the recurrent dream, due to exhaustion of some centre, or an index of morbid process; dreams due to toxic substances, such as opium, cannabis Indica, or other poisons, or to toxins of dyspepsia; talking dreams, where the motor centres are involved; somnambulistic dreams, where all illusions are correlated in a new personality for the time.

Dreams may be largely remembered, and thus contribute suggestions and ideas to the waking life. In old age, the difference between such reminiscences and the actual perceptions of waking life tend to fade, and in insanity there is no distinction made. Dream delirium is the result of

produced by a steady gaze into a reflecting surface, the impressions unconsciously absorbed reappearing to surprise the gazer himself. See Hutchinson's Dreams and their Meanings (1901); Greenwood's Imagination in Dreams, and their Study (1894); Sully's Illusions (1872), ch. vii.

Drebbel, CORNELIUS (15721634), Dutch inventor, born at Alkmaar in Holland; employed in England as a constructor of water - engines, and also had charge of fireships in Buckingham's expedition to La Rochelle. Dreɓble made his name by his machine for producing perpetual motion, which he presented to James I., who had se

over-excitement due to fever, or toxins, or any other such agency. The waking dream is very common, but is often disregarded. Flitting hallucinations of the eyes (tinnitus oculorum) may proceed during waking life as well as during sleep. This is apt to increase with fatigue. After-images are a variety of this. Both afterimages and the flitting suggested, or fatigue hallucinations, may be the starting-point of dreams.

As the flitting images are forgotten at the time, the infinite variety of the dreams comes as a surprise; but, in general, the dream is of the same material content

as the waking life. Crystal-gazing is an instance of waking dream, where the dissociation is

cured his release on the capture of Prague (1620); also by many contrivances for reflecting light; by his submarine boat; and by being the first to introduce into England the microscope, telescope, and thermometer, the last of which he erroneously claimed to have invented. His chief writing was on the Nature of the Elements, in Dutch (1608).

Dredging is the name given by engineers to the operation of excavating soil or rock under water and depositing it in scows or barges for conveyance to land or out to sea. The appliances used for dredging vary from the primitive and simple 'bag-and spoon' to the costly and complicated steam 'hopper' dredger.

are opened out by chains attached to them for the purpose, and dig into the ground by the force of their own weight. On a strain being put on the hoisting chain the jaws close, and thus, as it were, bite a piece out of the ground. The grapple' is then hoisted up and swung over the spot where the material is to be discharged. The clam-shell dredge originated in the United States and is found mostly along the Atlantic coast. In mud and silt which is easy to dredge it gives very good results. It can be used up to 60 ft. depth.

In a centre ladder bucket-dredge a strong iron ladder is attached, at one end, to a high framework erected on the deck of the dredge,

and the other end is lowered to the sea-bottom through a well, provided in the centre of the vessel, by means of a steam windlass and chains which pass over suitable purchase blocks attached to an overhead beam supported on strong iron supports. Over the ladder, the buckets, which are made of steel, and are either cast or built, travel, being connected by strong forged steel links. At either end of the ladder cast-iron tumblers' are provided, to enable the buckets to turn round the end, the upper one, which imparts the motion to the bucket, being driven by steam gearing. The buckets, on turning over at the top tumbler, discharge their contents into shoots at either side, by means of which the material is fed into scows. This type has been mostly used in Europe, although a few large ones are in use in the United States. It is best used at seaports for heavy work, and is the only dredge which will excavate rock.

In a 'pump' or 'suction' dredge the vessel is provided with a powerful centrifugal pump, having a flexible suction pipe with a suitable grating or rose on the end. The suction pipe is let down to the bottom to be excavated, and the material is pumped up and discharged into hopper barges moored alongside, or into a hopper-well in the dredger itself. The hoppers are provided with overflow pipes near the top of the well, to allow of the water which is pumped up into, them along with the sand or silt being drawn off, the heavier material sinking to the bottom. In some forms a discharge pipe is added through which the dredged material is pumped to deep water ог to shore.

The hydraulic dredge is suited to free material, as sand and soft mud; compact material must be loosened first. It is valuable because of its continuous operation, large capacity, and the ease of disposing of material through the discharge pipe.

The 'dipper' dredge has a single bucket at the end of a long timber arm, which is mounted in any suitable position. The bucket when lowered makes a curved upward cut; the material dredged is then discharged into a hopper or scow through the bottom of the bucket, which is hinged for the purpose. The dredge is strictly an American type, having been largely used on the Great Lakes and inland rivers very successfully.

Dredging has assumed great proportions and has resulted in the construction of the sea-going dredge with the 'hopper' well in the dredge itself. The dredge

is a ladder or suction dredge, usually the latter, and has a well provided with flap doors, in the bottom, kept shut by chains. On the chains being slackened, the doors open outwards, and the material drops out. The dredge is usually anchored or moored, and is then moved about by the chains. The suction pipe, being flexible, can also be shifted about on the sea bottom. Consult Cunningham's Dock Engineering, and the recent volumes of the engineering journals and society publications.

Dred Scott Case, a case of great importance decided by the U. S. Supreme Court on March 6, 1857. Dred Scott was a negro slave of Dr. Emerson, an army officer stationed in Missouri, who removed (1834), taking Scott with him, to Illinois, where slavery was prohibited by State law, and then (1836) to what is now Minnesota, where slavery was prohibited by the Missouri Compromise (q. v.) of 1820.

In 1838

Dr. Emerson with Scott returned to Missouri. After the death of Dr. Emerson, Scott was hired out, was harshly treated and finally, in 1848, having learned that by previous decisions of the Missouri courts his residence in free territory had made him a free man, brought a suit against his owner (Mrs. Emerson) for assault and battery. The Circuit Court of St. Louis county gave a verdict in Scott's favor, but the case was appealed, and the Supreme Court of the State reversed (1852) the decision of the Circuit Court, and soon afterward Mrs. Emerson sold Scott to J. F. A. Sandford, a citizen of N. Y. Scott then (1854), on the ground that he and Sandford were citizens of different States, brought suit for assault and battery against Sandford in the Federal Circuit Court for Missouri, and the case finally reached the Supreme Court of the United States. Scott's suit was argued in the Supreme Court in 1856. The decision was not given until 1857. Scott was declared not to be a citizen of Missouri and to have no standing in the Federal courts; a slave was only a piece of property; and it was the right of every citizen to take his property wherever he desired, when the territory was within the jurisdiction of the United States. The court, moreover (Curtis and McLean dissenting), went further and declared that no negro could be a citizen of the United States, that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, and that neither Congress nor the Territorial governments could prohibit slavery in the Territories. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (q. v.), in delivering

a

the opinion of the court, said. among other things, They [negroes] had for more than century before [the adoption of the Constitution] been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect, and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit.' The decision caused intense excitement throughout the United States, and was of immense importance in the history of the conflict over slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment (1868) finally definitely declared negroes to be citizens.

Dreikaiserbund, or THREE EMPERORS' LEAGUE, was an alliance formed by Germany, Austria, and Russia, through the instrumentality of Bismarck (1872). After a three days' consultation at Berlin, it was agreed that in all important international affairs the three powers should consult each other and thus preserve the peace of Europe. Bismarck's real aim was probably to prevent any combination against the newly formed German Empire.

Dreiser, dri'ser, THEODORE (1871), American journalist and novelist, was born in Terre Haute, Ind. He was educated at Indiana University and was engaged in newspaper work on the Chicago Daily Globe, the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, and the St. Louis Republic. He was editor of Every Month (1895-8); did special articles for Harper's, McClure's, Century, Cosmopolitan, and Munsey's magazines; was editor of Smith's Magazine (1905-06) and of the Broadway Magazine (1906-07); and editor in chief of the Butterick publications (1907-10). His published works include: Sister Carrie (1900); Jennie Gerhardt (1911); The Financier (1912); A Traveller at Forty (1913); The Titan (1914); The Genius (1915); Plays of the Natural and the Supernatural (1916); A Hoosier Holiday (1916); Free, and Other Stories (1918); Twelve Men (1919); The Hand of the Palter (1919); Hey, Rub-a-Dub-Dub (1919).

Dreissena, dri'se-na or dri-se'na, a genus of bivalves. in the mussel family (Mytilida), peculiar in having the mantle halves almost completely united. One species (D. polymorpha) deserves notice. Originally a native of the Caspian Sea, it was introduced into Germany by pontoon trains during the Napoleonic wars and later into England, presumably by means of foreign timber. In London it

has become something of a pest by obtaining entrance to water pipes.

Drelincourt, dre-lan-koor', CHARLES (1595-1669), French Protestant theologian, was born in Sedan. In 1620 he was appointed pastor at Charenton, where the rest of his life was spent. He wrote De la Persévérance des saints (1625), Consolations de l'âme contre les frayeurs de la mort (1651; 26th Eng. trans. 1810).

Drenthe, dren'te, province of the Netherlands, lying between the Prussian province of Hanover and Zuider Zee. Its surface is low and marshy, though the marshes have mostly been drained. Sheep are grazed. Only about one-eighth is under cultivation. Bee-keeping flourishes. Capital, Assen. Area, 1,029 square miles. Pop. (1931) 222,432.

Drepanum. See TRAPANI. Dresden, drez'den; Ger. pron. dras'den, city, Germany, capital of Saxony, stands on both sides of the Elbe, at the northern foot of the Erzgebirge; 111 miles by rail south of Berlin. The Altstadt and the Friedrichstadt lie on the left bank, and the Neustadt, Alberstadt, and Antonstadt on the right. A ring of attractive suburbs surrounds the city, among them Loschwitz, where Schiller lived and wrote (17867), and Pillnitz, a summer residence of the Saxon court. Five bridges cross the Elbe, joining the Altstadt and the Neustadt.

By reason of its situation and its art treasures, Dresden was called by Herder the 'German Florence.' It was the cradle of rococo design, which culminated here about the middle of the eighteenth century..

The Bruhl Terrace is a splendid promenade along the south bank of the river. The square at its west end, contains the Albertinum, originally the Arsenal, built in 1559-63, and adapted in 1884-9 for a sculpture gallery, containing also a valuable archæological museum; statues of Semper (1891), Ludwig Richter (1898), and the Elector Maurice of Saxony (1895); the sumptuous Art Academy (1890-4); the court (Roman Catholic) church; the royal palace (built in 1530-7 and rebuilt 1890-1902), with its 'green vault,' which contains numerous gems of artistic work in enamel, crystal, gold, ivory, bronze, silver, wax, etc.; the handsome royal opera house (1869-78), and the vast pile known as the Zwinger, in which are preserved a choice gallery of old masters.

the

Dresden also possesses Johanneum Museum, which contains an art gallery, historical

museum, and a fine collection of porcelain; a national industrial art museum; a municipal museum; fine monuments of Carl Maria von Weber (who is buried in Dresden), Goethe and Schiller, Luther, King John, Körner, and other celebrities, by such artists as Rietschel, Hähnel, Schilling, and Kircheisen. Also, on the south side, but more distant from the river, are the law courts, synagogue (a fine building), Schilling museum, and the large royal garden, embracing within its confines two royal palaces, an exhibition hall, and zoological and botanical gardens. In 1930, in the grounds of the International Hygiene Exhibition, the first Museum of Hygiene was opened.

On the opposite bank of the Elbe there is another frontage of handsome edifices, including the Japanese Palace (1715). which shelters the royal library; the Körner museum, so named after Theodor Körner, who was born in Dresden; and the ministries of justice, war, and finance.

Dresden's fame as a centre of artistic and intellectual activity is supported by its conservatory of music and drama and by its technical high school. The Court Theatre (municipal) is one of the most celebrated in the world.

The principal industries are the manufacture of porcelain, cigarettes and cigarette machines; cocoa, chocolate, confections; machines, apparatus, vehicles; clothing; paper; steel and metal goods; wooden wares; beer; leather; chemicals. 'Dresden china' is manufactured not at Dresden, but at Meissen (q. v.). A considerable trade is carried on by means of the Elbe. Pop. (1910) 546,882; (1925) 625,016.

Dresden was originally a Slav fishing hamlet. Henry the Illustrious made it his capital in 1270, and after the division of the Saxon lands in 1485 it became the seat of the Albertine line. Its period of greatest splendor falls between the end of the seventeenth century and 1735. Then for a time it suffered from the wars of Frederick the Great of Prussia (1745-60), in the course of which it was bombarded by that king. In 1806 it was occupied by the French, and in 1809 by the Austrians. In 1813 it was the centre of operations against Napoleon, who on Aug. 26-27 here defeated the allies. It was occupied by the Prussians in 1866, but was evacuated the following year. Consult Grieben's Dresden and Environs; Das Buch der Stadt Dresden (1930).

Dressmaking is an art and a trade applied to the cutting, designing and sewing of ma

terials. Mainly its applicability is to dresses, blouses, thin material suits, skirts, evening wraps and ensembles for women. When garments are made of heavy materials for suits and coats, they are made by a tailor, although some dressmakers do this work.

The principles of dressmaking and artistry of dress design are followed by industrial commercial dressmakers and home and community dressmakers. The consciousness of dressmaking as an art began in the Greek period, closely identified with beauty, purity of line, simplicity of form. Medieval gowns are reminiscent of exaggeration. The Victorian era brought about the use of lavish materials, brilliant design, brocades, woven fabrics, metal cloths, furs, with a keynote of elegance. From 1852 to 1870 the Second Empire affected crinoline and pantalets, and in 1880 leg-o'-mutton sleeves were the vogue.

Correct dress calls for good line, carriage, poise, motion, chic -the French word for smartness in wearing clothes. A Victorian nostalgia came about in 1934, and dressmaking, closely mirroring the tempo of the times, gave evidence of romanticism in dress conception. Puffed sleeves, ruffles, frills, jabots, lace and organdie collars and cuffs were seen again, an influence from kings and queens from the 13th to the 18th centuries. During our period (1934), theatres and moving pictures dramatize_the era of Queen Elizabeth of England, Queen Christina of Sweden, Mary Queen of Scots, Catherine the Great, Richard of Bordeaux; all of which exerted a marked influence on dressmaking. Despite this and pressure from Parisian dressmakers, and the admission of curved lines, modern women, so active in sports, social life and business, demanded comfort in clothes. Therefore ease and comfort have been the primary instinct in dressmaking and the tendency toward better clothes at cheaper prices.

Dressmaking falls into two categories: Ready-made and custom-made clothes. Ready-made dresses are manufactured in factories, sold to department stores, specialty shops and retail dress concerns, and are available in standard sizes such as 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 for misses; and 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46 for women. During 1930 and 1931 some manufacturers realized a market for intermediate sizes and put out what is equivalent to half sizes, such as sizes 15 and 17. Custom-made dresses are made by a dressmaker to fit a