Adam, Robert, B.A., Minister of the Episcopal congregation, Blackfriars Wynd, Edinburgh. The Religious World Displayed, &c., Edinburgh, 1809.

"Generally correct and candid, though with a natural leaning to the Episcopal Church of Scotland, of which the author was a member."-Ecangelical Magazine.

Adam Scotus, or the Scotchman, died 1180, was a monk of the order of Premontré, and a famous Sorbonne doctor. He wrote the Life of David I. of Scotland, who lied 1153. Many of his works are still in MS. A selection was printed in Antwerp in 1659.

Adam De Marisco, (of the Marsh,) date of birth and death unknown. Born in Somersetshire, England; studied at Oxford, and became famous for his learning. He was a friend of Robert Grossteste and Roger Bacon. Many of his works exist in MS. A copy of his letters, very curious and interesting, is in the British Museum. Adam of Murimouth, an English historian of the fourteenth century, was educated at Oxford, and afterwards a canon of St. Paul's, London. His history comprehends only a portion of the fourteenth century.

"It was printed at Oxford in 1722, by Anthony Hall: and a small portion was edited by Thomas Hearne, who was ignorant of its author, and gave it anonymously in the appendix to the His tory of Walter Hemingford, printed at Oxford in 1731."-Rose's Biog. Dic.

Adam, Thomas, 1701-1784, born at Leeds, was for 58 years the rector of Wintringham, Lincolnshire. No offers of preferment could induce him to relinquish his charge. He was the author of a number of religious works. The Exposition of St. Matthew's Gospel was published in 1805, and in 1837 the Rev. A. Westoby added to the above the notes on St. Mark, St. Luke, and St. John, and prefixed to the work a life of the author.

"Perhaps few were better fitted to write a practical experimental commentary on any part of the Scriptures than this author, whose pregnant briefness of remark, and deep acquaintance with experimental religion, would preserve him from prolixity, and enable him to present the most useful view of the subject to the mind. The present posthumous work will be found characterized by all the best peculiarities of the author."-Record.

The Rev. Thomas Hartwell Horne, a most competent judge in the premises, gives this high character to "The Exposition:"

"Brevity of remark, fervent piety, and intimate acquaintance with the human heart, characterize this Exposition of the Four Gospels." "Such a writer as Mr. Adam takes us out of our ordinary track of reading and reflection, and shows us ourselves. He scrutinizes the whole soul, dissipates the false glare which is apt to mislead the judgment: exposes the imperfections of what is apparently most pure and inviting; and thus teaches us to make our religion more and more spiritual, holy, solid, practical, humble, and sincere."-REV. DANIEL WILSON.

This work has been justly pronounced a masterly and excellent exposition."

Adam, William, Esq., Chancellor and Keeper of the Great Seal. The Correspondence between Mr. Adam and Mr. Bowles respecting the Duke of Bedford, London, 1794. A number of Mr. Adam's speeches in the House of Commons have been published.

Adamnan is supposed to have been a native of Ireland, but the date of his birth is not known.

Editions of Adamnan's works:-1. Canisii Antiquæ Lectiones, 4to, 1601, tom. iv. Edward Basnage, fol. Antwerp, 1725, tom. i., p. 678. The Life of St. Columba. 2. Adamanni Scotohiberni Abbatis celeberrimi, de Situ Terræ Sanctæ, et quorundam aliorum locorum ut Alexandriæ et Constantinopoleos, Libri tres. Ante annos nongentos et amplius conscripti, et nunc primum in lucem prolati, studio Jacobi Gretseri Societatis Jesu Theologi. Accessit eorundem librorum Breviarium, seu Compendium, breviatore venerabili Beda Presbytero, cum prolegomenis et notis. Small Quarto, Ingolstadt, 1619. 3. Messingham, Florilegium Insula Sanctorum seu Vitæ et Acta Sanctorum Hiberniæ, fol., Paris, 1624, p. 141. The life of St. Columba, reprinted from Canisius, who edited it from a MS. at Windberg, in Bavaria. 4. Colgan, Triadis Thaumaturgæ seu Divorum Patricii, Columbæ, et Brigidæ, trium veteris et majoris Scotiæ, seu Hiberniæ Sanctorum insulæ, communium patronorum Acta, fol., Lovanii, 1647, tom. ii., p. 336. The Life of Columba, from a MS. at Augst, exhibiting a more complete and better text than that of Canisius. 5. Acta Sanctorum Ordinis S. Benedieti. Sæculum III., pars secunda, fol., Paris, 1672. The treatise De Locis Sanctis, from Gretser's edition, com

fol., Antverpiæ, 1698, p. 197. The Life of Columba, reprinted from Colgan. Abbreviated from Wright's Biog. Adams, Abigail, wife of John Adams, second President of the United States of America, and mother of John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States. Her grandson, Charles Francis Adams, q. v., has published a collection of her Letters; fourth edition, Bost., 1848, 12mo.

Adams, Amos, 1727-75, minister at Roxbury, Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard College, 1752. He published a number of sermons, 1756-69. In two discourses on the General Fast, April 6, 1769, he gave A Concise Historical View of the Difficulties, Hardships, and Perils, which attended the planting and progressive improvement of New England, with a particular Account of its long and destructive Wars, expensive Expeditions &c.; republished in London, 1770.

Adams, C. Edgar Clifton, 16mo, 1854; Boys at Home, 16mo, New York, 1854.

Adams, Charles B., 1814-1853, an American naturalist, has published a number of papers on Conchology. Catalogue of Shells collected at Panama, New York, 1852, 4to and 8vo.

Adams, Charles Francis, son of John Quincy Adams, born 1807, Boston, Massachusetts. Editor "Letters of Mrs. Adams," fourth edition, 1848. Ed. "Letters of John Adams, addressed to his Wife." Ed. "Life and Works of John Adams," 10 vols., 8vo. Mr. Adams has rendered great service to American literature, in the preparation of the voluminous and highly-important works of his grandfather.

Adams, Eliphalet, 1676-1753, a minister of New London, Connecticut, published sundry sermons, 1709-27. Adams, Francis. Plans for raising the Taxes. London, 1798.

Adams, Francis. Writing Tables, 1594.
Adams, George. Several religious works, Lon.

Adams, George, father and son. Lectures, Lon., 1794, 5 vols. 8vo; new ed., enlarged by William Jones, 1799, 5 vols. 8vo. Various treatises on mathematical instruments, &c., Lon., 1747-95.

Adams, George. New System of Agriculture and Feeding Stock, Lon., 1810.

Adams, Hannah, 1755–1832, b. at Medfield, Mass. Believing that a work upon a comprehensive plan which should give the history of the various religions of the world was much wanted, she undertook to compile one,-which was published under the title of View of Religion, in three parts: Part 1, containing An Alphabetical Compendium of the Denominations among Christians; 2, A Brief Account of Paganism, Mohammedanism, Judaism, and Deism; 3, An Account of the Religion of the Different Nations of the World. She also wrote: 2. A History of New England. 3. The Evidences of Christianity.

3.

Adams, H. C. 1. New Greek Delectus, Lon., 12mo; new ed., 1857. 2. Greek Text of the Gospels, p. 8vo. Latin Delectus, 12mo. 4. First of June, 1856, 12mo. 5. Greek Exercises. 6. Sivan the Sleeper, 1857, 12mo

2

Adams, H. G. 1. British Butterflies, Lon., 16mo Poetical Quotations, 12mo. 3. Sacred Poetical Quotations, 12mo. 4. Favourite Song Birds; 2d ed., 1855, 12mo. 5. Kentish Coronal, 12mo. 6. Nests and Eggs of British Birds; 1st and 2d Series, 16mo. 7. Story of the Seasons; 2d ed., 1855. Other works.

Adams, or Adam, James. Practical Essays on Agriculture, Lon., 1789, 2 vols.; 1794.

Adams, James. The Pronunciation of the English Language vindicated from imputed Anomaly and Caprice, Edin., 1799; and other works.

Adams, John. 1. Index Villaris; or, An Exact Register, alphabetically digested, of all the Cities, &c. in England and Wales, Lon., 1680, '88, 1700. 2. The Renowned City of London surveyed and illustrated in a Latin poem; trans lated into English by W. F., of Gray's Inn, Lon., 1670. Reprinted in vol. x. of the Harleian Miscellany.

Adams, John, d. 1719, Provost of King's College, a native of London, and a very eloquent preacher, pub. a number of serms., Lon., 1700-16.

Adams, John. The Young Sea-Officer's Assistant, both in his Examination and Voyage, 1773.

Adams, John, Master of the Academy at Pultney. A View of Universal History, 1795. He wrote many other useful educational works.

Adams, John. Works on Horsemanship, Lon., 1799. Adams, John. The Young Ladies' and Gentlemen's Atlas, Lon., 1805.

Adams, Jobu, F.L.S., a writer on Conchology, 17971800.

Adams, John, 1704-1740, son of John Adams, of Nova Scotia, graduated at Harvard College, 1721. A volume of his poems was published at Boston, 1745. He is stated to have been the master of nine languages, and conversant with Greek, Latin, Italian, French, and Spanish authors." -Allen's Amer. Biog. Dict.

Adams, John, 1735-1826, second President of the United States of America, was born at Braintree, Mass. "His father determined to give him a collegiate education, and placed him in consequence under the care of Mr. Marsh, that he might be prepared for entrance into the University of Cambridge. He remained in that institution until the year 1755, when he received his Bachelor's degree, and, in 1758, that of Master of Arts." In 1765, he published in the Boston Gazette several pieces, which were reprinted in London, in 1768, by Mr. Thos. Hollis, and called by him A Dissertation on Canon and Feudal Law. He also wrote certain pieces for the Boston Gazette, under the anonymous signature of Novanglus, which were inserted in Almon's Remembrancer. These papers were afterwards collected and pub. in London, in a pamphlet entitled A History of the Quarrel between Great Britain and the American Colonies; A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America against the attack of Mr. Turgot in his letter to Dr. Price dated March 22, 1778, Lon., 1787, '88. This work was reprinted by Stockdale in 1794, who prefixed to it the title of History of the Principal Republics of the World. "This is both a learned and a judicious work. The writings of Mr. Adams are less known in this country than their merit demands."-Rose's New Biog. Dict.

Discourses on Davila: a Series of Papers on Political History, by an American Citizen, Bost., 1805. This work was compiled from articles in the Gazette of the United States written by Mr. Adams in 1790. For a complete list of Mr. Adams's pamphlets, &c., see Life and Works of John Adams, second President of the United States; edited by his grandson, Charles Francis Adams, 10 vols. 8vo, 1850-56.

The collection is edited by the Hon. Charles Francis Adams, the depositary of all the manuscripts as well of John Adams as of his father, the late John Quincy Adams, and is intended as the first of two great publications elucidating the history of the rise and progress of these United States from the year 1761, in which the Revolutionary struggle first began, down to the year 1848, when the younger Adams died."

"Of the writings of our Revolutionary worthies none have been presented to the public with so much ability, care, and good faith as those of John Adams. The main portion of the labor devolved on Charles Francis Adams, who has devoted to it several years, and has set an example of thorough research and sound judgment which cannot be too highly commended."-DR. RUFUS W. GRISWOLD. "A contribution to the materials of American history not second in importance and interest to any of the great publications with which it is most obviously to be compared."-N. Amer. Rer. Letters to his Wife, Bost., 1841, 2 vols. 12mo. See ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS.

Mr. Adams and Mr. Jefferson, by a remarkable coincidence, expired on the same day, July 4, 1826, the anniversary of American Independence, which they both had so large a share in promoting.

Adams, John. 1. The Doctrine of Equity: being a commentary of the law as administered by the Court of Chancery, Lon., 8vo; 3d Amer. ed., with the Notes and References to the previous ed., by J. R. Ludlow and J. M. Collins; and Additional Notes and References to recent English and American Decisions, by Henry Wharton, Phila., 1855, 8vo. The text-book at Cambridge LawSchool, William and Mary College, Cincinnati LawSchool, University of Virginia, University of Mississippi, &c. See COLLINS, JOHN M. 2. Treatise on the Principles and Practice of the Action of Ejectment, Lon., 8vo; with Amer. Notes and Precedents, by J. L. Tillinghast and T. W. Clerke; with Additional Notes, by Wm. Hogan and T. W. Waterman, N. York, 1854, 8vo.

Adams, Captain John. Sketches taken during two Voyages to Africa, &c., Lon., 1833, 8vo.

"A valuable little work."-LOWNDES.

Adams, John Couch, b. 1817, Cornwall, Eng., a distinguished astronomer, contrib. many valuable papers to Mem. Ast. Soc., Phil. Trans., &c.

Adams, Rev. John Greenleaf, b. 1810, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Practical Hints to Universalists. Christian Victor. Edited and contrib. to "Our Day; a Gift for the Times." Also, in connexion with Rev. E. H. Chapin, The Fountain, a Gift for Temperance; and Hymns for Christian Devotion. Editor of Gospel Teacher, &c.

Adams, John Quincy, 1767-1848, sixth President of the United States, was b. July 11, at Quincy, Mass., son of John Adams, second President of the U. States. At the age of ten he accompanied his father to Europe, and, under his eye, prosecuted his studies during the greater part of the ensuing ten years, being part of the time at school in

Leyden, and a part accompanying Mr. Dana on his mission to St. Petersburg, acting as Secretary and French interpreter. Again he was sent to Europe, in 1795, on a public mission to Holland. From thence he was transferred to Berlin, where he passed four years, in the last of which he made a journey through Silesia. His letters were collected by Mr. Asbury Dickens and published without authority in London in 1804. They were trans. into German by F. G. Friese, with remarks by F. A. Zimmerman, Paris, 1807. Mr. A. trans. the work of Frederick de Gentz, and pub. at Breslau, 1805; trans. into French by J. Dupuy, entitled The Origin and Principles of the American Revolution compared with the Origin and Principles of the French Revolution, Phila., 8vo. He also trans. Wieland's Oberon, MS. Of his numerous productions the principal are A Report on Weights and Measures made to Congress, Wash., 1818, 8vo; Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory, Camb., 2 vols. 8vo; Dermot McMorrogh, an Historical Tale, Bost 1832, 8vo; Letters on the Masonic Institution, 1847, 8vo Eulogies on Madison, (1836,) Monroe, (1831,) and La Fayette, (1834;) Jubilee of the Constitution, N. York, 1837. See Memoir of the Life of J. Q. Adams, by Josiah Quincy, LL.D., Bost., 1858. A collective ed. of Mr. Adams's works is promised by his son, Charles Francis Adams. Adams, Jonas, a writer on law, 1593.

Adams, Joseph, M.D., 1756-1818, an able physician and teacher of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine. He pub. twelve treatises, &c. of a professional nature, Lon., 1795-1816. See Life of John Hunter.

Adams, Joseph, of N. Hampshire, 1719-1783, pub. some serms., 1757, &c.

Adams, Matthew, d. 1753, of Boston, Massachusetts, wrote some fugitive essays. Dr. Benjamin Franklin acknowledges his obligations for access to his library.

Adams, Nehemiah, D.D., b. 1806, Salem, Mass., settled in Boston. 1. The Baptized Child. 2. Remarks on the Unitarian Belief. 3. Life of John Eliot. 4. SouthSide View of Slavery, 12mo. 5. Friends of Christ in the New Testament, 1853. 6. Christ a Friend. 7. CommunionSabbath. 8. Agnes and the Little Key. 9. Bertha and her Baptism. 10. Assurance of Faith: being a Sermon preached before the Massachusetts Convention of Congregational Ministers. 11. Truths for the Times: a Series of Tracts. 12. Catherine; or, The Early Saved, 1858. Various pamphlet sermons. Contrib. to Spirit of Pilgrims, Lit. Theol. Rev., Bibliotheca Sacra, &c.

Adams, Q., a writer on Longitude, Lon., 1811.

Adams, R. N., D.D. The Opening of the Sealed Book of the Apocalypse shown to be a Symbol of the Future Republication of the Old Testament, Lon., 1838. See Church of Eng. Quar. Rev., Oct. 1838.

Adams, Rice, a theological writer, 1708-1736.

Adams, Richard. True and Terrible Relation from Maltravis, in Malaga, Lon., 1648.

Adams, Richard, d. 1684, a Non-Conformist divine, educated at Cambridge; expelled for Non-Conformity, 1662. He compiled the Notes on St. Paul's Epistles to the Philippians and Colossians in Phole's Bible, and assisted his brother, Thomas Adams, in some other works.

Adams, Robert. Expeditionis Hispanorum in Angliam, vera Descriptio, anno 1588, Roberto Adamo, Authore, 1589.

Adams, Robert, b. Hudson, N. York. Narrative of Robert Adams, a sailor, who was wrecked on the Western Coast of Africa in 1810, was detained three years in slavery by the Arabs of the Great Desert, and resided several months in the city of Timbuctoo. Pronounced an imposition by the N. Amer. Rev., vol. v., 1817.

"A curious, marvellous, but authentic narrative."-LOWNDES. Adams, S. Elements of Reading, Lon., 1781. Adams, Samuel, D.D., pub. some serms., 1716. Adams, Samuel, 1722-1803, Governor of Massachusetts, graduated at Harvard College, 1740. He wrote a number of political essays.

Adams, Sarah Flower, d. 1848, a musical composer; authoress of works collected under the title of Adoration, Aspiration, and Belief. She wrote some poetical pieces and

criticisms.

Adams, T. Democracy Unveiled, Lon., 1811. Adams, T. History of the Town of Shaftesbury, 1809. Adams, Thomas. Serm. on Rev. xxii. 12, 1660. Adams, Thomas, a theological writer, pub. 1613–33. Adams, Thos., d. 1670, wrote in opposition to the Established Ch. of Eng.. and on the Principles of Religion. Adams, Wm. Complete History of the Civil Wais in Scotland, 1644-46; 2d ed., Edin., 1724.

Adams, Wm. Fifteen Occasional Serms., Oxon.,171

Adams, Wm., D.D., 1707-1789, Master of Pembroke, Oxford, &c., author of a number of sermons, and an Answer to Hume's very absurd Essay on Miracles. Dr. Adams was a valued friend of Dr. Johnson's. Boswell tells us: "We then went to Pembroke College, and waited on his old friend Dr. Adams, the master of it, whom I found to be a most polite, pleasing, communicative man. He had distinguished himself by an able answer to David Hume's Essay on Miracles.' He told me he had once dined in company with Hume in London; that Hume shook hands with him, and said, 'You have treated me much better than I deserve;' and that they exchanged visits." Adams, Wm. Political treatises, 1796-97. Adams, Sir Wm., Surgeon and Oculist Extraordinary to the Prince Regent. Among other professional works, this eminent oculist has published, A Practical Inquiry into the Causes of the frequent Failure of the Operations of Depression, and of the Extraction of the Cataract, as usually performed, &c., Lond., 1817. This work has been commended as one of great value to the chirurgical library. Adams, William, 1814-1848, Vicar of St. Peter's, Oxford, acquired considerable celebrity as a writer of religious works. See some notices of his life in A Remembrancer of Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, the burial-place of the Rev. W. Adams, Lon., p. 8vo. 1. Sacred Allegories; 2d ed., 1844, 12mo; 3d ed., 1855, cr. 8vo; illustrated by Foster, 1855, sm. 4to: this is composed of Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 6. 2. Shadow of the Cross, 1842, 12mo; 8th ed., 1849. 3. The Old Man's Home; 8th ed., 1853, 12mo. 4. Distant Hills; 4th ed., 1847, 12mo. 5. The Fall of Croesus, 1846, fp. Svo. 6. The King's Messengers, 1847, 12mo; 2d ed., 1852, 12mo. 7. Warnings of the Holy Week; 3d ed., 1849, 12mo; 4th ed., 1852, 12mo. 8. Cherry-Stones; edited by H. C. Adams, 1851, fp. 8vo; 4th ed., 1855, 12mo.

Adams, Zabdiel, 1730-1801, of Massachusetts, cousin to John Adams, second President of the United States of America, pub. some serms., 1771-88.

Adamson. Poemata Sacra, &c., Lon., 1619. Adamson. A work upon Elect Sinners, Lon., 1768. Adamson, Henry. Muses Threnodie, Edin., 1638. Adamson, John. The Muse's Welcome to King James VI. at his return to Scotland, anno 1617, Edin., 1618. The speeches will be found in Nichols's Progress of King James. He published several other works.

Adamson, John, M.A., Rector of Burton Coggles. 1. The Duty and Daily Frequenting of the Public Service of the Church; a Sermon on Matt. xxi. 13, 1698. 2. Funeral Serm., Rev. xiv. 13, 1707.

Adamson, John, 1787-1855. 1. Memoir of Camoens, 1820. 2. History, Antiquities, and Literature of Portugal, vol. i., 1842, 8vo; vol. ii., 1846, 8vo.

Adamson, M. A Friendly Epistle to Neighbour John Taylor, of Norwich, Lon., n. d.

Adamson, Patrick, 1543-1591, Archbishop of St. Andrew's, was born at Perth. He wrote a number of theological works in Latin.

Adamson, W. Contrib. to Phil. Mag., i. 256, 1817. Adamthwaite, John, theological writer, Birmingham, 1771-78.

Aday. A work upon Distilling, Lon. Addams, J. Reports of Cases determined in the Ecclesiastical Courts, 1822-25, 2 vols. 8vo; Lon., 1823-25. Addenbrooke, J. Essay on Free-Thinking, Lon., 1714. Adderley, Thomas, Published a Sermon on Psalm exxii. 6, Cambridge, 1676.

Addington, A., M.D. On Sea-Scurvy, &c., Lon., 1753. Addington, Rt. Hon. Henry, (Lord Sidmouth,) on of the preceding. Political speeches, &c., 1799-1803. Addington, John. History of the Cow-Pox, 1801. Addington, Stephen, 1729-1796, a dissenting miniser, a native of Northampton, a pupil of the celebrated Dr. Doddridge. He was a schoolmaster of considerable repute. He wrote a number of educational and theological works, 1757-83.

Addington, Sir Wm., Author of Abridgment of Penal Statutes, &c., London, 1775. 6th. ed. 1812.

Addison, Alexander, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 1759-1807. Reports of Cases in County Courts, High Court of Errors and Appeals in Pennsylvania, Washington, 1800, Obs. on Gallatin's Speech, 1798; Report of Committee, Virginia Assembly, 1800.

Addison, Anthony, Vicar of St. Helen's, Abington, Berkshire. Sermon on Psalm lxviii. 28, Oxford, 1704. Addison, C. G. 1. Temple Church, Lon.. 1843. 2. Law of Cortracts, Jon., 1846; Phila., 1847; 2d ed., Lon.,

Addison, G. H., 1793-1815, author of Indian Reminiscences, or the Bengal Moofussul Miscellany, 1837. Addison, Joseph, 1672-1719, one of the most eminent of English authors, was the eldest son of Lancelot Addison, D.D., Dean of Lichfield, the author of some theological treatises noticed hereafter. Joseph was born at Milston, near Ambros-Bury, Wiltshire, May 1, 1672. After passing through his preliminary studies at Amesbury and Salisbury, he became an inmate of the Charter-house, where he made the acquaintance of a youth who subsequently became celebrated as his associate, and an im. portant literary character:-the names of Richard Steele and Joseph Addison have become so closely united, that they must descend in unbroken partnership to the latest generations. At the age of fifteen he was entered at King's College, Oxford, where his father had preceded him. He here applied himself with such diligence to classical learning, that he "acquired an elegant Latin style before he arrived at that age in which lads usually begin to write good English." The excellence of his Latin poetry soon made him famous in both universities. At a later day these fruits of early scholarship were collected and published in the Musa Anglicana.

"Our country owes it to him, that the famous Monsieur Boileau perusing the present he made him of the Muse Anglicane.”— first conceived an opinion of the English genius for poetry, by TICKELL: Preface to Addison's Works.

When about twenty-two years of age, he addressed some verses to Dryden, commending his translations, which were highly praised by the most eminent judges, and were so fortunate as to elicit the plaudits of Dryden himself. A translation of the greater part of the fourth book of Virgil's Georgics, confirmed the good opinion which the great poet was inclined to entertain of the abilities of this youthful follower. The excellent critical preface to Dryden's version of the Georgics, and many of the arguments, were from the pen of the new aspirant to poetical distinction. A running criticism in verse on some of the principal English poets, addressed to Sacheverell, and some other productions of merit, still further increased the reputation of the author. So far, all was most encouraging; but this "fancied life in others' breath," as one of the poets styles Fame, was an unsubstantial dependence for the everyday necessities of life. At this juncture, in 1695, a poem addressed to King William, on one of his campaigns, dedicated to Lord Keeper Somers, secured the favour of this nobleman, and a pension of £300 per annum. About this period he published his Latin poems, inscribed to another great man of the day, Mr. Montague, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, afterwards Lord Halifax. It is said to have been chiefly owing to the discouragement of this eminent statesman, that Addison resigned his original intention of taking holy orders. Other accounts represent his own humility to have suggested to his mind distrust of his qualifications and fitness for a position so sacred and responsible. Whether the voice of ambition at this season of youthful triumph was permitted to drown the pleadings of conscience, it is impossible to decide; but there appear to us to be many intimations in the future writings of the lay moralist, that the convictions of religious duty ever remained stronger than the arguments by which they wero overruled. About the end of the year 1699, Addison determined to gratify an inclination which insufficient means had heretofore obliged him to postpone, and he left England on a visit to the classic soil of Italy. Fortunately, we are not left to conjecture what must have been the effects of scenes so inspiring upon a mind so well educated to appreciate their power. In his remarks on several parts of Italy, in the years 1701, 2, 3, we have a record of his impressions, which deserves more notice than it receives in the present day, or indeed has secured in any preceding generation of readers. The death of King William, in 1702, brought a new set of statesmen in power, and the loss of Addison's pension awakened the young traveller from his classic dreams of past ages to the necessary provision for the day which was passing over him. He returned home, and found himself in England with no means of livelihood, and no prospects beyond the uncertain dependence of a literary hack. He was not allowed to remain long in this unenviable condition. The battle of Blenheim, fought August, 1704, had excited the attention of Europe to the conquerors, and the opportunity must not be lost to celebrate the event in the most august strains of which the poetic muse was capable. Lord Treasurer Godolphin inquired anxiously for a poet, and Lord Halifax named

Addison as the proper person. Mr. Treasurer Boyle, after- | wards Lord Carleton, was sent to prefer the request to the poet, who, as it will readily be believed, immediately undertook the duty. THE CAMPAIGN was written, and the successful bard became Commissioner of Appeals, and in 1706, Under-Secretary of State. There was much wisdom in this appointment. The aid of such a penman was not to be despised by any ministry, however powerful. The Present State of the War, an anonymous pamphlet, published in November, 1707, was credited to the new secretary. In 1709, our poet attended the Marquis of Wharton to Ireland as secretary. Whilst absent, Steele published the first number of The Tatler, April 12, 1709.

He soon became a most useful contributor to his friend's He also contributed five articles to a political papaper. per, The Whig Examiner, the first number of which appeared on the 14th September, 1710. The Tatler was brought to a close, January 2, 1711, and the first of the ensuing March, the Spectator made its appearance. This periodical, of which as many as 20,000 copies were sold in a day, still retains its popularity. Addison's contributions may be known by the signature C. L. I. or O., forming the word "Clio." The Guardian, commenced March 12, 1713, was also largely indebted to Addison. In 1713 appeared the celebrated tragedy of Cato, which was acted for thirty-five successive nights, notwithstanding Pope's opinion that it was not so well suited to the stage as it was to the closet. In this year was published a political squib of our author's, entitled The Trial and Conviction of Count Tariff. On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1715, Addison supported the government with great vigour in the Freeholder, which was published from September 23 to June 29, of the next year. His verses to Sir Godfrey Kneller, and a few other minor pieces, were given to the world about this time.

In 1716, he married the dowager Countess of Warwick: of this match Dr. Johnson remarks:-"This marriage, if uncontradicted report can be credited, made no addition to his happiness; it neither found nor made them equal. She always remembered her own rank, and thought herself entitled to treat with very little ceremony the tutor of her son." He breathed his last at Holland-house on the 17th June, 1719, when just entering the 48th year of his age. "Before he expired, he sent for his step-son, the Earl of Warwick, then in his 21st year, and while the young nobleman stood at his bedside to receive his commands,

grasping his hand, he said he had called him that he might see with what peace a Christian could die. He left an only daughter by the countess."

Sir Richard Steele acknowledges himself indebted to Addison for a considerable part of his comedy of the Tender Husband, which appeared in 1704; and he is also known to be the author of the Drummer, or The Haunted House. Some papers in a continuation of The Spectator, which was attempted, but soon dropped, and one or two in a publication of a similar nature, entitled The Lover, were contributed by him during the years 1713 and 1714.

It is well known that Addison has always laboured under the suspicion, not only of envying his great literary rival, Pope, but also of exhibiting that envy in the most unjustifiable manner. We have not space to enter upon this question at length. How far he may have prompted the virulence of Philips and the slander of Gildon, is not likely to be satisfactorily ascertained at this late hour. We refer the curious reader to Sir William Blackstone's able paper in the Biographia Britannica, and to the article Addison, in Rose's New Biog. Dict. Blackstone, certainly a competent judge of evidence, considers that Addison's memory has been much calumniated, although he admits that the publication of Tickell's (?) version of the Iliad just at the moment of the appearance of Pope's translation was "indiscreet and ill-timed."

The literary merits of Addison have been discussed at length by Dr. Johnson in his Lives of the Poets. Perhaps we cannot better please and edify our readers than by quoting some opinions of the great critic, together with those of other authors, upon the writings and character of one who must always occupy the first rank in the list of English classics:

"If any judgment be made from his books, of his moral character, nothing will be found but purity and excellence. It is justly observed by Tickell, that he employed wit on the side of virtue and religion. He not only made the proper use of wit himself, but taught it to others, and from his time it has been generally subservient to the cause of reason and of truth. No greater felicity can genius attain than that of having purified intellectual pleasure, separated mirth from indecency, and wit from licentiousness; of having taught a succession of writers to bring elegance and

gayety to the aid of goodness; and, if I may use expressions yet more awful, of having turned many to righteousness.' "His sentences have neither studied amplitude, nor affected brevity; his periods, though not diligently rounded, are voluble and easy. Whoever wishes to attain an English style, familiar, but not coarse, and elegant, but not ostentatious, must give his days and nights to the study of Addison."-DR. JOHNSON.

"Mr. Addison wrote very fluently; but he was sometimes very slow and scrupulous in correcting. He would show his verses to several friends; and would alter almost every thing that any of them hinted as wrong. He seemed to be too diffident of himself; and too much concerned about his character as a poet; or (as he worded it) too solicitous for that kind of praise which is but a fast; and sent them to the press as soon as they were written. It very little matter after all! Many of his Spectators he wrote very seems to have been best for him not to have had too much time to correct. Addison was perfectly good company with intimates; and had something more charming in his conversation than I ever knew in any other man: but with any mixture of strangers, and sometimes only with one, he seemed to preserve his dignity much, with a stiff sort of silence."--POPE: Spence's Anecdotes.

"There is a grove at Magdalen College which retains the name of Addison's Walk, where still the student will linger. . . . Never, not even by Dryden, not even by Temple, had the English language been written with such sweetness, grace, and facility. But this was the smallest part of Addison's praise. Had he clothed his thoughts in the half-French style of Horace Walpole, or in the half-Latin style of Dr. Johnson, or in the half-German jargon of the present day, his genius would have triumphed over all faults of manner. As a moral satirist he stands unrivalled. If kind, we should be inclined to guess that it must have been by ever the best Tatlers and Spectators were equalled in their own the lost comedies of Menander. In wit. properly so called, Addison was not inferior to Cowley or Butler. No single ode of Cowley contains so many happy analogies as are crowded into the lines to Sir Godfrey Kneller; and we would undertake to collect from the Spectators as great a number of ingenious illustrations as can be found in Hudibras.' The still higher faculty of invention Addison possessed in still larger measure.... But what shall we say of Addison's humour?... We own that the humour of Addison is, in our opinion, of a more delicious flavour than the humour of either Swift or Voltaire."-T. B. MACAULAY.

"Pope's character of Addison is one of the truest, as well as one of the best, things he ever wrote. Addison deserved that character the most of any man. Yet how charming are his prose writings! He was as much a master of humour as he was an indifferent poet."-DR. LOCKIER, Dean of Peterborough.

"Mr. Addison did not go any depth in the study of medals: all the knowledge he had of that kind, I believe he had from me; and I did not give him above twenty lessons upon that subject."-F.

"Mr. Addison would never alter any thing after a poem was once printed; and was ready to alter almost every thing that was found fault with before. I believe he did not leave a word unchanged that I might have any scruple against in his Cato."-P. "The last line in that tragedy originally was

And, oh, 'twas this that ended Cato's life.'

Mr. Pope suggested the alteration as it stands at present:

'And robs the guilty world of Cato's life.'

Mr. Addison stayed about a year at Blois. He would rise as early as between two and three in the height of summer, and lie a-bed till between eleven and twelve in the depth of winter. He was untalkative while here, and often thoughtful: sometimes so lost in thought that I have come into his room, and stayed five PHILIPPEAUX OF BLOIS. minutes there, before he has known any thing of it."-ABBÉ

"The Spectators, though there are so many bad ones among them, make themselves read still. All Addison's are allowed to be good."-ABBÉ B.

with him: and after his quitting the secretaryship used frequently "Old Jacob Tonson did not like Mr. Addison. He had a quarrel to say of him. One day or other you'll see that man a bishop! I'm sure he looks that way; and, indeed, I ever thought him a priest in his heart.'"-P.

"It was my fate to be much with the wits. My father was acworld."-LADY M. W. MONTAGU. quainted with all of them. Addison was the best company in the

"Addison usually studied all the morning, then met his party at Button's; dined there, and stayed five or six hours, and sometimes far into the night. I was of the company for about a year, but found it was too much for me, and so I quitted it."-POPE: Spence's Anecdotes.

"To the keenest perception of the beautiful and sublime in composition, he added a taste pre-eminently delicate and correct, and the most engaging and fascinating style that this country had ever witnessed; with these were combined the most unrivalled humour, a morality lovely and interesting as it was pure sweet, rich, and varied."-DR. DRAKE. and philanthropic, and a fancy whose effusions were peculiarly

Dr. Blair censures Addison for occasional redundancies, and gives some instances from Nos. 412 and 413 of the Spectator. He proceeds to remark:

"Although the free and flowing manner of such an author as Mr. Addison, and the graceful harmony of his periods, may palliate such negligences; yet, in general. it holds that style freed from this prolixity appears both more strong, and more beautiful. The attention becomes remiss, the mind falls into inaction, when words are multiplied without a corresponding multiplication of idens."-Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres.

"When this man looks from the world whose weakness he describes so benevolently, up to the heaven which shines over us all, I can hardly fancy a human face lighted up with a more serene rapture; a human intellect thrilling with a purer love and adoration, than Joseph Addison's! Listen to him: from your childk » ■

you have known the verses, but who can hear their sacred music without love and awe?

Soon as the evening shades prevail,

The moon takes up the wondrous tale,' &c.

It seems to me those verses shine like the stars. They shine out of a great, deep calm. When he turns to heaven, a Sabbath comes over that man's mind: and his face lights up from it with a glory of thanks and prayer. . . . If Swift's life was the most wretched, I think Addison's was one of the most enviable. A life prosperous and beautiful-a calm death-an immense fame, and affection af terwards for his happy and spotless name."-Thackeray's English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century.

"We must remember that, however narrow, and prejudiced. and exclusive may seem to us the dogmas of Addison's literary criticisms, yet that these were the first popular essays in English to wards the investigation of the grounds and axioms of aesthetic science, and that even here, in innumerable instances, (as, for example, in the celebrated reviews of Paradise Lost, and of the old national ballad of Chevy Chase,) we find the author's natural and delicate sense of the beautiful and sublime triumphing over the accumulated errors and false judgment of his own artificial age, and the author of Cato doing unconscious homage to the nature and pathos of the rude old Border ballad-maker."-PROF. T. B. SHAW.

In a word, one may justly apply to him what Plato, in his alegorical language, says of Aristophanes; that the Graces, having searched all the world for a temple wherein they might forever dwell. settled at last in the breast of Mr. Addison."-MELMOTH.

"Addison wrote little in verse, much in sweet, elegant, Virgilian rose; so let me call it, since Longinus calls Herodotus most Homeric; and Thucydides is said to have formed his style on Pindar. Addison's compositions are built with the finest materials, in the taste of the ancients. I never read him, but I am struck with such a disheartening idea of perfection, that I drop my pen. And, indeed. far superior writers should forget his compositions, if they would be greatly pleased with their own.”—DR. YOUNG.

.

"In refined and delicate humour Addison has no superior, if he has any equal, in English prose literature.. Who can set limits to the influence which such a mind has exerted? And what a lesson should it read to the conductors of our periodic press, from the stately quarterly to the daily newspaper! What untold gain would it be to the world if they would think less of party, and more of TRUTH: if they would ever be found the firm advocates of every thing that tends to elevate and bless man, and the steadfast, out-spoken opponents of all that tends to degrade, debase, and brutalize him!"-PROF. C. D. CLEVELAND.

"In Addison the reader will find a rich but chaste vein of humour and satire; lessons of morality and religion, divested of all austerity and gloom; criticism at once pleasing and profound; and pictures of national character and manners that must ever charm from their vivacity and truth."-DR. IIURD.

"Greater energy of character, or a more determined hatred of vice and tyranny, would have curtailed his usefulness as a public censor. He led the nation insensibly to a love of virtue and constitutional freedom, to a purer taste in morals and literature, and to the importance of those everlasting truths which so warmly engaged his heart and imagination."-ROBERT CHAMBERS.

It is praise enough to say of a writer, that, in a high department of literature, in which many eminent writers have distinguished themselves, he has no equal; and this may, with strict justice, be said of Addison. He is entitled to be considered not only as the greatest of the English essayists, but as the forerunner of the great English novelists. His best essays approach near to absolute perfection; nor is their excellence more wonderful than their variety. His invention never seems to flag; nor is he ever under the necessity of repeating himself, or of wearing out a subject."-MACAULAY.

He was not only the ornament of his age and country, but he reflects dignity on the nature of man. He has divested vice of Its meretricious ornaments, and planted religion and virtue in the modest and graceful attire which charm and elevate the heart."-DR. ANDERSON.

"Of Addison's numerous and well-known writings, it may be affirmed that they rest on the solid basis of real excellence, in moral tendency as well as literary merit. Vice and folly are satirized, virtue and decorum are rendered attractive; and while polished diction and Attic wit abound, the purest ethics are incul

cated."-MAUNDER.

"As a writer, as a man, and as a Christian, the merit of Addison cannot be too highly extolled. His style has been always es

teemed a model of excellence by men of taste. His humour has a charm which cannot be described; his philosophy is rational, and his morality is pure."-Athenæum.

The Life of Addison, by Lucy Aikin, 2 vols., London, 1843, post Svo, with Portrait.

Miss Aikin has not left a stone unturned, that her monument to one of our most polished writers and complete minds may be far, upright, and symmetrical. Her book contains the first complete life of Addison ever put forth. As a literary biography it is a model; and its pages are besides enriched by many hitherto unpublished letters of Addison."-London Athenæum.'"

In concluding our sketch of this eminent author, we may observe, that perhaps no English writer has been so fortunate as Addison in uniting so many discordant tastes in a unanimous verdict of approbation. Browne has been thought pedantic, Johnson inflated, Taylor conceited, and Burke exuberant; but the graceful simplicity of Addison delights alike the rude taste of the uneducated, and the classic judgment of the learned. His exquisite humour charms our youth, and his affectionate admonitions impress upon our hearts those religious verities which can alone confer dignity upon age.

We subjoin a list of Addison's works: 1. Remarks on several parts of Italy in the years 1701, 1702, 1703, London, 1705, 1718, 1761. The same translated into Latin, under the title of Addisoni Epistola Missa ex Italia, ad illustrem Dominum Halifax, anno 1701. Auctore A. Murphy, 1799. 2. Campaign; a Poem with a Latin version. 3. Poems, 1712. 4. The Five Whig Examiners, 1712. 5. Cato; a tragedy, 1713. The same in Italian and French, 1715. In Latin, under the following title: Cato Tragædia, Auctore Clarissimo Viro Josepho Addison inter Anglia nostræ Principes Poetas, jure nemerando, omissis Amotoriis Scenis. Latino Carmine Versa, 1763. This translation has been commended as

"In general elegant, and executed with great spirit. The style approaches that of Seneca, the tragedian."

6. Essay concerning the Error in Distributing Modern Medals, 1715. 7. A Poem to the Princess of Wales; another to Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1716. 8. Freeholder, 1716. 9. The Drummer, or the Haunted House, 1716. 10. Freethinker, 1722. 11. Dissertations on the most celebrated Roman Poets; Englished by Charles Hayes, 1718. 12. Notes upon the Twelve Books of Paradise Lost, collected 1719. 13. Dialogues upon the Usefulness of Ancient Medals, especially in relation to the Latin and Greek poets, 1726. 14. Ode to Dr. Thomas Burnet, 1727. 15. Divine Poems, 1728. 16. On the Evidences of the Christian Religion, 1730. 17. Discourses on Ancient and Modern Learning.

His papers contributed to The Tatler, Spectator, Guardian, and Freeholder, together with his Treatise on the Christian Religion, were collected into 4 vols., Edinburgh, 1790. In the Tatler his papers have no signature; in the Spectator, as we have remarked, they are either C. L. I. or O. (Clio.) In the Guardian, they are marked by a

hand.

Addison's works, portrait and plates, 4 vols. 4to Baskerville's splendid edition, Birmingham, 1761.

"He who hath the Baskerville edition hath a good and even glorious performance. It is pleasant (and, of course, profitable) to turn over the pages of these lovely tomes at one's Tusculum, DIBDIN. on a day of oppression from heat or of confinement from rain.”—

Addison's Complete Works, the first complete edition ever published, including all of Bishop Hurd's edition, with numerous pieces now first collected, and copious notes, by Prof. G. W. Greene. A new issue, in 6 vols., 12mo, with Vignettes, &c., N. York, 1854; ed., with additions by H. G. Bohn, 6 vols.

"Nothing stamps the literary reading of the present day with a more exalted character than the fact of the profitable republishment of the old English classics. We congratulate the public upon having it in their power to purchase an edition of Addison's works, so complete as this promises to be, such an ornament to the library as it will prove, and edited with so much tact. Το undertake to praise the writings of Joseph Addison is a work of supererogation. It is sufficient to say, that more persons have formed their style on his prose writings than on those of any other English writer."

Addison, Lancelot, D.D., 1632-1703, father of the preceding, was born at Crosby Ravensworth, in Westmoreland. He was the son of a clergyman, and adopted the same profession. He was noted at college for his acquirements. Not being in favour with the rulers of the day, he obtained no preferment until the Restoration. His first post was that of chaplain at Dunkirk. He was appointed king's chaplain in 1670. Dr. Addison wrote a number of works, which met with a moderate share of approbation. They relate principally to the early history of Mohammedanism, to the present state of the Jews, and to the sacraments of the Christian church, published 1671-98.

Addison, William, M.D. Healthy and Diseased Structure, Consumption, &c., Lon., 8vo.

"A work deserving the perusal of every one interested in the late rapid advance of physiology and pathology.”—Medico-Chirur gical Review.

2. Malvern Waters in Cases of Consumption, Svo. 3. Cell Therapeutics, 12mo, 1856.

Addy, William. Stenographia, Lon., 1695. "More remarkable for the accuracy and elegance of its graphical execution, than for any considerable improvement in the art.”—

LOWNDES.

Adee, Herbert. Sermon on 1 Cor. ii. 14, Lond., 1712. Adee, Nicholas. Sermon on Luke xx. 41, Lond., 1685. Adee, S. Con.to Phil. Tran. and to Archæol., 1755, &c Adey, author of Sermons, pub. London, 1755-60. Adhelm. See ALDHELM. Adis, Henry. don, 1660.

Sermon on 2 Chron. xxxii. 25, Lon