he was chief justice. He was the author of What Cheer?, Roger Williams in Exile, and Panidea, a philosophical treatise.

D'Urfey, dûr'fi, THOMAS (1653 1723), English song writer and dramatist, was born in Exeter. His first play. The Siege of Memphis, was performed in 1676, and for thirty years his comedies and burlesques enjoyed great vogue, though he attained an even greater popularity as a writer of patriotic and satirical songs. His wit gained him considerable favor at court. The best of his songs appeared, between 1684 and 1720, in successive editions of a collection entitled Wit and Mirth; or, Pills to Purge Melancholy. Consult Baring-Gould's Devonshire Characters and Strange Events.

Durga. See DEVI.

Durham, dûr'am, maritime county in the northeast of England, between the Tyne on the north and the Tees on the south, with an area of 649,244 acres. The contour of the coast has been greatly affected by inundations of the sea. The west part comprises tracts of elevated moorland, with hills and mountains, and there are considerable tracts of lowland in the east and south. The principal rivers are the Wear, the Tees, and the Tyne. A large part of the county is occupied by an extension of the great northern coal field. Other minerals are lead (Weardale and Teesdale), igneous rocks, limestone, sandstone, clays, and salt. Agriculture is carried on, chiefly in the southern part, and there are facilities for agricultural research and instruction. There is some stock raising, the Durham ox being famous. Shipbuilding is extensively carried on, and there are manufactures of chemicals, paper, pottery, iron and steel articles, and glass.

The county contains relics of the Roman occupation. Between 547 and 827 it was part of Northumbria. The land between the Tyne and the Wear was acquired from the Danish King Guthred by the congregation of St. Cuthbert, who afterward extended their possessions by purchase south of the Tyne. The later history of the territory is largely connected with the repeated invasions of the Scots. The palatinate privileges of the prince-bishops of Durham were not abolished until the nineteenth century. Pop. (1921) administrative County 943,670; registration county 1,478,506. Consult Victoria History of the Counties of England: Durham.

Durham, city, England, capital of the county of that name, on the river Wear; 12 miles south

of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The Cathedral and Castle. its chief ornaments, crown a rocky eminence, almost surrounded by the river, the banks of which have been laid out as public walks and avenues. The Cathedral, one of the finest in England, a monument to St. Cuthbert, is a massive pile in the Norman style, commenced in 1093. At the west end is the Galilee or Lady Chapel (c. 1175) where lie the bones of the Venerable Bede. The choir is terminated by the Neville altar-screen, an object of delicate beauty; and on the south of the choir is the monument to Bishop Hatfield, canopied by the episcopal throne. The Castle, founded in 1072, formerly the residence of the prince-bishop, is now used by the University, established in 1833. It is in the Tudor style and is especially noted for its crypt and fine dining-hall, with an ancient oak staircase. Durham has manufactures of mustard and carpets.

Durham was founded in 995. It held its charter from the bishop until the adoption of the Municipal Corporations Act in 1835. Pop. urban district (1921) 17,329. Consult Grierson's Durham Cathedral.

Durham, city, North Carolina, county seat of Durham county, on the Seaboard Air Line, the Southern, the Norfolk and Western, the Durham and Southern, and the Norfolk Southern Railroads; 20 miles northwest of Raleigh. It is the seat of Trinity College (q. v.), a school of fine arts, conservatory of music, and the Watts Hospital. It is an important tobacco centre and has large cigarette factories, tobacco bag and pouch factories, cotton and hosiery mills, dyestuff and fertilizer plants, and wood and iron works. According to the Federal Census for 1919, industrial establishments number 74, with $43,499,439 capital, and products valued at $70,659,339. Many industrial enterprises are operated entirely by negroes. Durham was settled in 1855, and incorporated in 1869. North Durham and Trinity Park were annexed in 1901. Near here, on April 26, 1865, Gen. J. E. Johnston surrendered to General Sherman. Pop. (1900) 6,679; (1910) 18,241; (1920) 21,719.

Durham, CHARLES LOVE (1872- ), American educator, was born in Shelby, N. C. He was graduated from Furman University (M.A. 1891), was granted a PH.D. degree by Cornell (1899), and studied at the Universities of Leipzig and Munich (1905-6). He was an instructor at Furman University (1891-6); and fellow in Latin and

Greek (1896–7), instructor (1897-1901), assistant professor (1901-9), and professor of Latin (after 1909) at Cornell University. The degree LITT.D. was conferred on him by Furman University in 1922. He published Subjunctive Substantive Clauses in Plautus (Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, vol. XIII, 1901); Amphitruo of Plautus (1904).

Durham, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, EARL OF (1792-1840), English statesman, was born in London. He was educated at Eton, and after a short period in the army entered the House of Commons in 1813. His influence was from the first exerted on the side of reform. and in 1821 he introduced proposals far more radical than those embodied in the Reform Bill eleven years later. He was raised to the peerage in 1828; was lord privy seal in Earl Grey's cabinet (1830), and was the most influential member of the committee of four that drew up the Reform Bill. After serving as ambassador to Russia (1835-7), he was sent to Canada, then seething with discontent and rebellion, as Governor-General (1838) with extraordinary powers. His proclamation with regard to the disposition of certain political prisoners, while apparently justified by results, exceeded his legal powers, and was disallowed by Parliament. Durham deemed his authority undermined, and returned to England after only five months in the colony. His report, revealing actual conditions and advocating responsible government and the union of Upper and Lower Canada, has been called the most valuable document in the English language on the subject of colonial policy. Consult Reid's Life and Letters of Lord Durham (2 vols.).

Durham University, an English educational institution. founded in 1832, comprising the following colleges: University College (1837) and Bishop Hatfield's Hall (1846) at Durham, and Durham College of Medicine (1870) and Armstrong College of Science (1871) at Newcastle-onTyne. In 1921 the total number of students was 189 at Durham and 1624 at Newcastle. The Codrington College in Barbados, and the Fourah Bay College in Sierra Leone, are affiliated with Durham University. Since 1895, the university grants degrees to women, except in divinity. The agriculture department of Armstrong College has since 1903 cooperated with the Durham county council in the use of a 600-acre farm near Sunderland for an experiment station. In Durham the university has an observatory, a

Durian, doo-rē'an or dū'ri-an, the fruit of an East Indian tree (Durio zibethinus). It is oval in shape, about nine inches long, and consists of a soft, deliciously flavored, though evil-smelling pulp. surrounded by a hard, prickly shell armed with soft spines. The seeds also are roasted and eaten.

Durkheim, durk'hīm, town, Germany, in Bavaria, on the Isenach River; 20 miles west of Mannheim. It is beautifully situated among the vineyards of the Haardt Mountains, and the neighboring salt springs at Phillipshalle attract many tourists. Wine, oil, leather, and tobacco are manufactured. In the neighborhood are the ruins of the ancient Benedictine abbey of Limburg. Pop. about 6,500.

Durlach, dür'läk, town, Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, on the Pfinz River; 21⁄2 miles east of Karlsruhe. It is attractively situated at the base of the Thurmberg, which is ascended by a funicular railway. It has a sixteenth-century castle. Gloves, brushes, chemicals and machinery are manufactured. Pop. (1919) 17,529.

Dürnstein, durn'stin, or DURRENSTEIN, villge, Lower Austria, on the Danube; 42 miles northwest of Vienna. Above the town are the ruins of the castle in which Richard 1. of England was a prisoner (1192–3). Here, in 1805, the French under Mortier were defeated by the Russians and Austrians. Pop. (1920) 558.

Duroc, du'rok', GERARD CHRISTOPHE MICHEL, DUKE OF FRIULI (1772-1813), French diplomat and soldier, was born in Pont-à-Mousson. He was educated at the Military Academy of Brienne, joined Napoleon's army, and was devoted to his service from the siege of Toulon until his death. After the Italian and Egyptian campaigns he became brigadier-general, and acted as Napoleon's diplomatic representative on missions to several European courts. In 1804 he was made general of division and grand marshal of the Tuileries, and was influential in concluding treaties with Prussia and Saxony. He was created Duke of Friuli in 1808. He fought in the battles of Austerlitz, Essling, and Wagram, and was killed in a skirmish at Markersdorf (1813).

Durra, dur'a or door'a, a genus of coarse, strong grasses belonging to the group of nonsaccharine sorghums, cultivated chiefly in Northern Africa and Southwestern Asia. They are broad-leaved annuals growing from four to eight feet in height, with long panicles and strong

culms containing a sweet, juicy pith. The stalks and leaves are used as a forage crop, and the grain as a stock food, being similar to corn in composition and food value. The grain is also used for human food in Africa. Kaffir corn (Sorghum caffrorum), used for feeding cattle, the sweet shaloo, or sugar grass (Sorghum saccharatum), and Egyptian rice corn (S. vulgare) are members of this genus. See SORGHUM.

Durum Wheat. See WHEAT. Duruy, dü-rü-e', JEAN VICTOR (1811-94), French historian, was born in Paris. He studied at the Ecole Normale Supérieure and became a teacher, first in Rheims and later in Paris. He was made inspector of the Academy of Paris in 1861, and was subsequently master of the conferences at the Ecole. Normale, professor of History at the Ecole Polytechnique, and Minister of Public Instruction (1863-9). His last years were spent in historical research. Duruy introduced many improvements into the educational system of France, and wrote numerous historical works. These include: Histoire de France (1852); Histoire des Romains (7 vols., 1879-85; English trans.), his most valuable production, and its companion Histoire des Grecs (1887-9; English trans.); Student's History of France (Eng. trans.), and other textbooks.

Duryea, dûr'ye, borough, Pennsylvania, Luzerne county, on the Susquehanna River and on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad; 7 miles southwest of Scranton and 11 miles north of Wilkes-Barre. Campbell's Ledge, a point of historic and scenic interest, faces the Susquehanna River. Duryea is situated in a rich coal field, and has coal mining interests and silk-throwing plants. Pop. (1910) 7,487; (1920) 7,776.

Duryée, dur-yā', ABRAM (1815-90), American soldier, was born in New York City. He entered the New York State militia in 1833, becoming a colonel in the 27th regiment in 1849. At the beginning of the Civil War he raised a regiment well known as 'Duryée's Zouaves.' He was appointed brigadier-general in 1861, but resigned in 1863 over a question of rank. Gallantry at South Mountain, Antietam, and other battles won him the rank of brevet-majorgeneral in 1865. While police commissioner of New York (1874) he dispersed riotous communists in Tompkins Square. Consult Hough's History of Duryee's Brigade in Virginia.

Duse, doo'zā, ELEANORA (1859-1924), famous Italian actress, was born in Vigevano, on the border of Piedmont and

Lombardy. She appeared on the stage at an early age, and played Juliet for the first time at about Juliet's age in Juliet's own city. An engagement in Florence followed, and she achieved a second triumph in Frou-Frou. Later her realistic impersonation of La femme de Claude, by Dumas fils, made that play a striking success. Duse became a popular favorite with Italian playgoers; in 1892 she won a splendid triumph at the Carl Theatre in Vienna, and subsequently visited Berlin, Paris, London, and the United States. She first appeared in New York in 1893, as Camille. She again visited America in 1902, and in 1923-4. On the occasion of her last visit she contracted a severe cold and died of pneumonia, in Pittsburgh, April 21, 1924.

Duse was considered the greatest actress of Italy and by some critics the greatest of her time in any land. Her art was distinguished by its simplicity, intense dramatic power, and subtlety. She abstained from 'make up.' and her face and hands were mobile and expressive. The part of Magda in Sudermann's Heimat, the poignantly tragic Santuzza in La Cavalleria Rusticana, thearch and winsome Mirandolina in Goldoni's La Locandiera, and Marguérite Gautier in La Dame aux Camelias were among her greatest triumphs. In 1898 she appeared in London in Gabriel d'Annunzio's Gioconda, and later she produced the same writer's Francesca da Rimini and other works. She was married in 1885 to Signor Checchi, from whom she was later separated. Consult Rasi's La Duse (in Italian); Bracco's Life of a Famous Actress; Mapes' Duse and the French; Symons' Studies in Seven Arts.

Dussek, doos'ek, JOHANN LADISLAUS (1761-1812), Bohemian pianist and composer, was born in Czaslau. After being organist in the Low Countries, he was for some time a pupil of Emanuel Bach at Hamburg. The last years of his life were spent in Paris in the service of Prince Talleyrand. As a pianist, Dussek attained fame for the brilliance of his execution; he was unsurpassed in rendering cantabile passages, and did much to develop the technical resources of the piano. Though best known by his piano compositions-many of unusual merit-he also wrote quartets, trios, sonatas for violin, for 'cello, for harp, and for flute, besides numerous songs.

Düsseldorf, düs'el-dorf, city, Prussia, in the Rhineland, on the right bank of the Rhine; 24 miles northeast of Cologne. A handsome modern bridge spans the Rhine at this point, and the city

is attractively laid out with fine streets and many gardens. Notable buildings are the Town Hall, dating from the sixteenth century and recently enlarged; the Church of St. Lambert, a fourteenth century Gothic edifice; the Church of St. Andrew, containing the tombs of Count Wolfgang William and Elector John William; the Academy of Art, founded in 1767, and since 1819 one of the most influential art centres in Germany; the Museum of Industrial Art; the Provincial Ständehaus; and the Stadt Theatre. There are also botanical and zoological gardens, and many statues and monuments embellish the city.

Düsseldorf is a commercial and industrial city, as well as an important banking centre. It has a large glass bottle factory, steel and iron works, blast furnaces, rolling, paper, and corn mills, breweries and distilleries, dyeing and bleaching establishments, and manufactures of machinery and explosives, cannon and armaments, cigars, Venetian blinds, surgical instruments, chemicals, lacquer, tools, locomotives, and railroad carriages. Fruit and vegetables are extensively cultivated.

In the fourteenth century Düsseldorf belonged to the Duke of Berg; it passed in the seventeenth century to the Counts Palatine of Neuborg, and later to the Elector Palatine. After several changes during the Napoleonic era, it became a part of Prussia in 1814. In the early part of the Great War it suffered several air raids. The poet Heine, the painter Cornelius, the philosopher Jacob, and the littérateur Varnhagen von Ense were born in Düsseldorf, and Immermann died there. Pop. (1910) 358,728; (1919) 407,338.

Dust, Atmospheric. Atmospheric dust comes from various sources, such as the salt from the ocean spray, meteoric dust, volcanic dust, condensed gases, and combustion dust. It is composed of organic and mineral matter (60 to 75 per cent. of mineral), and the particles measure from .01 to .001 millimetre. Their descent is gradual, being retarded by atmospheric agitation; but observations made in Paris show that from 2 to 9 milligrammes may collect on an exposed surface of one square metre in 24 hours. Extra-terrestrial dust contains a large percentage of iron in combination with nickel, cobalt, manganese, chrome, tin, magnesium, and aluminium; that of terrestrial origin contains salts, calcium and magnesium carbonates, iron (not in combination with nickel and cobalt), silica, and clay.

The dust particles may be

counted by various methods, of which several commonly in use involve the use of plates, specially prepared with oil or resin to catch the dust. It is calculated that 4,000,000,000 particles may be sent into the air in a puff of cigarette smoke. On Ben Nevis, in Scotland, as many as 14.400 particles of dust in each cubic centimetre of air have been recorded, while on other occasions no dust particles at all have been observed; but there were rarely less than 100 particles per cubic centimetre. Observations at the same station have established the presence of a well-marked diurnal range in the number of particles. These are most numerous in the afternoon, when ascending currents are strongest, bringing the polluted valley air up over the hilltop; the minimum number occurs in the early morning, when the wind force is strongest. Friedländer has found that the average varies from 2,053 per cubic centimetre over the Atlantic to 613 in the Pacific, and to 512 in the Indian Ocean. Consult Aitkin's Observations on Atmospheric Dust (U. S. Weather Bureau's Bulletin No. 11).

Dus'tin, HANNAH (1657-?), a woman of Haverhill, Mass., famous for her exploit during the Indian wars. She was captured in an attack on the town in 1697. Her week-old child was killed, and she was compelled to travel by forced marches to an Indian village near the present site of Concord, N. H. There she was assigned to an Indian family on an island in the river, now known as Dustin's Island. The family consisted of two men, three women, and several children. One night, while they were asleep, she killed all of them. and after a journey of great hardship reappeared in Haverhill, with her nurse and Samuel Leonardson, a boy who had been captured at the same time, bringing the scalps of her captors to attest her exploit.

Dutch, an English form corresponding to Deutsch, which by the Germans is used specifically for German, and in a wider sense is applied to all things belonging to the Teutonic stock. The terms Dutch and Dutchman are frequently used for German in the United States. The best modern usage, however, restricts Dutch to the people and language of the Netherlands.

Dutch Borneo. See BORNEO. Dutch Curaçao. See CURAÇAO.

Dutch East India Company. See EAST INDIA COMPANY.

Dutch East Indies, constituting the Dutch possessions in Asia, lie between 6° N. and 11° S., and 95° E. and 141° E., and consist of Java and Madura and the

'Outposts,' the last including Sumatra, the southeast and west parts of Borneo, the RiauLingga Archipelago, Banca, Billiton, Celebes, the Moluccas, the Timor Archipelago, the smaller Sunda Islands, and the north and west of New Guinea. They cover an area of 733,642 square miles, and have a population (1920) of 49,350,834, chiefly Indonesians (pure natives) and Malays.

The chief mineral products are petroleum (important in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo), coal (Sumatra and Borneo), silver and gold (Sumatra, Java, and Celebes), tin (Banka and Billiton), platinum and diamonds (Borneo), iron, copper, lead, mercury, antimony, iodine, and manganese. In 1921 the tin mines yielded 27,700 tons; the coal mines 1,212,665 tons. Agricultural products include sugar cane, rice, coffee, tea, rubber, cinchona bark, and indigo. Manufactures are little developed, but rubber factories have been established in Java and cement works in Sumatra.

In 1920 there were nearly 2,000 miles of railroads in Java and Sumatra, and extensions are under construction. The chief ports are Tanjong-Priok, near the capital Batavia, which was constructed by the government at a cost of over $8,000,000, Samarang, and Surabaya. In 1921, 16,259 steam and sailing vessels of 5,731,633 tons arrived at the East Indian ports. Imports, including coal, cotton goods, iron, and steel, haberdashery, liquors, petroleum, and provisions, amounted in 1921 to 1,245,480.271 guilders; exports. including sugar, coffee, tea, tobacco, rice, copra, cinchona bark. indigo, spices, and tin, to 1,196,058.528 guilders.

Mohammedanism is the religion of five-sixths of the population. Malay is the language taught in the native schools, but Dutch has been recently included in their programme. There were, in 1922, over 13,000 public and private schools with more than 1,000.000 pupils, several training and technical schools and a few commercial and trade schools.

Since the dissolution of the Dutch East India Company in 1798, these possessions have been administered from the Netherlands by a governor-genera! and a council of five (nominated by the ruling sovereign), according to the regulations for the government of Netherlands India adopted in 1854. For particulars of the more important of these possessions, see the separate articles. Consult Cabaton's Java and Sumatra and the Other Islands of the Dutch East Indies (1911); Brown's The Dutch East (1914).

Dutch Guiana (SURINAM) is situated on the north coast of South America, between British and French Guiana. Its coast line is 240 miles long, from the mouth of the Corentyne to that of the Maroni. The southern boundary was determined by treaty with Brazil (1906) to be the watershed (about 500 miles from the coast) between the basin of the Amazon on the south and the basins of the rivers flowing north into the Atlantic Ocean. In the southeast the Tumuc-Humac Mountains run northwest from the southern border of French Guiana. The rivers, besides those mentioned, are the Nickerie, entering the mouth of the Corentyne, and the Coppename and Saramacca, entering the sea by the same mouth, and the Surinam.

Like

the rivers of British Guiana, they form falls and rapids, and are navigable for comparatively short distances the Coppename for 90 miles and the Saramacea for 100. Since 1900, six exploring expeditions under government support have traced the chief rivers to their sources; have made valuable contributions to the scientific knowledge of the southern section and its inhabitants, and have surveyed parts of the Tumuc-Humac Mountains and other portions of the boundary. The interior has some savannahs of inconsiderable extent, but is largely virgin forest.

The population is composed of much the same constituents as that of British Guiana (q.v.). A peculiar element are the bush negroes, the descendants of runaway slaves. The settlements are spread over the coast zone on the river banks.

Gold is found in the river valleys, chiefly the Surinam, Saramacca, and Maroni. The rivers are the chief means of communication, but roads and railways are under construction; and about 100 miles of the Lawa Railroad is completed.

Exports, chiefly from Paramaribo (pop. 35,346), the only important town in the colony, were shipped in 1910 to the value of $3,338,181, the most important being balata ($1,249,677), sugar ($814,462), gold, cocoa, bananas, coffee, timber, and rum. The value of the imports for 1910 was $2,969,878, including provisions ($378,597), textiles ($363,506), breadstuffs ($307,291), rice, iron and steel, and their manufactures, bullion, government stores, oils, drugs and chemicals, toys and games, leather and manufactures of Vol. IV.-Mar. '12

bo, assisted by a council. A legislative body is composed of four members, chosen every year by the governor, and members elected by the colonists in the proportion of one to every two hundred electors. Justice is administered by a superior court and circuit courts. All religions are tolerated, the Reformed, Lutheran, Moravian, and Roman Catholic churches having most adherents. The colony is well provided with schools, and education is compulsory.

It

Surinam was first colonized by Lord Willoughby, governor of Barbados, in 1665, and was ceded to the Dutch in 1667 in exchange for the New Netherlands. was again in the hands of the British from 1799 to 1802, and from 1804 to 1815. Area 46,060 sq. m. Pop. (1911) 92,142, of whom 913 were Europeans.

Dutch Harbor, village, Alaska, coaling station and port of call for northbound vessels, east coast of Amaknak Island, Unalaska, Aleutian Islands. Pop. about 700.

Dutch Language, Dutch Literature. See NETHERLANDS, Language.

Dutch Liquid is an old name for ethylene chloride, C2HACI,. It is made by direct union of ethylene and chlorine gases, and is an oily liquid (b. p. 85° c. and sp. gr. 1.28 at 0° c.), practically insoluble in water, and having a pleasant, ethereal odor.

Dutch Reformed Church. See REFORMED CHURCHES.

Dutch School of Painting. See PAINTING.

Dutt, TORU or TARULATA (1856-77), Hindu authoress, was born and died in Calcutta. She travelled in Europe from 1869 to 1872. She wrote A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields, being poetical translations from French into English (1876); and Le Journal de Mlle. d'Arvers, a romance published in Paris in 1879. A memoir is attached to her Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan (ed. E. W. Gosse).

Dutteeah, India. See DATIA. Dutton, SAMUEL TRAIN (1849), American educator, was born in Hillsboro, N. H. He was graduated at Yale University in 1873. He acted as superintendent of schools in South Norwalk, Conn. (1873-8); principal of Eaton School, New Haven (1878-82); superintendent of schools in New Haven

(1882-90), and in

Brookline, Mass. (1890-1900). He has been professor of educational administration at Teachers College, Columbia University, and superintendent of its schools, since 1900. He has lectured on education at Harvard, and at the Universities of Copenhagen, Upsala, and Christiania. He was chairman of the first National Arbitration and Peace Congress (1907). His publications include Social Phases of Education (1899); School Management (1903); Administration of Public Education in the United States (with Prof. Snedden, 1908).

Duty. See EXCISE DUTIES; CUSTOMS DUTIES.

Duval, CLAUDE (1643-70), highwayman, was born in Normandy. Crossing to England at the Restoration, he became noted for his combined audacity and gallantry, chiefly on the Bath and Portsmouth Roads. He was captured near Covent Garden, London, and executed at Tyburn.

Duveneck, FRANK (1848), American painter, was born in Covington, Ky. Early in the seventies he removed to Munich, Germany, where he studied under Dietz. His group of portraits exhibited at the Boston Art Club in 1875 attracted general attention through their free-handed style and warm coloring with a bituminous background. Since

1881 his residence has been in Florence, Italy. He has exerted great influence on American art as an instructor. He became a National Academician in 1906. Some of his notable paintings are A Turkish Page; A Circassian; Italian Girl; The Professor. He has also executed numerous etchings, chiefly Venetian subject.

in

He

Duveyrier, HENRI (1840-92), French explorer and geographer, was born in Paris. He undertook, in the service of the French government, the exploration of the Sahara (1858), which lasted until 1861. next made an expedition to Tunis (1874). In 1876 he headed a political mission to Morocco, and published valuable contributions to Berber ethnology and linguistics. His principal works are Exploration du Sahara (1864); La Tunisie (1881).)

Dux (DUCHCOV), town, Bohemia, Austria, at the southern foot of the Erzgebirge, 18 miles by rail southwest of Aussig. It has lignite mines, and manufactures glass, porcelain, and earthenware. Pop. 12,000.

Duxbury, town, Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 30 miles Vol. IV.-Mar. '12

southeast of Boston, on Massachusetts Bay, and on the Plymouth division of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad. It is chiefly a residential town and summer resort. The cranberry industry annually employs 1,000 hands. Powder Point School and Partridge Academy are situated here. It is the terminal of the Brest (France) cable. The house of John Alden, built in 1651, and the Miles Standish Monument are landmarks of historic interest. Duxbury was permanently settled in 1632. Pop. (1910) 1,688.

Duyckinek, EVERT AUGUSTUS (1816-78), American author, was born in New York City. He was graduated (1835) at Columbia, and was admitted to the bar (1837). He preferred literary work, however, and from 1840 to 1842 edited, with Cornelius Mathews, a monthly periodical entitled Arcturus, a Journal of Books and Opinion. With his brother, GEORGE LONG DUYCKINCK (1823-63), he edited the New York Literary World from 1847 to 1853, excepting one year. The principal work of the brothers Duyckinck, however, was their Cyclopædia of American Literature (1856), which contains biographies and critical estimates of American authors up to the date of its publication. Evert Duyckinck issued a new edition with a supplement in 1866. His other works include National Gallery of Eminent Americans (1866); Biographies of Eminent Men and Women of Europe and America (1873-4). He edited a History of the World (compiled chiefly from the Encyclopædia Britannica), the works of Sydney Smith, Philip Freneau, and (with Bryant) Shakespeare. He presented his valuable collection of books to the Lenox (now the New York Public) Library (1878).

D. V., Deo volente (God willing).

Dvina, or DWINA, two rivers of Russia. (1.) The North Dvina rises in two head streams in Vologda, flows northwest, and falls into the White Sea, 25 miles below Arkhangelsk (or Archangel), which stands at the head of the delta. From Kotlas to the sea is 350 miles, all navigable waterway, and very prolific in fish. Total length, 780 miles. The Catherine Canal unites this basin with that of the Volga, and the Kirilov Canal joins it to the Neva and the Baltic. The area of its basin is over 141,000 sq. m.

(2.) The West or Baltic Dvina (in German Düna) rises in the government of Tver, close to the

sources of the Volga and Dnieper. It is connected with the Volga by canal. It first flows southwest past Vitebsk, where it becomes navigable; then it turns northwest and flows to the Baltic, passing Dvinsk (Dünaburg) and Riga. Its whole course is 640 miles. It is navigable to Riga, and for small vessels to Dvinsk. It is frozen from the end of November to the end of March. The area of its basin is over 32,000 sq. m.

Dvinsk, or DÜNABURG, town and fortress of Vitebsk government, Russia, on the Dvina River, 184 miles northwest of Vitebsk city. It was founded by the Germans in 1277, but after being destroyed by Ivan IV., it was rebuilt (1582) by Stephen Bathori. It has belonged to Russia since 1772. In 1893 its old Slavonic name was restored (Dvinsk for Dünaburg). It is an important strategical centre and an army post. It is a leading commercial city for Northwest Russia, especially in flax, grain, and lumber. Pop. 95,000.

Dvořák, ANTONIN (1841-1904), Bohemian musical composer, was born near Kralup. He became a member of the orchestra in the Czech Theatre at Prague, and in 1873 was appointed organist of St. Adalbert's Church in the same town. His Slavonic Dances (1878) first made him widely known. From 1892 to 1899 he was director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York, and in 1901 was appointed director of the Prague Conservatory. His symphony entitled From the New World was produced in New York in 1893. His symphonies are rich in variety of tone color, full of striking effects, and display an intimate knowledge of the resources of the modern orchestra. His choral works contain some fine writing, the best of them, perhaps, being his Stabat Mater and The Spectre Bride, composed for the Birmingham Festival of 1885. His chamber music, piano compositionsnotably his Slawische Tänze for two pianos--numerous songs, and miscellaneous pieces all reach a high standard. His work owes much to romantic treatment of a wealth of melody, to ingenious employment of a great variety of peculiar rhythms and intervals, to sudden changes in harmony, and in frequent instances to the successful reproduction of that glamour and sentiment which generally pervade Slavonic national music. Consult Mason's From Grieg to Brahms (1908).

Dwaraka. See DWARKS.