mias morinellus), which nests freely throughout N. Europe and Asia, migrating southward in winter. The color is ashy brown above, with black crown

Dotterel.

and nape, and a white streak near the eyes; the throat is whitish and the abdomen black, the intervening part being brown to chestnut with a white band.

Dou, GERARD (1613-75), Dutch painter, born at Leyden, was pupil and companion of Rembrandt. At first he worked at portraiture, then devoted himself to genre, interiors, domestic life, etc. He bestowed extreme care on his pictures, which were small in size, but admirable for vigorous treatment and finish in execution. Many of his paintings are in Amsterdam, Leyden, and the Louvre. The National Gallery and the Wallace Collection in London have good examples. The head of the Leyden school of painting, Meiris, Metsh, and Schalcken were among his pupils. See W. Martin's Gerard Dou (1902), and Van Dyke's Old Dutch and Flemish Masters (1895).

Douai, or DOUAY, fort. tn., dep. Nord, France, 17 m. s. of Lille. It contains sugar refineries, breweries, wool, paper, and leather factories, and glass works. Pop. (1901) 33,649. The town was captured by the Duke of Marlborough in 1710, and retaken by the French in 1712. Douai gives its name to the Roman Catholic English version of the Bible authorized by the Pope. The Old Testament was published in 1609 by the English College at Douai (founded by Cardinal Allen in 1568, and closed in 1903), the New Testament having been published at Rheims in 1582.

Douarnenez, tn., dep. Finistère, France, on Bay of Douarnenez, 22 m. s. of Brest. It is a sardine-fishing centre. Pop. (1901) 12,865.

Double Bass. See VIOLIN. Double Consciousness. See PERSONALITY.

Doubleday, ABNER (181993), American soldier, born at Ballston Spa, N. Y., graduated at West Point in 1838, and was assigned to the artillery. He served during the Mexican War and was on duty at Fort Sumner when it

Double Entry. KEEPING.

See Book

Double Flowers are strictly those in which the stamens and pistil (i.e. the reproductive organs) are replaced by petals or sepals. Such a flower is incapable of sexual reproduction. The term is, however, sometimes extended to cases in which the petals are abnormally increased in number, but not so as to eliminate entirely the sexual functions.

Double Refraction is a property possessed by most crystals of dividing a ray of transmitted light into two distinct rays, each with its own laws of refraction. The separation is particularly well marked in Iceland spar, in which the phenomenon was first observed, and in which it has been most studied. In certain crystals, of which Iceland spar is an example, there is one direction, transmission along which is not accompanied by the separation of the two rays. This is called the optic axis, and crystals having this one unique direction are known as uni-axal crystals. There are, however, many other crystals in which there are two directions, transmission along which is not accompanied by separation of the rays. These are distinguished as bi-axial crystals. The theory of double refraction in Iceland spar was given first by Huygens (1690); but the complete theory applicable to all cases forms one of the most brilliant of Fresnel's discoveries (1814-27). For the polarized properties of the doubly-refracted rays, see POLARIZATION OF LIGHT.

Double Stars are close pairs of stars separable with the telescope, though appearing single to the eye. Not far from fourteen thousand have been registered, but a proportion are only optically double-i.e. they are stars accidentally thrown nearly into the same visual line. The closer kind of double stars are almost invariably binary- that is to say, they give unmistakable evidence of circulation under the influence of their mutual attraction. This discovery was announced by Sir

William Herschel to the British Royal Society on July 1, 1802; and he assigned about three hundred and forty-two years for the revolutions of Castor, three hundred and seventy-five and twelve hundred for those respectively of 8 Serpentis and y Leonis. The first stellar orbit actually calculated, however, was Savary's for Ursæ Majoris; and the period of fiftyeight years, indicated for it in 1827, has proved fairly accurate. About fifty stellar orbits may be regarded as known, four-fifths of them having periods of less than a century. One pair, & Equulei, has been found by Professor Hussey to complete each circuit in 5.7 years.

There is no reason to doubt that double stars obey, in their movements, the law of gravitation. The basis of all calculations regarding them is Kepler's prescription of equal areas in equal times, and no departure from it has, so far, been attested. Each pair travels in an elliptic path round its centre of gravity, the orbits of the components being similar and equal when the mass of the system is equally divided, similar but unequal, in an inverse proportion, when the masses are disparate. The ellipses pursued are, in general, highly eccentric-a peculiarity explained by Dr. See as an effect of tidal friction.

Stellar systems at known distances from the earth are of readily ascertainable mass and linear extent. Their average joint mass is probably about double that of the sun; but their orbital span is of such immense variety that no standard for it can be established. It is only safe to say that the path of Neptune around the sun would include the tracks of most double stars with periods of less than one hundred years.

Double stars frequently form ternary combinations with more remote companions. (See MULTIPLE STARS.) The system of Cancri undoubtedly includes an invisible fourth member.

Doubling the Cube, the problem of finding the side of a cube having double the volume of a given cube (i.e. of finding the cube root of 2); called also the Delian problem. The solution can be effected by the use of conic sections and other curves of higher geometry.

Doublings, in heraldry, are the linings of robes, or of the mantling or lambrequin which droops from the helmet.

Doubloon, a gold coin of Spain not struck since 1868, when the peseta (= franc) was adopted by Spain. It weighed 128.63 to 129.43 grains, fineness .900, value about $5.00. Doubloons are also in circulation in S. American countries.

Doubs (anc. Dubis). (1.) Department E. France, on the w. slope of the Jura Mts. The area is 2,052 sq. m. The department is very mountainous, the highest summit being Mont d'Or (4,790 ft.). The plain between the Oignon on the w. and the Doubs is very fertile. Cheese and butter are the staple products of the mountain pastures. Iron-founding, distilling, watch and clock making (Besançon and Montbéliard) are the chief industries. Chief town, Besançon. Pop. (1901) 298,864. (2.) River, France, rises in the Jura Mts., flows to the N.E. for 70 m., descending the cataract of Saut du Daubs (88 ft.), near Morteau. It then enters Switzerland, and 25 m. from Basel describes a semicircle, then makes another sharp bend to the N., and-a further bend to the s.w. until it unites with the Saône at Verdun-sur-Doubs, after a course of 260 m. From Voujeaucourt, near Montbéliard, to Dôle the river forms part of the Rhone and Rhine Canal.

Douce, FRANCIS (1757-1834), English antiquary, born in London. Keeper of the MSS. in the British Museum, he bequeathed his books and MSS. to the Bodleian. He published Illustrations of Shakespeare (1807); The Dance of Death (1833).

Doughbird, the Eskimo curlew. See CURLEW.

Doughface, a weak, pliable person, without settled convictions, and easily swayed by others -unworthy motives as well as a flabby, dough-like personality often being implied. Specifically, in U. S. history, the term is generally applied to those Northern políticians who before the Civil War were charged with showing undue deference to the 'slave power,' and especially to those Northern members of Congress who advocated and voted for the Missouri Compromise (1820), which John Randolph of Roanoke stigmatized as a 'dirty bargain helped on by eighteen Northern dough-faces.' use of the term by Randolph first gave it general currency.

This

Douglas. (1.) Seaport, mrkt. tn., wat-pl., and cap. (having displaced Castletown) of Isle of Man, 76 m. N.w. of Liverpool. The fine outer harbor, opened in 1872, allows vessels to enter at all states of the tide. There is a noble promenade, 2 m. long, round its beautiful bay. Pop. (1901)19,126. (2.) Parish and vif., Lanarkshire, Scotland, on Douglas Water, 11 m. s.w. of Lanark. St. Bride, now represented by a choir and small spire, was until 1761 the burying-place of the Douglas family. Douglas Castle, in the parish, is the Castle Dangerous of Sir Walter Scott. Pop. of par. (1901) 2,397. (3.) City,

Douglas I., Alaska, 2 m. s. of Juneau, terminus of steamboat line to Tacoma, Wash., and Sitka. The Treadwell gold mines are situated here, and there are large quartz mills; also government schools. Pop. (1900) 825.

Douglas, a famous family of southern Scotland. The earliest recorded member of the family is William of Douglas (1174-1213). His grandson, William de Douglas, surnamed the 'Hardy' (d. 1298), was frequently in trouble through his resistance to the pretensions of Edward 1., and died a prisoner in the Tower of London, being succeeded by his eldest son, the Good' Sir James, Lord of Douglas (1286-1330), companion in arms of Robert Bruce. At Bannockburn (1314) he commanded the left wing of the victorious Scots. During the remainder of Bruce's career Douglas's remarkable prowess and strategy enabled him as warden of the Marches to more than hold his own against the English. On the death of Bruce, Douglas undertook to carry his heart in a crusade against the infidels, and was slain in battle in Andalusia in Spain. The 'Good' Sir James left a son, William, Lord of Douglas, slain at the battle of Halidon Hill in 1333, and the estates and honors finally passed to William de Douglas (1327-84), son of Archibald, younger brother of Sir James, who was created Earl of Douglas by James II. in 1357. Dying in 1384, he left a son James (b. ?1358). On the death at Otterburn, in 1388, of James, second Earl of Douglas, without lawful issue, the estates and title passed to Archibald the Grim, Lord of Galloway. His son Archibald, fourth earl (d. 1424), won distinction in the wars of France against the English, and was created Duke of Touraine (1423). He was defeated by the Duke of Bedford at Verneuil, and slain(1424). The unexampled power the family acquired in Scotland aroused the jealousy of Lord Chancellor Crichton and the guardians of James II., and they sought to crush it after the death of Archibald, the fifth Earl of Douglas (1439), when the sixth earl, William, a youth of seventeen, was inveigled into Edinburgh Castle, and after a mock trial was executed (1440). There being no immediate heirs, the estates were dispersed among different members of the family. William, eighth earl (?1425-52), by his marriage to Lady Margaret Douglas, the Fair Maid of Galloway, in great part restored the power of his house; but his arrogance so incensed James II. that, in a fit of passion, the king stabbed him to death while his guest in the castle of Stirling under a safe

conduct. The ruin of this branch of the family was completed by the abortive efforts of James, ninth earl (1426-88), to revenge his father's death; but the fortunes of the house of Douglas revived in a younger branch of the family, the lordship of Douglas-but not the title of Earl of Douglas-being, after the forfeiture of the ninth earl, conferred in 1454 on George, fourth Earl of Angus (d. 1462). Archibald, fifth Earl of Angus (1449-1514), surnamed 'Bell the Cat,' was one of the most strenuous and ambitious of the Douglases. After heading the successful plot against Cochrane, who was hanged over Lauder Bridge (1482), Angus joined Albany in certain intrigues with England, and then headed the conspiracy against James III, which led to the king's defeat at Sauchieburn (1488), followed by his treacherous murder. He became Lord High Chancellor (1493), an office he held till 1498. Among his sons were Gavin, bishop of Dunkeld, and Sir Archibald, Lord High Treasurer of Scotland.

Bell the Cat' was succeeded as sixth earl by his grandson Archibald (1489-1557), who, by his marriage to Margaret Tudor, queen-dowager of James Iv., and sister of Henry VIII. of England, occupied a position of unique political importance. By obtaining possession of the young king in November, 1524, he was able for some years to exercise supreme authority, but on the king's escape (July, 1528) he was compelled to take refuge in England. On the death of James V., in 1543, his attainder was repealed. On his death, in 1557, he left no surviving issue except Lady Margaret Douglas (1515-78), who, by her marriage to Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox, became the mother of Lord Darnley.

On the death, without surviving issue, of Archibald, eighth Earl of Angus (1588), the estates and title passed to Sir William Douglas (1533-91) of Glenbervie, greatgrandson of the fifth earl. William, eleventh Earl of Angus (1598-1660), was created Marquis of Douglas in 1633. His eldest son by his second marriage was created Earl of Selkirk, and by marriage with Anne, Duchess of Hamilton (see HAMILTON), became third Duke of Hamilton (1660). Archibald, third marquis (1694-1761), was in 1703 created Duke of Douglas; but on his death, without issue, the ducal title became extinct, the other titles passing to the dukes of Hamilton. Archibald James Edward Douglas, a son of Lady Jane Douglas, sister of the Duke of Douglas, was, after long litigation, declared in 1769 to be heir to his uncle's estates, and in

1790 he was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Douglas of Douglas; but after the death of the fourth Lord Douglas, in 1857, the title became extinct.

See Douglas's Scottish Peerage, and other Peerages; Speeches, etc., on the Douglas case 1767 and 1768; Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Douglas (first publícation, in 1644, untrustworthy in regard to many details, but interesting from its many anecdotes more or less authentic); Sir William Fraser's Douglas Book (1885); and Sir Herbert Maxwell's House of Douglas (1902).

Douglas, GAWIN or GAVIN (P1474-1522), Scottish poet, third son of Archibald, fifth Earl of Angus, 'Bell the Cat.' He became rector of Prestonhauch (now Prestonkirk), near North Berwick, where he wrote his poem The Palice of Honor (1501; pub. 1553), which led to his preferment to the provostship of the collegiate church of St. Giles, Edinburgh. Some time afterward he wrote King Hart (pub. 1786), and his poetic career terminated in 1513, on the completion of his translation into Scottish metre of Virgil's Eneid (pub. 1553). After the death of James IV. at Flodden in the same year, he was appointed one of the new lords of council for the guidance of the widowed queen. He was presented to the see of Dunkeld (1515). Compelled with Angus to take refuge in England (1521), he died of the plague in London. In the poetry of Gavin Douglas the allegorical method first introduced into Scotland by James I. reached its extreme development. His allegories are characterized by a certain grandiloquence of expression and rhetorical effectiveness; but stripped of the artificial imagery, the method of treatment is trite and uninspired. Douglas's Works (ed. Small) appeared at Edinburgh in 1874 in four volumes.

Douglas, SIR HOWARD (17761861), English soldier and author, born at Gosport; served in Canada (1795-9) and in the Peninsular War; became governor of New Brunswick (1823-9), where he founded Fredericton University; and lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands (1835-40). He wrote on Military Bridges (1816; 3d ed. 1853); Naval Gunnery (1820; 5th ed. 1860); Carnot's System of Defence (1819); Naval Evolutions (1832). See Life by Fullom (1862).

Douglas, JOHN (1721-1807), English bishop, son of a Pittenweem (Fifeshire) shopkeeper, was, as army chaplain, present at Fontenoy (1745). He became bishop of Carlisle (1787), dean of Windsor (1788), and bishop of Salisbury (1791). His works include Milton Vindicated from the Charge of Pla

giarism (1751); Criterion (1754); Apology for the Clergy (1755). He edited Clarendon's Diary and Letters (1763). See Miscellaneous Works, with Life prefixed (1820). Douglas, SIR JOHN SHOLTÓ. See QUEENSBERRY.

Douglas, SIR ROBERT KENNAWAY (1838), English Chinese scholar; was born in Devonshire, and entered the Chinese consular service (1858), from which he retired on his appointment as assistant in the Chinese Library of the British Museum (1865), where, since 1892, he has been keeper of the Oriental manuscripts and books, at the same time holding the professorship of Chinese in King's College, London. He has written The Language and Literature of China (1875), Confucianism and Taoism (1877), Chinese Stories (1893), The Life of Li Hung Chang (1895), China (Story of the Nations, 1899), and other works.

Douglas, STEPHEN ARNOLD (1813-61), American political leader, born in Brandon, Vt. After a brief education at the Brandon Academy, he removed with his mother (1830) to Canandaigua, N. Y., finishing his education at the academy there. He studied law, removing in 1833 to Winchester, Ill., and was admitted to the bar the next year at Jacksonville, Ill., where he began his practice. Of indomitable will, persevering, ardent, full of resources, persuasive, popular, selfconfident, eloquent, with clear penetrating voice, devoted to the Jacksonian wing of the Democratic party, Douglas, in spite of his short stature and far from vigorous health, was at once recognized as a leader, and gained the title of "The Little Giant,' that stayed by him the rest of his life. Within a year he was prosecutingattorney of Jacksonville; in two years more, member of the legislature; in 1837, register of public lands at Springfield, where he and Lincoln, his subsequent great antagonist, became well acquainted. Next year, he came near carrying an election to Congress from the Whig district; in 1841 he was appointed a judge of the state Supreme Court, and in 1842 was elected to Congress. At the close of a second term as representative (1847), Douglas entered the U. S. Senate, of which he remained a member until his death. He served as chairman of the committee on territories successively in the House and in the Senate, which, on account of the attitude of the slave interests toward territorial acquisitions, proved afterward to have been of vital importance in his career. He favored the annexation of Texas, the resolute urging of the U. S. claim in the Oregon boundary dispute, and

the Mexican War, with the resulting increase of territory in the South-west. The question whether this new domain should be open to slavery came rapidly to the front, and Douglas proclaimed himself a champion of 'popular,' or 'squatter,' sovereignty, which permitted the inhabitants of each territory to admit or exclude slavery as they might elect. To the moral aspects of the case he professed indifference. Under Clay's Compromise, which had Douglas's support, California was admitted to the Union free by vote of its citizens, while the question of slavery in Utah and New Mexico was left open. Although Douglas was the undisputed leader of the Democratic party, Pierce was nominated candidate for the presidency in 1852. Two years later Douglas startled the country and alarmed the North by introducing a bill repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which excluded slavery from all territory north of 36° 30', and permitting the inhabitants to regulate their institutions in their own way. The success of his 'Kansas-Nebraska bill' split the Democratic party and blotted out the Whig party, and brought on the struggles in Kansas that ended in making it a free state. In 1856 Douglas again failed to secure the nomination of the Democratic party for the presidency, Buchanan being the successful candidate. Buchanan's subserviency to the slave power and his nullifying the principle of popular sovereignty drove Douglas into opposition. In his contest for re-election to the Senate from Illinois, came his famous debates with Lincoln, who was defeated. The admissions, however, which Lincoln forced from Douglas drove from his rival the out-andout defenders of slavery, without strengthening him with the Northern opponents of that institution. Breckinridge was nominated for the presidency in 1860 as the candidate of the Democratic extremists, Douglas by the moderate wing. But although Douglas received the largest popular vote next to Lincoln's, he secured only 12 electoral votes. The secession of the South brought him to the support of Lincoln and the Federal government. "There can be no neutrals in this war,' said he. Less than two months after the war broke out, he died. See Sheahan's Campaign Life of Douglas (1860); Rhodes History of U. S.; Compromise of 1850 (1903); Brown's Stephen Arnold Douglas (1902).

Douglas Fir. See FIR.

1

M

Douglass, FREDERICK (181795), American orator and journal-00, ist, born of a white father and a negro slave mother, near Easton, Md., and brought up on the plantation until 10 years of age. He

was bought by a Baltimore shipbuilder from whom, after teaching himself how to read and write, he escaped, in 1838, in the disguise of a sailor, under the name of Douglass. He worked for a time as a day laborer at New Bedford, Mass., and there married a negro woman. His disclosure of marked oratorical powers led to his employment by the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society as a lecturer, and his success on the platform secured him engagements in England, where, after writing his autobiography, he stayed two years, a donation of $600 enabling him to secure his freedom. From 1847 to 1860 he published an antislavery paper in Rochester, N. Y., and during the war encouraged negro enlistments. He was appointed secretary to the San Domingo Commission in 1871; was chosen presidential elector from the State of New York in 1872; was marshal of the District of Columbia in 1876-81; recorder of deeds in the district in 1881-6, and minister to Haiti from 1889 to 1891. His second marriage, to a white woman, provoked much criticism.

public by 504 votes against 334 for M. Briand.

to

Doumergue, doo-merg', GASTON (1863- ), French statesman. He studied law and after practising in Nîmes (1885-90), was a colonial judge in Algiers (1890-1893). Returning France, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, being reelected in 1898, 1902, and 1906. He was Minister of Commerce in the Combes cabinet and subsequently in those of Sarrien and Ĉlemenceau, and served as Minister of Instruction (1909) in the Briand cabinet. In 1910 he was elected to the Senate and in 191314 was premier. He served for a short time as Minister of Foreign Affairs under Viviani, represented France at the Allied conference in Petrograd in 1917, and on his return resumed his seat in the Senate. In 1924 he was elected president of France. He was succeeded in 1931 by Paul Doumer (q.v.).

Doumic, doo-mek', RENÉ (1860), French critic, was born in Paris. He was educated at the Ecole Normale Supérieure and from 1883 to 1897 was professor of literature at Stanislas College. In 1898 he made a trip to the United States and Canada, where he lectured in the leading universities. He was elected a member of the French Academy in 1909. He is director of the Revue des deux mondes. His publications include Histoire de la littérature française (1888); Portraits d'ecrivains (1892); Ecrivains d'aujourd'hui (1894); Etudes sur la littérature française (18961908); Le théâtre nouveau (1908); Lamartine (1912).

Dourine, dōo'rēn, or maladie du coit, an infectious disease of the horse and the ass, transmitted by the act of copulation. It is due to a parasite Trypanosoma equiperdum, and eventually produces complete paralysis of the posterior extremities, ending fatally in from six months to two years. Little benefit can be obtained from treatment. The best method of eradication is the destruction of the diseased mares and the castration of the affected stallions before the appearance of paralytic symptoms.

Douro (Span. Duero), dō'roo; Port. dwa'ro, river of Spain and Portugal, rises in the Castilian plateau, in 42° N. lat., at an elevation of 7,370 feet. After describing a short curve to the east, it flows uniformly west until, after a course of about 480 miles, it reaches the Atlantic, a little below Oporto. It is subject to sudden and serious inundations, and its mouth is impeded by a rocky bar. The only navigable portion is the 90 miles from Torre de Moncorvo to Oporto.

Douroucolis, doo-roo-kō'lēz, a name of unknown origin ap

plied to the night-monkeys, or owl-monkeys, of the genus Nyctipithecus, found in South America. They are small creatures, the body measuring less than a foot, with long tails (14 inches), round heads, and enormous eyes. The fur is short and grayishbrown in color. The tails are nonprehensile.

Dove, another name for the PIGEON (q. v.). Symbolically the dove has been extensively employed in Christian art to represent innocence and purity. In a more special sense it is symbolic of the Holy Spirit, and as such is seen in representations of the Trinity, of the annunciation, and of the baptism of Christ. Of the first, the celebrated altar piece by Van der Goes in Holyrood Palace, of the second, the lovely fresco by Fra Angelico in San Marco, Florence, and of the third, Francia's picture in the Dresden gallery, are examples. The dove holding an olive branch is a symbol of peace; with seven rays proceeding from it, it signifies the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit; a six-winged dove is typical of the Church of Christ.

Dove, river, England, on the borders of Derbyshire and Staffordshire. It rises 4 miles southwest of Buxton and after a southeasterly course of about 40 miles enters the Trent at Newton Solney. Its romantic glen, Dovedale, which lies between Hartington and Ashbourne, has inspired many poets and painters. It is famous also for its trout fishing.

Dove, HEINRICH WILHELM (1803-79), German scientist. He was professor in the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin. His investigations of the laws of cyclones won him a European reputation, after which he devoted himself to the study of optics, the principal result of which was the application of the stereoscope to the detection of forged banknotes. Among his numerous publications are Distribution of Heat over the Surface of the Globe (Eng. trans. 1853) and Law of Storms (Eng. trans. 1862).

Dover, parliamentary and municipal borough, England, in Kent, on the coast of the English Channel; 76 miles southeast of London. It is a notable military station and an important seaport, being the point on the British Isles nearest to the Continent. Features of interest are Dover Castle, picturesquely situated on a cliff overlooking the town and the fine Maison Dieu hall founded in the thirteenth century; the museum; the barracks, within whose enclosures are the foundations of a round Church of the Templars; the marine parade, and Shakespeare's Cliff, traditionally associated with King Lear. Dover is an important marine station of England; its

broad and spacious harbor comprises the commercial harbor and the Admiralty harbor, enclosed by massive breakwaters, the whole covering an area of more than 600 acres. Textiles (cotton, silk, and woollen), machinery, shoes, and lumber are manufactured. Pop. (1921) 39,985.

Dover was the chief of the Cinque Ports, which, in return for various privileges, were required to furnish a certain number of ships for the royal fleet. In 1295 the town was pillaged by the French; during the Civil War it was captured by the Parliamentarians, and in 1660 Charles II. landed there at the Restoration. During the Great War it was several times the object of

Dover, city, New Hampshire, county seat of Strafford county, at the head of navigation on the Cocheco River, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad; 11 miles northwest of Portsmouth. Water power is abundant, and manufactures include cotton and woollen goods, machinery, building materials, shoes, lumber, bricks, castings, and leather goods. Dover was settled in 1623, being the first permanent settlement in New Hampshire, and was long exposed to Indian attacks, in one of which, June 27, 1689, about fifty of the inhabitants were either killed or carried off. Pop. (1910) 13,247; (1920) 13,029; (1930) 13,573.

Dover, city, New Jersey, in

Dover and Calais the breadth is 21 miles. Captain Webb was the first man to swim the strait from Dover to Calais, in August 1875, and Louis Bleriot was the first airman to fly across the strait, July 1909. Projects for a bridge over the Strait or a tunnel under it have thus far been unacceptable.

Dover's Powder (from the pre'scription of Dr. Thomas Dover, an English physician, 16601741), or PULVIS IPECACUANHE COMPOSITUS, a powder compounded of opium one part, ipecacuanha one, sugar of milk eight. It is given internally as a sudorific and a sedative.

Dovrefjeld, do'vr'-fyeld, a mountain plateau, Norway, the

submarine and aerial attacks.

Dover, city and State capital, Delaware, county seat of Kent county, on Jones Creek and on the Pennsylvania Railroad; 40 miles south of Wilmington. The chief buildings are the State House, the armory, the Wilmington Conference Academy (M. E.) and a State industrial school for negroes. The city is in an agricultural and peachgrowing district and has several canning and fruit evaporating establishments. The principal manufactures are shirts, silk, lumber, bricks, baskets, and barrels. Dover was founded in 1717 and became the capital of Delaware in 1777. Pop. (1920) 4,042; (1930) 4,800.

Dover: the Cliffs Seen from the Steamer

Morris county, on the Rockaway River, and on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western and the Central of New Jersey Railroads, and the Morris Canal; 40 miles northwest of New York City. It is a popular summer resort and residential city, and has iron works, boiler works, a steel plant, and manufactures of furnaces and ranges, silk, overalls, and knit goods. Pop. (1920) 9,803; (1930) 10,031.

Dover, STRAIT OF (Fr. Pas de Calais), channel separating England and France, and joining the North Sea and the English Channel. It extends from Dungeness and Cape Grisnez to South Foreland and Calais, a distance of 22 miles. Between

watershed of the Norwegian rivers, beginning at 63 N. lat., near Röraas, and running parallel with the sea in a southwesterly direction. Its highest point is Snehätta (7,560 ft. above the sea). In popular folklore the Dovrefjeld is regarded as the home of divers spirits, elves, etc. -superstitions which figure in Asbjörnsen's Norske Huldre Eventyr, and are turned to excellent account in Ibsen's Peer Gynt.

Dow, LORENZO (1777-1834), American evangelist, was born in Coventry, Conn. He was admitted to the Connecticut conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1799, and held brief pastorates in Massachusetts and Vermont, but feeling called