Wolfe Tone (qq. v.), planned to seize the Castle, but were captured before the attempt was made. Another unsuccessful rebellion, under the leadership of Robert Emmet (q. v.), was attempted in 1803. In 1853 the first great industrial exhibition was held here. During the Fenian rebellion of 1867, the Habeas Corpus Act was suspended, and 960 arrests were made in Dublin in a few hours. In May, 1882, Lord Frederick Cavendish, newly appointed Secretary for Ireland, and Thomas H. Burke, under secretary, were murdered in Phoenix Park (see CAVENDISH). On July 26, 1914, a riot took place, following an attempt by the police to

seize

a consignment of rifles landed in the harbor for the National Volunteers (see IRELAND).

On April, 24, 1916, the first shots of the so-called Sinn Fein (q. v.) Rebellion were fired in Dublin; and the Post Office, Four Courts, and other public buildings fell into the hands of the rebels. An Irish republic was declared next day, with Padriac H. Pearse as president, and James Connolly as vice-president and commandant of troops. Continuous fighting took place for about a week between the rebels and the loyal troops under command of General Maxwell; Liberty Hall, headquarters of the Sinn Fein Society, was pletely destroyed by gunboat fire; many parts of the city were burned down; and food became scarce. On April 29, President Pearse and the other leaders surrendered to the British government. They were immediately tried by a military court; some were executed, while others were imprisoned for life or for shorter terms. On Aug. 3, Sir Roger Casement, accused of enlisting the support of the German government in aid of the insurgents, was executed on a charge of high treason.

See IRELAND.

com

Consult S. A. O. Fitzpatrick and W. C. Green's Dublin; Peter's A Sketch of Dublin; Chart's Story of Dublin; J. F. Boyle's The Irish Rebellion of 1916 (1916).

Dublin, city, Georgia, county seat of Laurens county, on the Oconee River, and on the Macon, Dublin and Savannah, the Central of Georgia, and the Wrightsville and Tennille Railroads; 55 miles southeast of Macon. Industries include the manufacture of cotton, cotton-seed oil, bobbins, furniture, lumber, cigars, fertilizers, brick and veneer. There is trade in peanut products, live-stock, and poultry. Pop. (1910) 5,795; (1920) 7,707.

Dublin, city, Texas, Erath county, on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas of Texas, the St.

Louis-San Francisco, and the Wichita Falls, Ranger and Fort Worth Railroads; 90 miles southwest of Fort Worth. Cotton, cotton-seed oil, flour, creamery products, and ice are manufactured. Pop. (1910) 2,551; (1920) 3,229.

Dublin, University of, the leading institution for higher learning in Ireland. The first University of Dublin was established in connection with St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1320. The present University, commonly known as TRINITY COLLEGE, was founded near Dublin by Queen Elizabeth in 1591. James I. granted an endowment of about $2,000 a year and certain estates in Ulster. The oldest existing building dates from a grant of William III. (1698), the library from 1712, the University press from 1726. Fellowships were formerly tenable only by members of the Episcopal Church, but all religious restrictions have now been abolished. The tercentenary was celebrated on an elaborate scale in July, 1892.

The University is administered by a board consisting of the provost and senior fellows, assisted by the visitors, the council, and the senate. The fellows are the chief officers and tutors; the senate includes the masters and doctors. The government of the University was liberalized, and reforms in the system of electing fellows, etc., were instituted in 1911. There is a complete staff of professors in divinity, natural philosophy, mathematics, law, and medicine; there are also professors of ancient, Oriental, and modern languages, including Irish, and of moral philosophy, oratory, English literature, modern history, political economy, natural history, botany, geology, mineralogy, and civil engineering. The four grades of students consist of noblemen, sons of noblemen, and baronets, who have certain special privileges; fellow commoners, who dine at the fellows' table; pensioners, who form the great body of students; and sizars, who have rooms and commons free.

Degrees are conferred in arts, divinity, law, medicine, music, and engineering. The University is now open to women on the same terms as men. The undergraduate students (1922–3) number about 1,200. The library, begun by a gift from the victorious army at Kinsale in 1601, is entitled to a copy of every book published in the United Kingdom, and includes nearly 400,000 volumes. Many distinguished men are counted among the alumni of the University, including Archbishop Ussher, Burke, Sheridan, Swift, Goldsmith, Berkeley, and Sir W. Hamilton.

For the National University of Ireland, see IRELAND, NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF.

Dubno, doob'nō (Duben), town, Russia, Volhynia government; 150 miles west of Jitomir. It has brick works, tobacco factories, and tanneries. Pop. 14,000, mostly Jews.

Dubois, doo-bois', city, Pennsylvania, Clearfield county, on the Buffalo and Susquehanna, the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh, and the Pennsylvania Railroads; 129 miles northeast of Pittsburgh. Bituminous coal mining is extensively carried on. The chief industries are blast furnaces, machine shops, railway repair shops, glass and clay works, lumber and planing mills, foundries, silk mills, and the manufacture of vitrified china, and bee supplies. The U. S. Census of Manufactures for 1919 reports 41 industrial establishments, with $4,366,086 capital, and products valued at $3,937,516. Pop. (1900) 9,375; (1910) 12,623; (1920) 13,681.

Du Bols, AUGUSTUS JAY (18491915), American engineer, was born in Newton Falls, Ohio. He was educated at the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale, and the Mining School at Freiberg, Saxony. He was professor of civil and mechanical engineering at Lehigh University (1874-6), and professor of mechanical engineering (1877-84) and of civil engineering (1884-1915) at the Sheffield Scientific School. He published: Strains in Framed Structures (1883; 11th ed. 1900); The Elements of Mechanics (3 vols., 1893-5); Mechanics of Engineering (2 vols.; new ed. 190809).

Dubois, dü-bwä', CLÉMENT FRANÇOIS THÉODORE (1837- ), French organist and musical composer, was born in Rosnay, department of the Marne. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire under Ambroise Thomas and Benoît, and for his cantata Atala was awarded the Grand Prix de Rome (1861). He visited Rome, and on his return to Paris he became choirmaster of St. Clotilde, and later organist at the Church of the Madeleine. He was appointed professor of harmony at the Conservatoire in 1871 and professor of composition in 1891; in 1896 he succeeded Ambroise Thomas as director; and in 1907 became honorary director. In addition to his sacred and orchestral works, he has composed the oratorios Les Sept Paroles du Christ (1867), and Le Paradis Perdu, which gained the musical prize at Paris (1878); the comic opera La Guzla de l'Emir (1873); the ballet Farandole (1883); the lyrical drama Aben-Hamed (1884); the dramatic idyll Xavière (1895).

Dubois, GUILLAUME (16561723), French cardinal and statesman, was born at Brive-la-Gaillarde, in the Limousin. When only thirteen he took the tonsure, being known as the 'Little Abbé.' In 1687 he was chosen tutor of the young Duke of Chartres, and helped to bring about the marriage of his pupil in 1692 with Mademoiselle Blois, a natural but legitimized daughter of Louis XIV. In 1701 Chartres, then Duke of Orleans, made him private secretary, and when the Duke became regent of France (1715) appointed him Prime Minister. From 1715 until his death Dubois was one of the most prominent statesmen in Europe. As the best means of thwarting the schemes of Philip v. of Spain and his supporters in France, Dubois effected a defensive alliance between France, England, and Holland (Jan. 4, 1717), known as the Triple Alliance, which, with the accession of Austria in 1718, became the Quadruple Alliance. He then supported England in opposing the Spanish attempt to conquer Sardinia and Sicily, and in demanding the dismissal of Alberoni, which he effected, after a short war with Spain, in December, 1720. He was appointed foreign minister and archbishop of Cambrai in 1720; obtained the cardinal's hat in 1721; and in the following year became Prime Minister of France, with bounded authority.

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Dubois, JACQUES. See SYL

VIUS.

Dubois, PAUL (1829-1905), French sculptor and painter, was born in Nogent-sur-Seine. His earlier works were Saint JeanBaptiste, Narcisse au Bain, and Saint Jean Enfant. His statue of the Chanteur Florentin, exhibited in 1865, now in the Luxembourg at Paris, and his equestrian statues of Jeanne d'Arc (1895), at Rheims, and Le Connétable de Montmorency, at Chantilly, are his masterpieces. In 1878 his noble Tombeau du Général Lamoricière, now in Nantes Cathedral, was exhibited at the Paris Exposition, along with busts of Henner, Baudry, Pasteur, Gounod, and Dr. Parrot. Dubois also excelled as a portrait painter, the finest example of his art in this genre being Mes Enfants, exhibited in 1876. that year he was elected a member of the Academy of Fine Arts, and in 1878 was appointed director of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. In 1896 he received the grand cross of the Legion of Honor.

In

Du Bois, doo-bois', WILLIAM EDWARD BURGHARDT (1868- ), American writer, was born in Great Barrington, Mass., of Negro descent. He was graduated from Harvard University (1890),

and studied in Berlin. In 1896 he became professor of economics and history at Atlanta University; and in 1910 director of publications of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Since 1910 he has been editor of The Crisis. He published: The Suppression of the Slave Trade (1896); The Philadelphia Negro (1899); The Souls of Black Folk (1903); John Brown (1909); Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911); The Negro (1915); Darkwater (1920); and numerous articles and monographs.

Du Bois-Reymond, dü-bwä-rāmôn, EMIL (1818–96), German physiologist, was born in Berlin, of French origin. He was educated at the College of Neuchâtel; studied chemistry, natural philosophy, and medicine at the University of Berlin, where he was a pupil of Johannes Müller; was appointed lecturer on physiology at Berlin University in 1855, and in 1858 succeeded Müller as professor. He became permanent secretary of the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1867. In 1841 he began the researches in animal electricity with which his name is chiefly identified. He developed the science of physiology to a great extent by his discoveries, and he was the first to employ experimental methods. He suggested the tetanizing of muscles and nerves in order to observe their electric phemonena; demonstrated the various reactions in muscle substance; and made important discoveries in relation to the magnetic needle. His works include: Untersuchungen über Tierische Elektrizität (1848); Ueber Tierische Bewegung (1851); Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Allgemeinen Muskelund Nerven-Physik (1875-7); Darwin Versus Galiani (1876); Die Sieben Weltratsel (1880); Chamisso als Naturforscher (1882).

Dubossary, doo-bos-sä'rē, or DUBOSARY, town, Russia, Kherson government, on the River Dniester; 90 miles northwest of Odessa. There is trade in wine, tobacco, and grain. Pop. 14,000.

Dubovka, doo-bôf'ka, town, Russia, Saratov government, on the River Volga; 33 miles northeast of Tsaritsyn. It has potteries and tanneries. Pop. 16,000.

Dubrovnik. See RAGUSA.

Dubufe, doo-boof', EDOUARD (1820-83), French portrait painter, was born in Paris, and studied under his father (Claude Dubufe) and Paul Delaroche. Notable portraits by him are those of Dumas fils, Emile Augier, Philippe Rousseau, the Empress Eugénie, Rosa Bonheur, the Princess Mathilde, and the Marquise de Galliffet. His paintings, The Peace Congress of 1856 at Paris and The Prodigal Son, are in the Versailles Gallery.

Dubuque, doo-buk', city, Iowa, county seat of Dubuque county, on the Mississippi River, and on the Chicago, Great Western, the Illinois Central, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroads; 182 miles northwest of Chicago. It is the western terminus of the Illinois Grant Highway from Chicago, and a number of Wisconsin and Iowa primary roads pass through the city.

Dubuque occupies an advantageous site on the bluffs on the western bank of the river, which is here crossed by three bridges. The principal public edifices are the Internal Revenue Building, Court House, Bank and Insurance Building, Federal Bank Office Building, Masonic Temple, Elks' Home, Grand Opera House, Majestic Theatre, and CarnegieStout Public Library. Educational and benevolent institutions include the University of Dubuque, Columbia College, Mount St. Joseph's College, Wartburg Theological Seminary, three high schools, two hospitals, and a tuberculosis sanitorium. The city owns a number of public parks, of which Eagle Point, overlooking the river, is the largest.

Dubuque is the business centre of an important agricultural region, and carries on an extensive trade. The chief industries are sash and door factories, flour and lumber mills, railroad repair shops, iron and brass foundries, boiler works, ship yards, and the manufacture of phonographs, clothing, and shoes. According to the U. S. Census of Manufactures for 1919, industrial establishments number 131, with $23,913,326 capital, and products valued at $34,277,085.

Settled in 1833, and chartered as a city in 1840, Dubuque is the oldest city of the State. Its site was formerly occupied by a trading and mining camp of FrenchCanadians established by Julien Dubuque in 1788. Pop. (1900) 36,297; (1910) 39,494; (1920) 39,141.

Ducamp, dü-kän', MAXIME (1822-94), French author and artist, was born in Paris. After travelling in Asia Minor, Greece, and other countries, he published Souvenirs et Paysages d'Orient (1848), and Egypte, Nubie, Palestine, et Syrie (1852). His bestknown works, however, are Paris, ses Organes, ses Fonctions, et sa Vie (1869-75), and Les Convulsions de Paris (4 vols., 1878-9), a frequently reprinted history of the Commune. In 1881 he was elected a member of the French Academy.

Du Cange, dü käńzh', CHARLES DUFRESNE (1610-88), French historian, one of the greatest scholars of the seventeenth century, was born in Amiens. His

favorite studies were classical philology and history. He wrote a large number of learned works, including Histoire de l'Empire de Constantinople sous les Empereurs Français (1657); Historia Byzantina (1680); Glossary of Latin Words Used in the Dark and Middle Ages (Glossarium ad Scriplores Media et Infimæ Latinitatis) (1678), a work which has proved of invaluable service to scholars. It has been greatly enlarged and has gone through many editions, the most recent that of Favre (1884-7). He also issued the companion work Glossarium ad Scriptores Media et Infimæ Græcitatis (1688). Yet another important work, Familles d'Outremer, was not published until 1869. Consult Life in French by Hardouin.

Ducasse, doo-kȧs', JEAN BAPTISTE (1646-1715), French naval officer, was born in Saubusse. In 1691 he became governor of Santo Domingo, where he made a successful defence against an English and Spanish invasion; in 1697 was in command of the land forces at the capture of Cartagena; and in 1702 successfully opposed a superior British fleet under Admiral Benbow. In 1714 he directed the French blockade of Barcelona.

Duc'at, a coin formerly in extensive use in Europe. It was in use during the Middle Ages, and continued in circulation till the nineteenth century. It was first made as a silver coin in 1140 by Roger II. of Sicily. In 1252 Florence issued a gold ducat, and in 1283 Venice also struck gold ducats (later known as sequins). The gold ducat passed in circulation to Hungary early in the fourteenth century, and then to Germany, where the Augsburg Convention of 1559 adopted it. The ducat was commonly worth about $2.25. The modern Italian ducat was of much less value. Gold ducats are still coined in Austria-Hungary.

Duccio di Buoninsegna, dōot'chỗ dẽ bwô-nên-săn’ya (21260 ?1319), Italian painter, founder of the Sienese school, and one of the foremost painters of mediæval Italy, was born in Siena. Trained under the influence of the best Byzantine masters of the day, possibly in Constantinople, he was inspired by the revival of antique art, and infused new life into the traditional Byzantine types. In his power of composition, his knowledge of perspective, and his grouping and illuminative faculties, he is rivalled among his contemporaries and followers by Giotto only. His most important altar piece, The Virgin and Child Enthroned, with, at the back, the Life of Christ, in twenty-seven scenes (Cathedral Museum, Siena), was completed

in 1310. The National Gallery, London, has four excellent examples of his art-The Transfiguration, an Annunciation, Christ Healing the Blind, and an important triptych, A Madonna and Child.

Du'cey, THOMAS JAMES (18431909), American clergyman, was born in Lismore, Ireland. He came to the United States when five years old; was educated at the College of St. Francis Xavier, N. Y., and the Theological Seminary at Troy; and was ordained a priest in the Roman Catholic Church in 1868. After serving at the Church of the Nativity and St. Michael's, New York City, he founded St. Leo's Church in 1880, and was its pastor for nearly thirty years. He inherited a large amount of money, which he spent in furthering religious and philanthropic activities. He was a merciless opponent of the Tweed Ring, and a staunch defender of Father McGlynn; and he was one of the founders of the People's Municipal League and the Social Reform Club.

Du Chaillu, dü shả-yü', PAUL BELLONI (1835-1903), African explorer and author, was born in New Orleans, La., and was educated in Paris, France. Before he was twenty he was noted as an African traveller, a series of letters on the Gabun country to the New York Tribune having excited much interest. In 1855, under the auspices of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, he went on an exploring expedition to Africa, where he remained for four years. From this journey, described in Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa (1861), he brought back with him several gorillas, a species rarely seen before by white men. His book excited much controversy, some scientific critics affirming many of his statements to be fabulous, while others, such as Professor Owen and Sir Roderick Murchison, supported them. The traveller's credit for accuracy was established by later explorers. He gave valuable information about the then unknown Ogowai River, and about the cannibal tribe of the Fans. His contributions to zoology related mainly to the gorilla and other apes. Many of his specimens were purchased by the British Museum.

In 1863 Du Chaillu left on a second expedition to Africa, where he remained for two years, and described this expedition in A Journey to Ashango Land (1867). In 1872-3 he made a tour in Northern Europe, which he described in The Land of the Midnight Sun (1881), one of the most popular of his works. In The Viking Age (1889) and Ivor

the Viking (1893) he endeavored to demonstrate the Scandinavian origin of the British people. He lived in New York for a time, and lectured in various parts of the United States. He also wrote for the young: Stories of the Gorilla Country (1868); Wild Life Under the Equator (1869); Lost in the Jungle (1869); My A pingi Kingdom (1870); The Country of the Dwarfs (1871).

Duchesne, dü-shan', LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER (1843), French scholar, was born in Saint-Servan, Brittany. He has been teacher of church history at the Catholic Institute and the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, and director of the French School at Rome. In January, 1911, he was elected a member of the French Academy. In 1886-92 he edited the Liber Pontificalis. He has written: Origines du Culle Chrétien (1889; Eng. trans. by McClure, Christian Worship. 1902); Fastes Episcopaux dans l'Ancienne Gaule (1894–9); Histoire Ancienne de l'Eglise (1906 et seq.; Eng. trans., Early History of the Christian Church, 1909–13), which was put on the Roman Catholic Index.

Duchesne, PÈRE. See HEBERT, JACQUES.

Duchesnois,dü-sha-nwä', CATHERINE JOSEPHINE (properly RAFIN) (1777-1835), French actress, was born in Saint-Saulves, de partment Nord. In 1797 she made her début at the Comédie Française in Racine's Phèdre. She was the favorite of Paris until the appearance of Mlle. Georges in 1802, when the two actresses became strong rivals for popular favor. She retired in 1832. She created leading rôles in Legouvé's La Mort de Henri IV., De Lancival's Hector, Lebrun's Ulysse.

Duck, any member of the family Anatidæ, in the order Anseres or goose-like birds. The prominent characteristics of the family are the short webbed feet, with a small hind toe; the netted scales in front of the lower leg; the bill, about as long as the head, rounded at the tip, and bearing the nostrils toward the broad root. They are characteristically aquatic birds, swimming with much agility, diving comparatively little, preferring to grub in the shallows for water plants, worms, and small animals. Great flocks are often seen in migratory flight to and from their northern homes. The males (drakes) are in winter and spring markedly distinguished from the females, whose plumage is less handsome. The most important genus is Anas, which includes the common wild duck (A. boschas), with its domesticated form (A. domestica), and numerous other species. The mallard or wild duck occurs in