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poids, des étalons du mètre et de la livre décimale, exécutés sous les yeux des commissaires chargés de déterminer ces mesures, et, vérifiés par eux, sont déposés dans les archives royales et à l'Observatoire de Paris. Les étalons du mètre ne le représentent qu'à un degré déterminé de température: on a choisi celui de la glace fondante, comme le plus fixe et le plus indépendant des modifications de l'atmosphère. Les étalons de la livre décimale ne représentent son poids que dans le vide, ou sous une pression insensible de l'atmosphère. Pour retrouver le mètre dans tous les temps, sans être obligé de recourir à la mesure du grand arc qui l'a donné, il importait de fixer son rapport à la longueur du pendule : cet objet a été rempli par Borda, de la manière la plus précise. Il a trouvé, à l'Observatoire de Paris, la longueur du pendule, qui fait cent mille oscillations par jour, égale à om,741887.

Toutes les mesures étant comparées sans cesse à la monnaie, il était surtout important de la diviser en parties décimales. On a donné à son unité le nom de franc d'argent : sa dixième partie s'appelle décime, et sa centième partie centime. On a rapporté au franc les valeurs des pièces de monnaie de cuivre ou d'or.

Pour faciliter le calcul de l'or et de l'argent fin, contenus dans les pièces de monnaie, on a fixé l'alliage au dixième de leur poids, et l'on a égalé le poids du franc à 5 grammes. Ainsi le franc, étant un multiple exact de l'unité de poids, il peut servir à peser les corps; ce qui est utile au

commerce.

Enfin, l'uniformité du système entier des poids et mesures a exigé que le jour fût divisé en dix heures, l'heure en cent minutes, et la minute en cent secondes. Cette division, qui va devenir nécessaire aux astronomes, est moins avantageuse dans la vie civile, où l'on a peu d'occasions d'employer le temps comme multiplicateur ou comme diviseur. La difficulté de l'adapter aux horloges et aux montres, et nos rapports commerciaux avec l'étranger, ont fait suspendre indéfiniment son usage. On peut croire cependant qu'à la longue la division décimale du jour remplacera sa division actuelle, qui contraste trop avec les divisions des autres mesures pour n'être pas abandonnée. Tel est le nouveau système des poids et mesures que les savants ont offert à la Convention nationale, qui s'est empressée de le sanctionner. Ce système, fondé sur la mesure des méridiens terrestres, convient également à tous les pendules. Il n'a de rapport avec la France que par l'arc du mé

ridien qui la traverse. Mais la position de cet art est si avantageuse, que les savants de toutes les nations, réunis pour fixer la mesure universelle, n'eussent point fait un autre choix. Pour multiplier les avantages de ce système, et pour le rendre utile au monde entier, le gouvernement français a invité les puissances étrangères à prendre part à un objet d'un intérêt aussi général. Plasieurs ont envoyé à Paris des savants distingues, qui, réunis aux commissaires de l'Institut natio nal, ont déterminé, par la discussion des observations et des expériences, les unités fondamentales de poids et de longueur; en sorte que la fixation de ces unités doit être regardée comme un ouvrage commun aux savants qui y ont concouru et aux peuples qu'ils ont représentés. Il est donc permis d'espérer qu'un jour ce système, qui réduit tontes les mesures et leurs calculs à l'échelle et aux opérations les plus simples de l'arithmétique decimale, sera aussi généralement adopté que le système de numération dont il est le complément, et qui, sans doute, eut à surmonter les mêmes obstacles que le pouvoir de l'habitude oppose à l'introduetion des nouvelles mesures. Mais, une fois introduites, ces mesures seront maintenues, comme notre arithmétique, par ce même pouvoir, qui, joint à celui de la raison, assure aux institutions humaines une éternelle durée.

Le tableau suivant présente la nomenclature de ces mesures, de leurs divisions et de leurs multiples.

NOMENCLATURE SIMPLIFIÉE.

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