her alone, and to some of them were affixed elaborate discourses on the most weighty matters in theology, morals, and philosophy, which were discussed in a clear and vigorous style, with a closeness of reasoning and an amount of erudition quite remarkable in one of her sex. But Sara Coleridge, like her father, had in no stinted measure the imaginative as well as the reasoning faculty. Her fairy tale, Phantasmion' wanted only the

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His restored health opened to Mr. Coleridge a course of honourable action. He was called to the bar by the Society of the Middle Temple, on the 24th of November 1826, and, during the ensuing fourteen years, gradually advanced to a good practice in the Court of Chancery. During this period he assiduously cultivated his literary tastes, and more especially dedicated all his leisure to the society of his illustrious uncle, whose conversation was a perpetual store of the most varied knowledge. The accomplished daughter of the poet became the wife of Henry Coleridge soon after he was called to the bar. In 1830 Mr. Henry Coleridge published an Introduction to the Study of the Greek Classic Poets. Until the death of S. T. Coleridge, in 1834, his nephew most assiduously devoted himself to the grateful task of noting down with all reverence the fragments of this extraordinary man's eloquent talk, or more properly declamation. In 1835 some of the results of this labour of love were given to the world in 'Specimens of the Table Talk of the late Samuel Taylor Coleridge,' in two small volumes. It has been objected that these fragments, in which Coleridge's opinions are arranged under particular subjects, give no just notion of the character of his talk. His nephew anticipates the objection: "I know better than any one can tell me, how inadequately these specimens represent the peculiar splendour and individuality of Mr. Coleridge's conversation. How should it be otherwise? Who could always follow to the turning-point his long arrow-flights of thought?" Yet the book must always possess a deep interest. Of its literal truth as a record of Coleridge's opinions, however it may fall short of giving an adequate notion of his mode of expressing them, no one can doubt. The Table Talk' was followed in 1836 by two octavo volumes of 'The Literary Remains of S. T. Coleridge,' also edited by his nephew; and a third volume of the same series was published in 1838. The care and judgment with which this difficult undertaking is executed, have given to these fragmentary materials-Sibylline leaves,-notes of the lecturer, memoranda of the investigator, outpourings of the solitary and self-communing student,'-a permanent value. In 1837 Mr. Henry Coleridge republished "The Friend'-his uncle's little-known periodical work-one of the most remarkable books in modern literature. In 1840 he also edited 'Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit,'-a series of letters on the inspiration of the Scriptures, left by Mr. Coleridge in manuscript at his death. In this mass of materials, which we owe in great part to the unwearied industry of Mr. Henry Coleridge, amidst the short leisure of a laborious profession, will be found the best evidence of Coleridge's claims to a lasting reputation as a critic and a philosopher.

We have little to add to this imperfect notice. In 1842 Mr. H. Coleridge had a return of the painful maladies which had received a temporary relief in 1825. For many months he was prostrate on a bed of sickness, enduring pain with a most exemplary fortitude and

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cheerfulness, and supported by that strong religious feeling which formed a principal feature of his character. He died on the 26th of January 1843, and was buried by the side of his uncle, in Highgate old church-yard. His wife survived him till 1852. She is noticed further, with the poet's other children, under COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR.

COLET, JOHN, the founder of St. Paul's School, was born in the parish of St. Antholin, London, in 1466, and was the eldest son of Sir Henry Colet, knight, twice lord mayor, who had besides him twentyone children. In 1483 he was sent to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he passed seven years, and took the usual degrees in arts. Here he studied Latin, with some of the Greek authors through a Latin medium, and mathematics. Having thus laid a good foundation of learning at home, he travelled abroad for further improvement; first to France, and then to Italy, in which two countries he continued from 1493 to 1497. Before his departure however, and indeed when only of two years' standing in the university, being then in acolythe's orders, he was instituted to the rectory of Dennington in Suffolk, which he held till his death. His father also presented him in 1485 to the rectory of Thyrning in Huntingdonshire, which he resigned in 1493. At Paris he became acquainted with Budæus, and was afterwards introduced to Erasmus. In Italy he contracted a friendship with numerous eminent persons, and especially with some of his own countrymen, among whom were Grocyn, Linacre, Lilly, and Latimer, all of whom were studying the Greek language, then but little known in England. Whilst abroad he devoted himself chiefly to divinity and the study of the civil and canon law. During his absence from England he was made a prebendary of York in 1497, and was also made a canon and prebendary of St. Martin's-le-Grand in London. He returned in this year, and was ordained deacon; taking priest's orders in the following year. Soon after this he retired to Oxford, where Erasmus came, and renewed his friendship with him. In Oxford he read public lectures upon St. Paul's Epistles gratuitously. In 1502, having proceeded in divinity, he became prebendary of Durnsford in the church of Salisbury, and in 1504 resigned his prebendary at St. Martin's-le-Grand. In the same year he commenced D.D. In May 1505 he was instituted to the prebendary of Mora in St. Paul's, London, and in the same year and month was appointed dean. In this office he reformed the decayed discipline of his cathedral, and introduced a new practice of preaching himself upon Sundays and great festivals.

By his own and by other lectures which he caused to be read in his cathedral, Colet mainly assisted in raising that spirit of inquiry after the holy Scriptures which eventually produced the reformation; but the contempt which he avowed for the abuses in religious houses, his aversion to the celibacy of the clergy, and the general freedom of his opinions, made him obnoxious to some of the clergy, and especially to Fitzjames, then bishop of London, who accused him to Archbishop Warham as a dangerous man, and even preferred articles against him. Warham however dismissed the case. From Bishop Latimer's sermons it should seem that Fitzjames afterwards tried to stir up the king and court against him.

At length, tired with trouble and persecution, Colet began to think of retiring from the world. He had now an ample estate, without any near relations, for numerous as his brethren had been, he had outlived them all. He resolved therefore, in the midst of life and health, to consecrate his fortune to some lasting benefaction, which he performed in the foundation of St. Paul's School, of which he appointed William Lilly first master in 1512. He ordained that there should be in this school a high-master, a sur-master, and a chaplain, who should teach gratis 153 children, divided into eight classes; and he endowed it with lands and houses then producing an income of 1221. 4s. 74d. per annum, of which endowment he made the Company of Mercers trustees. The gross average income of St. Paul's School was, more than twenty years ago, about 5300l. per annum, and is now much larger. (Carlisle's 'Grammar Schools,' vol. ii. p. 94.) To further his scheme of retiring, Colet built for himself a handsome house near the royal palace of Richmond in Surrey, in which he intended to reside; but having been seized by the sweating-sickness twice, and relapsing into it a third time, a consumption ensued, which proved fatal, September 16, 1519, in his fifty-third year. He was buried in St. Paul's choir, with an humble monument which he had himself prepared some years before, bearing simply his name. Another monument was afterwards set up for him by the Mercers' Company, of a handsomer description, but it was destroyed in the fire of 1666. It had previously been engraved for Dugdale's History of St. Paul's

Dean Colet's works were:-1. Oratio ad Clerum in Convocatione,' anno 1511; reprinted by Dr. Samuel Knight, in the appendix to his *Life of Colet,' with an old English translation of it, supposed to have been done by the author himself. 2. The Construction of the Eight Parts of Speech, entitled Absolutissimus de octo Orationis partium constructione Libellus,' 8vo, Antw., 1530. 3. Rudimenta Grammatices,' for the use of his school, commonly called 'Paul's Accidence,' 8vo, 1539. 4. Daily Devotions,' said not to be all of his composition. 5. Monition to a Godly Life,' Svo, 1534, &c. Many of his letters are printed in Erasmus's Epistles,' and five, with one from Erasmus, in the appendix to Knight's 'Life.' The original statutes of St. Paul's School, signed by Dean Colet, were some years ago accidentally picked

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up at a bookseller's by the late Mr. Hamper of Birmingham, and by him presented to the British Museum. (Knight, Life of Dr. John Colet, 8vo, London, 1724; Wood, Athenæ Oxon., &c.)

COLIGNY, GASPARD DE, born in February 1517, was the son of Gaspard de Coligny, lord of Châtillon-sur-Loing and marshal of France, and of Louise de Montmorency, sister to the famous duke and constable of that name. Coligny served in Italy under Francis I., and was present at the battle of Cerisoles. Henri II. made him colonelgeneral of infantry, and afterwards in 1552 admiral of France. In the latter capacity he sent a colony to Brazil, which however was soon after driven away by the Portuguese. Coligny himself continued to serve in the army by land. He defended St. Quentin against Philip II., and was made prisoner at the surrender of the place.

Having embraced the reformed religion, Coligny became, with Louis prince of Condé, one of the great leaders of the Protestant party against Catherine de' Medici and the Guises, during the reign of Charles IX. Coligny was much respected by his party: he was prudent in his plans and cool in danger; defeat did not dishearte him, and he rose again after it as formidable as ever. After the loss of the battle of Dreux, in which Condé was taken prisoner, Coligny saved the remains of his army. The following year peace was made, but in 1567 the civil and religious war broke out again, and the battle of St. Denis was fought, in which the old Constable Montmorency, who commanded the royal or Catholic army, was killed. A short truce followed, but hostilities broke out again in 1569, when the battle of Jarnac was fought, in which the Prince of Condé was killed. Coligny again took the command and saved his army, which was soon after joined by the Prince of Béarn (afterwards Henri IV.), then sixteen years of age, and Henry, the son of Condé, who was but seventeen. The Prince of Béarn was declared the head of the Protestants, but Coligny exercised all the functions of leader and commander. On the 3rd of October 1569 Coligny lost the battle of Moncontour, against the Duke of Anjou (afterwards Henri III.). Still Coligny continued the war south of the Loire, gained several advantages, and at last a peace was concluded at St. Germain in August 1570, which was called 'la paix boiteuse et mal assise,' because it was concluded by the Sieur de Biron, who was lame, and by De Mesmes, lord of Malassise. The peace however fully deserved its nickname by the spirit in which it was concluded by the court. The leaders of the Protestants, and Coligny among the rest, entertained strong suspicions on the subject; but they were lulled into security by the apparent frankness of Charles IX., and the approaching marriage of the Prince of Béarn with the Princess Margaret, the king's sister. Coligny came to court, and was well received, but on the 22nd of August 1572 he was shot at in the street by an attendant of the Duke of Guise. The wounds however did not prove dangerous. The attempt was made at the instigation of the Duchess of Nemours, whose first husband, Francis, duke of Guise, had been assassinated by a Huguenot fanatic at the siege of Orléans in 1563, when Coligny was unjustly suspected of having directed the blow. The Duke of Anjou and the queen-mother were parties to the attempt upon Coligny's life. On the 24th of August 1572, two days later, the massacre of 'la Sainte Barthélemi' took place. [CHARLES IX.] The Duke of Guise himself led the murderers to the house of the admiral, but remained in the court below, while Besme, one of his servants, went up followed by others. They found Coligny seated in an arm-chair. "Young man," said he to Besme, "you ought to respect my gray hairs; but, do what you will, you can but shorten my life by a few days." They stabbed him in several places, and threw him, still breathing, out of a window into the court, where he fell at the feet of the Duke of Guise. His body was left exposed to the fury of the populace, and at last was hung by the feet to a gibbet. His head was cut off and sent to Catherine de' Medici. Montmorency, cousin to the admiral, had his body secretly buried in the vaults of the château of Chantilly, where it remained in a leaden coffin till 1786, when Montesquieu asked for the remains of Coligny from the Duke of Luxembourg, lord of Châtillon, and transferred them to his own estate of Maupertuis, where he raised a sepulchral chapel and a monument to the memory of the admiral. After the revolution the monument was transferred to the Musée des Monumens Français, and a Latin inscription was placed upon it by M. Marron, the head of the Protestant consistory at Paris.

COLIN, ALEXANDER, the sculptor of the excellent marble altirilievi of the celebrated tomb of the Emperor Maximilian I. in the Kreuzkirche at Innsbruck. Colin was born at Mechlin in 1520, and in 1563 was invited by the Emperor Ferdinand I. to Innsbruck, to complete the alti-rilievi of his grandfather's tomb, which had been commenced by the brothers Abel. They were completed by Colin, with the help of assistants, in three years, for on one side of the monument is "Alexand. Colinus Mechliniensis, sculpsit, anno 1566." The sculptures consist of twenty-four marble tablets, fixed into the four sides of the tomb, and record all the principal acts and victories of the Emperor Maximilian. The figures are small, but they are executed with great skill and extreme care. The tomb is surrounded by twenty-eight colossal bronze statues of heroes of the middle ages; it is altogether one of the most magnificent monuments in Europe, and has often been mentioned in the very highest terms by old and modern travellers. The bronze statues were executed by a founder of

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the name of Hans Lendenstreich, and Godel and Löffler, two other Tyrolese sculptors and founders. Colin executed also the two monuments of his patron the Archduke Ferdinand of the Tyrol and his first wife Philippa, in a chapel in the Hofkirche at Innsbruck: the latter bears the date of 1581. They are both extremely costly and elaborate works. There are other works by Colin in Innsbruck and its vicinity; some in wood, and of very minute and excellent workmanship. He was court sculptor to the Emperor Ferdinand I. and to his son the Archduke Ferdinand of the Tyrol, and died at Innsbruck, August 17, 1612.

(Von Lemmen, Tirolisches Künsterlexikon.) COLLE, RAFFAELLINO DAL, a celebrated Italian painter, born at Colle, near Città San Sepolcro, but in what year is not known. He is generally considered as one of the scholars and assistants of Raffaelle in the Farnesina and in the Vatican; but he was certainly, according to Vasari, the assistant of Giulio Romano in Rome, and probably at Mantua, and also of Vasari himself at Florence in 1536, upon the occasion of the visit of Charles V., when Vasari had the direction of the decorations ordered by the authorities in honour of the emperor's visit. As Vasari did not write the life of Raffaellino, little is known about him. He appears to have been chiefly employed in the neighbourhood of Città San Sepolcro, at Urbino, Perugia, Pesaro, Gubbio, Cagli, and Città di Castello, in which places he executed several fine altarpieces, which still exist, and exhibit him as one of the best disciples of the Roman school. Notwithstanding his own reputation, he did not disdain to enter into the service of Vasari in 1536, when he made, from the designs of Bronzino, cartoons for the tapestries of Cosmo I. Another more striking instance of humility, or good-fellowship, is recorded of him, which happened at San Sepolcro: Il Rosso arrived in the city at a time when Raffaellino was about to execute a work which he had undertaken to paint, and he surrendered his commission to Il Rosso as a mark of esteem for his ability. The date of his death is not known. (Lanzi, Storia Pittorica, &c.) COLLIER, JEREMY, was born on the 23rd of September 1650, at Stow Qui, in Cambridgeshire. He was educated under his father, who was master of the free school of Ipswich. In 1669 he was admitted of Caius College, Cambridge, and in 1676 took the degree of M.A. He resided some time as chaplain with the countess dowager of Dorset, and then received the small rectory of Ampton, in Suffolk. In 1685 he resigned this living and came to London, when he was soon appointed lecturer of Gray's Inn. At the revolution of 1688 he put himself in opposition to the government and the church as established under William III., and engaged in a hot controversy with Burnet, afterwards Bishop of Salisbury. One of his publications, The Desertion Discussed, in a Letter to a Country Gentleman,' (4to, 1688) gave great offence to the new government, and Collier was sent a close prisoner to Newgate, where he remained some months, and whence he was, at last, discharged without ever being brought to trial. This persecution did not cool his zeal: during the four following years he published a number of works, which were all of a political and controversial nature. Towards the end of 1692 Collier, with Newton, another non-juring clergyman, was arrested at a solitary place on the Kentish coast, whither he was supposed to have gone for the purpose of communicating with the partisans of the house of Stuart on the other side of the water. After a short examination before the Earl of Nottingham, secretary of state, he was committed to the Gate-house. There was no evidence against him; but in consequence of his questioning the legality of the courts, and refusing bail, he suffered a short imprisonment in the King's Bench.

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In the course of 1692 and 1693 he published six more works, all hostile to government. In 1696 he was prosecuted for giving church absolution to Sir John Friend and Sir William Perkins, who were convicted of being accessaries in the plot to assassinate King William. Collier absconded and was outlawed. The outlawry was never revoked, but the energetic divine, after the first rigour was abated, seems to have cared little for it. He lived in London or its suburbs till his death, supporting himself by his literary labours. In the course of the very year in which he was outlawed he put forth five political works. The next year he published the first volume of his Essays upon several Moral Subjects,' adding a second volume in 1705, and a third in 1709. These essays were much admired at the time. It was however in 1698 that he produced the work by which he is now best known: A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, together with the Sense of Antiquity upon this Argument,' 1 vol. 8vo. The 'Short View' was almost as severe upon theatres and theatrical writers as Prynne's famous 'Histrio-Mastix,' published about 65 years before. It led to a controversy with Congreve and Vanbrugh, in which many sheets were printed on both sides, many hard names exchanged, and in which Collier, to whom contest was a delight, is thought to have had the better of his adversaries. After three other defences of his View,' he published, in 1703, Mr. Collier's Dissuasive from the Play-house, in a Letter to a Person of Quality, occasioned by the late calamity of the Tempest.' This literary combat lasted ten whole years; but Collier lived to see the English stage become much more decent than it had been-an improvement to which he had doubtlessly contributed.

Between the years 1701 and 1721 he translated and published Moreri's great 'Historical Dictionary,' and wrote and published 'The

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Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain,' in two huge folio volumes. The history was attacked by Bishop Burnet and others, to whom Collier replied with his usual vigour. He was the author of a few other religious and controversial papers. He died on the 26th of April 1726, in the 76th year of his age, and was buried in the churchyard of St. Pancras, London.

* COLLIER, J. PAYNE, was born in London in 1789. The chief labours of Mr. Collier's literary life will be associated with Shakespeare and our early dramatic literature. In 1820, when he was "of the Middle Temple," he published 'The Poetical Decameron; or Ten Conversations on English Poets and Poetry, particularly of the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I.' In these two volumes he displays much bibliographical research, which, probably, would have found more acceptance and been really more amusing if produced in a less artificial form than that of dialogue. In 1825 he issued an allegorical poem entitled 'The Poet's Pilgrimage.' A new edition of Dodsley's Old Plays was undertaken by him, six additional plays being added, and a supplementary volume contained five others; these were issued in 13 vols. 8vo, in 1825-27. In 1831 appeared 'The History of English Dramatic Poetry in the Time of Shakespeare, and Annals of the Stage to the Restoration.' This work, in three volumes, contains a mass of information, chiefly collected from original sources, and is indispensable to the student of our dramatic literature. Three small volumes, of which a very limited number of each was printed, appeared in 1835, 1836, and 1839, entitled 'New Facts regarding the Life of Shakespeare;' 'New Facts regarding the Works of Shakespeare;' and 'Further Particulars regarding Shakespeare and his Works.' In these little books some curious matters, previously unpublished, first appeared; and all subsequent biographers of the poet have acknowledged their value. In 1844 Mr. Collier completed, in eight volumes, his edition of the Works of Shakespeare,. "founded upon an entirely new collation of the old editions." Without embodying any elaborate criticism, or dealing much in conjectural emendations, this edition will always be valuable for its careful exhibition of the various old readings. Mr. Collier was one of the most active and zealous members of the 'Shakespeare Society.' Among the works of that society there are none more useful and curious than those which he wrote or edited. Amongst these are 'Memoirs of Edward Alleyn,' 1841; 'The Diary of Philip Henslowe,' 1845; Memoirs of the Principal Actors in Shakespeare's Plays,' 1846; 'Extracts from the Registers of the Stationers' Company,' from 1557 to 1580, in 2 vols. published in 1848-49. Mr. Collier also published 'Shakespeare's Library,' being a collection of the romances, &c., used as the foundation of his dramas. In 1852 appeared Notes and Emendations to the Text of Shakespeare's Plays, from early Manuscript Corrections in a Copy of the folio of 1632, in the possession of J. Payne Collier;' and in 1853 Mr. Collier produced a new edition of the plays of Shakespeare, “the text regulated by the old copies, and by the recently discovered folio of 1632." This edition, in one large volume, contains no note to explain what part of the text is from "the recently discovered folio of 1632." The discovery of this folio produced a considerable sensation, not only in this country, but in America and Germany; and much controversy has arisen on the merits of the corrections. This is not the place to offer an opinion of the value in general of these emendations, nor even as to the date at which the "early manuscript corrections were written on the margin of the folio of 1632. Mr. Collier himself is "doubtful regarding some, and opposed to others;" but nevertheless "it is his deliberate opinion that the great majority of them assert a well-founded claim to a place in every future reprint of Shakespeare's dramatic works." One thing however we may venture to say that these emendations rest upon no more absolute authority than those of Theobald or any other early or late commentator. A vast number of them are corrections of typographical errors, long since corrected, as a matter of course, in all reprints. Those which are conjectural emendations must be subjected to the usual test of individual appreciation of the meaning of the author, and of the forms of expression which sometimes constitute a portion of his excellence, even while they involve difficulties not to be got over by a more familiar rendering. But whatever may be the opinion of the value of these Manuscript Corrections, all must agree that Mr. Collier has acted with the most scrupulous good faith in their publication.

Mr. Collier married in 1816; he is a Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries, and he was Secretary to the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the management of the British Museum, when he proposed a plan for a catalogue of the library, which was not adopted. Mr. Collier is in receipt of a pension from the crown of 100%. a-year, granted to him by Sir Robert Peel, in acknowledgment of his services to the literature of his country.

COLLINGWOOD, CUTHBERT, ADMIRAL LORD, was born on the 26th of September 1750, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. At the age of eleven he was sent to sea as a midshipman, under the care of Captain (afterwards Admiral) Brathwaite, who was the son of his mother's sister, and who seems to have taken extraordinary pains in giving him nautical knowledge. After serving some years with this relation, he sailed with Admiral Roddam. In 1774, during the American war, he went to Boston with Admiral Graves, and in 1775 was made a lieutenant by him, on the day of the battle of Bunker's Hill, when Collingwood, with a party of seamen, supplied the British army with

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what it required. In 1776 he took the command of the Hornet' sloop, and soon after met, at Jamaica, with his favourite companion Horatio Nelson, who was then lieutenant of the 'Lowestoffe.' Collingwood says, in one of his interesting letters, "We had been long before in habits of great friendship; and it happened here, that as Admiral Sir P. Parker, the commander-in-chief, was the friend of both, whenever Nelson got a step in rank I succeeded him: first in the 'Lowestoffe,' then in the 'Badger,' into which ship I was made commander in 1779, and afterwards in the 'Hinchinbroke,' a 28-gun frigate, which made us both post-captains."

Although Nelson, who was a younger man, always kept a remove a-head of him, and came in for a much larger share of fame or popularity, Collingwood never had a feeling of jealousy towards his friend, whose merits he was always the first to extol, and whom he loved to the last hour of his life. Nelson, on his part, seems to have had a greater affection for Collingwood than for any other officer in the

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In 1780 Nelson was sent, in the 'Hinchinbroke' to the Spanish Main, with orders to pass into the South Sea by a navigation of boats along the river San Juan and the lakes Nicaragua and Leon-a physical impossibility, which no skill or perseverance could surmount. Nelson caught the disease of the climate, and his life was with difficulty saved by sending him home to England. Collingwood, who succeeded him at the San Juan River, had many attacks; his hardy constitution resisted them all, and he survived the mass of his ship's company, having buried in four months 180 of the 200 men who composed it. Other ships suffered in the same proportion. In August 1781, Collingwood was wrecked in the middle of a dreadful night in the Pelican,' a small frigate which he then commanded, on the rocks of the Morant-keys in the West Indies, and saved his own and his crew's lives with great difficulty. His next appointment was to the 'Sampson, 64. In 1783 he went to the West Indies in the 'Mediator,' and remained with his friend Nelson on that station till the end of 1786. He then returned, after twenty-five years' uninterrupted service, to Northumberland, "making," as he says, "my acquaintance with my own family, to whom I had hitherto been, as it were, a stranger." In 1790 he again went to the West Indies, but a quarrel with Spain being amicably arranged he soon returned, and seeing, as he says, no further hope of employment at sea, he "went into the north and was married." In 1793 the war with the French republic called him away from his wife and two infant daughters, whom he most tenderly loved, though he was never after permitted to have much of their society. As captain of the 'Barfleur,' he bore a conspicuous part in Lord Howe's victory of the 1st of June 1794. In 1797 he commanded, with his usual bravery and almost unrivalled nautical skill, the 'Excellent,' 74, in Jarvis's victory of the 14th of February, off Cape St. Vincent. In 1799 he was raised to the rank of rear-admiral. The peace of Amiens, for which he had long prayed, restored him to his wife and children for a few months in 1802; but the renewed war called him to sea in the spring of 1803, and he never more returned to his happy home. This constant service made him frequently lament that he was hardly known to his own children, and the anxieties and wear and tear of it shortened his valuable life. Passing over many less brilliant but still very important services, Collingwood was second in command in the battle of Trafalgar, fought on the 21st of October 1805. His ship, the 'Royal Sovereign,' was the first to attack and break the enemy's line; and, upon Nelson's death, Collingwood finished the victory and continued in command of the fleet. He was now raised to the peerage. After a long and most wearying blockade of Cadiz, the Straits of Gibraltar, and adjacent coasts, during which, for nearly three years, he hardly ever set foot on shore, and showed a degree of patience and conduct never surpassed, he sailed up the Mediterranean, where his position involved him in difficult political transactions, which he generally managed with ability. The letters to foreign princes and ministers, the despatches of this sailor who had been at sea from his childhood, are admirable even in point of style. Completely worn out in body, but with a spirit intent on his duties to the last, Collingwood died at sea on board the 'Ville de Paris,' near Port Mahon, on the evening of the 7th of March 1810. In command he was firm but mild-most considerate of the comfort and health of his men-averse to flogging and all violent and brutal exercises of authority; the sailors called him their father. As a scientific seaman and naval tactician he had few if any equals, and in action his judgment was as cool as his courage was ardent. His mind was enlightened to an astonishing degree, considering the circumstances of his life; he was liberal and kind-hearted, and all his private virtues were of the most amiable sort. His letters to his wife on the education of his daughters are full of good sense and feeling.

(A Selection from the Public and Private Correspondence of ViceAdmiral Lord Collingwood; interspersed with Memoirs of his Life. By G. L. Newnham Collingwood, Esq., F.R.S., 2 vols. 8vo, second edit., Lond., 1828.)

COLLINS, ANTHONY, was born in 1676 at Heston, near Hounslow, in Middlesex. His father, Henry Collins, Esq., was an independent gentleman, with an income of 1800l. a year. After the usual preparatory studies at Eton, he went to King's College, Cambridge, and had for his tutor Francis Hare, afterwards bishop of Chichester. He then became a student of the Temple, and married a daughter of Sir

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Francis Child, Lord Mayor of London. During 1703 and 1704 he carried on a correspondence with Locke, who appears to have cherished a most enthusiastic friendship for him, and regarded him as having "as much of the love of truth for truth's sake as ever he met with in anybody." The letters of Locke to Collins are indeed filled with the strongest expressions of esteem and admiration. Twenty-five letters of Locke to Collins are preserved in the 'Collection of Pieces by Locke, not contained in his works,' published by Des Maizeaux, 8vo, 1720. In 1707 Collins published an essay concerning human reason as supporting human testimony. It was replied to by Bishop Gastrell. The same year he entered into a controversy with Dr. Samuel Clarke, in support of Dr. Dodwell's book against the natural immortality of the human soul. Five successive rejoinders were elicited. In 1709 he published 'Priestcraft in perfection, or a detection of the fraud of inserting and continuing this clause (the church hath power to decree rites and ceremonies, and authority in controversies of faith) in the 20th article.' It passed through three editions in the same year, and occasioned a very general and anxious inquiry. Numerous pamphlets, sermons, and books discussed the question. Two works especially were written against it with great labour, and were supplied with hints and materials from all quarters of the church: one, entitled 'A Vindication of the Church of England from Fraud and Forgery, by a Priest,' 8vo, 1710; the other, a long-delayed and elaborate essay on the Thirty-nine Articles, by Dr. Bennet, 8vo. To these Collins replied in his historical and critical essay on the Thirty-nine Articles, in 1724, proving (p. 277-78) that the clause has neither the authority of the convocation nor of the parliament. Collins's next work was entitled 'A Vindication of the Divine Attributes,' being remarks on a sermon of the archbishop of Dublin, which asserted the consistency of divine foreknowledge and predestination with human free-will. He went in 1711 to Holland, where he formed a friendly intercourse with Le Clerc, and other leading characters among the learned of that country. On returning to England he published, in 1713, his 'Discourse on Freethinking,' which excited much animadversion among the clergy. The most important of the replies which appeared was that by Dr. Bentley, entitled 'Remarks on the Discourse of Freethinking by Phileleutherus Lipsiensis,' which is remarkable as a display of learned sagacity, coarse wit, and intemperate abuse. The object of Collins is to show that, in all ages, the most intellectual and virtuous men have been freethinkers; that is, followers of philosophical reasoning, in disregard of established opinions. There are several French editions of this work. It was reprinted at the Hague, with some additions and corrections derived from Bentley's 'Remarks.' On the continent it was answered by Crousaz, and several others. The Clergyman's Thanks to Phileleutherus,' 1713, is by Bishop Hare. Collins, on returning from a second residence in Holland, was made justice of the peace and deputy-lieutenant of the county of Essex, offices which he had previously held in Middlesex. In 1715 he published his Philosophical Inquiry concerning Liberty and Necessity,' which was reprinted in 1717 in 8vo, with corrections. It was translated into French, and is printed in the Recueil de Pièces sur la Philosophie,' &c., by Des Maizeaux, 2 vols. 12mo, 1720. Dr. Samuel Clarke replied to the necessarian doctrine of Collins, chiefly by insisting on its inexpediency, considered as destructive of moral responsibility.

In 1718 Collins was appointed treasurer of the county of Essex, an office which he performed with great fidelity. He married, in 1724, his second wife, the daughter of Sir Walter Wrottesley, Bart. In the same year he published his 'Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion,' in which his object is to show that Christianity is founded and dependent on Judaism; that the New Testament is based upon the Old, as the canon of Christians; that the apostles and writers of the former establish and prove their propositions from the latter; and that none of the passages they adduce are literally, but merely typically and allegorically, applicable, by the assumption of a double construction. This work created a great sensation in the church, and drew forth a great number of replies from some of the most eminent divines. In the final answer of Collins, 'Scheme of Literal Prophecy,' 1726, he enumerates five-and-thirty replies which appeared during the first two years after its publication. The artful way in which Collins availed himself of the theory of Whiston respecting the corruption of the present Hebrew text, so provoked that divine, that he petitioned Lord Chancellor King, though without success, to remove Mr. Collins from the commission of the peace. In 1727 Collins, in a long letter, replied to eight sermons of Dr. Rogers on the necessity of revelation and the truth of Christianity. He died 13th Dec. 1729, at his house in Harley-street. All parties agree that the moral and social cha racter of Collins was remarkably amiable. His integrity, energy, and impartiality in the exercise of his magisterial functions commanded the highest respect, and by his conduct and writings he ardently endeavoured to promote the cause of civil and religious liberty. Collins, as a writer, is remarkable for the great shrewdness of his reasoning and for still greater subtilty in masking the real drift of his arguments with orthodox professions. His library, which was of great extent and extremely curious, was open to all men of letters, to whom he readily communicated whatever he knew. A catalogue of his books was published by the Rev. Dr. Sykes in 1730.

COLLINS, JOHN, the son of a Nonconformist clergyman, was born at Wood Eaton, in Oxfordshire, March 5, 1624. He was at first

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