el: derived from the Welsh cogel; from mass, lump, or short piece of wood. derived from the Saxon maesa, maesse; messe; German and Danish messe. rd mass so derived signifies primarily or rest from labour: now, the service Romish Church; the office or prayers t the celebration of the eucharist; the ration of the bread and wine. Mass 1 from the French masse signifies a heap, a mace or club. Portuguese dough and mace; Spanish masa, dough, , a mass, and maza, a club, a mace; a mallet; Italian massa, a heap, and These words are supposed to to the root of the Greek μáoow, to

a maze.

beat or pound, the root of which is uxy: hence the connection between mass and mace, a club.

Shakespeare, in these passages, may play upon the words mass and cudgel, using them in connection with each other: because the word cogel, from which cudgel is derived, signifies a mass or lump. Thus, cudgel suggested the meaning of the word from which it is derived, namely, 'mass' or lump; and this word 'mass,' which is the meaning of cogel, suggested the Mass by which men swore.

Cominius. I tell you, he does sit in gold, his eye Red as 'twould burn Rome; and his injury

The gaoler to his pity.

Coriolanus, Act v. Sc. 1.

Coriolanus. I sometime lay, here in Corioli,
At a poor man's house; he used me kindly:
He cried to me; I saw him prisoner;

But then Aufidius was within my view,
And wrath o'erwhelm'd my pity.

Act i. Sc. 9.

Duke. Merchant of Syracusa, plead no more;

I am not partial to infringe our laws:

The enmity and discord, which of late

Sprung from the rancorous outrage of your duke
To merchants, our well-dealing countrymen,—
Who, wanting gilders to redeem their lives,

Have seal'd his rigorous statutes with their bloods,—
Excludes all pity from our threat'ning looks.

Comedy of Errors, Act i. Sc. 1.

otle

)

says

that those who are in anger O do not feel pity, and Shakespeare most as much; for Cominius, speaking planus, says, 'his injury is the gaoler to ,' and Coriolanus says,

'Wrath o'erwhelm'd my pity;'

the injury and wrath of Coriolanus, e enmity mentioned by Egeon, may be ered productive of or equivalent to the or violent emotion or passion, mentioned stotle.

ing. What wouldst thou beg, Laertes, at shall not be my offer, not thy asking? head is not more native to the heart, e hand more instrumental to the mouth, an is the throne of Denmark to thy father. Hamlet, Act i. Sc. 2.

And to the manner born,-it is a custom

More honour'd in the breach than the observance.
This heavy-headed revel, east and west,

Makes us traduced, and tax'd of other nations.

Hamlet, Act i. Sc. 4.

Servi anciently signified bondsmen or servile tenants. They were called 'servi, quia servabantur à dominiis et non occidebantur, et non à serviendo;' for the life and members of them, as of freemen, were in the hands and protection of kings; and it was, in consequence of the cruelty of some lords, ordained that he who killed his villein should have the same judgment as if he had killed a freeman. The proper servi were of four sorts: the first, such as sold themselves for a livelihood; the second, debtors who were sold for payment of their debts; the third, captives made in war, who were maintained and employed as slaves; the fourth, nativi, such as were the children of villeins born in servitude within a particular district or manor, and were by descent the sole property of the lord. About the year 1554, Henry the Eighth manumitted two of his villeins in these words:

reas God created all men free, but afterwards and customs of nations subjected some under of servitude, we think it pious and meritorious to manumit Henry Knight, a taylor, and John husbandman, our natives, as being born within r of Stoke Clymmysland, in our County of , together with all their goods, lands, and chatired or to be acquired, so as the said persons issue shall from henceforth by us be free, and ondition."-Barr. Stats. 276.

reader will perceive that Hamlet says: I am native here,

And to the manner born;

so that in this form of enfranchisement ng manumits Henry Knight and John our natives, as being born within the of Stoke Clymmysland.'

let may speak of Denmark or Elsinore manor, himself as nativus, to the manor and the 'heavy-headed revel' as a cuscident to the manor. In this passage speare probably uses the word manor in ble sense, as in Love's Labour's Lost, Scene 1, where it is contrasted with the manner, and played upon:

m. I was seene with her in the mannor-house, with her upon the forme, and taken following her e parke: which put together is in manner and ollowing.