the small states or kingdoms of Italy were reconstructed by the Congress of Vienna. The Revolution in France in 1848 aroused a similar outbreak in Italy, and several of the states received the constitutional rights demanded by them. Milan revolted against Austrian rule the same year, and Austrian troops (70,000) were obliged to quit the city after five days fighting. In 1859, Victor Emanuel, king of Sardinia, supported by his Parliament, proclaimed his purpose to aid in freeing the oppressed Italian population from Austrian rule. The victories of Magenta and Solferino. quickly followed. Parma, Modena, the Emilian provinces, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany were annexed to the kingdom of Sardinia, and Victor Emanuel proclaimed king of Italy amid universal rejoicings In 1860, Garibaldi with about 1000 volunteers set sail for Sicily, where a revolutionary outbreak had taken place. Success attending him, the king of Naples fled, and Victor Emanuel was acknowledged king. After the war in 1866 between Austria and Prussia, Venetia was surrendered by Austria and annexed to the kingdom of Italy. The Papal States were added in 1870, with Rome the recognized capital of the kingdom.

31. Six Weeks War between Austria and Prussia, 1866.-In June 1866 war was declared against Austria by Prussia and Italy, the latter to obtain possession of the Venetian territories. The Prussians, under command of their king William I., invaded Bohemia and defeated the Austrians with great loss in the battle of Sadowa. The North German Confederation was then formed with Prussia as the leading state instead of Austria.

32. The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1. War declared against Prussia by France, on the ground that the King of Prussia refused to prohibit the candidature of his relative, Prince Leopold, for the vacant throne of Spain. The French army were everywhere defeated, Napoleon surrendered to King William at Sedan, Sept. 2, 1870. Paris endured the horrors of a long siege, but was forced to surrender January 28, 1871. A French Republic was established, and France obliged to give up Alsace and part of Lorraine, (which had been taken from Germany by Louis XIV), and pay an indemnity of 5,000,000,000 francs.

33. War between Russia and Turkey, 1878.-The misgovernment of the Christian provinces of Turkey led to insurrection of the Slavonic subjects of the Sultan. Russia, as their champion declared war against Tur

key. The Turks won a decided victory at Plevna, but were finally defeated, and obliged to accept terms of peace made by Russia.

34. War between Chili and Peru, 1879-1881.-This war resulted in the total defeat of Peru, and the capture of Lima.

35. War between Great Britain and the Zulus of So. Africa, 1879.-Cetewayo, king of the Zulus, refused all demands made upon him, and assembled a body of fighting men near the frontiers of Natal. General Lord Chelmsford received orders to protect British territory. The power of the Zulu king was broken in the battle of Ulundi, and he was captured by the English, August 28, 1879. The minor Zulu chiefs accepted the British terms.

36. War between Great Britain and Egypt, 1882.-Egypt had become the "Ward of the Nations." Arabi Bey (Egyptian Minister of War) rebelled against the Khedive and representatives of European governments, who had supervision of Egyptian affairs, and massacred Europeans in and about Alexandria. England bombarded the city, July 11, 1882. After a short and brilliant campaign under General Wolseley, Arabi was captured, and the rebels subdued, September 15, at Tel-ek-Kebir.

State causes, when, by whom, and results of the following battles: